Article(id=1240950898973799096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312446, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773795350067, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1712678400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773795350067, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773795350067, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795350067, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240950898113966774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773795349862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795519367, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1199, endPage=1205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240950899342897852, articleId=1240950898973799096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in Kundulun reservoir in Baotou city, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the pollution characteristics and ecological risk of microplastics in Kundulun Reservoir in Baotou city.

Methods

Three environmental samples were collected from the surface water, sediment, and surrounding soil of Kundulun Reservoir. After four steps of digestion, density flotation, secondary digestion and concentration, the microplastics were extracted. The abundance, polymer type, particle size, and shape of microplastics were detected by LDIR8700 reflection model controlled by Clarity software, and the ecological risk was assessed by risk index (H) and pollution load index (PLI).

Results

The average abundance of microplastics in surface water, sediment, and surrounding soil was (210.83±50.1) n/L,(9 633.33±1 955.33) n/kg, and (10 633.33±896.29) n/kg, respectively. In the surface water, the main type of microplastic polymer was polypropylene (PP), the microplastic with the particle size of 0 to 30 μm accounted for the largest proportion, and the shape was mainly in the form of film. In sediments, polybutylene succinate (PBS) was the main type of polymer, and the size of 0 to 30 μm and film-like microplastics were the main types. In the surrounding soil, the main type of polymer was PBS, and the particle size and shape of microplastics were the same as those in sediments. The risk index (H) based on the type of microplastic polymer showed that the microplastic H index of each sampling site ranged from 1.22 to 9 111.44, and the risk grade covered grades Ⅰ to Ⅳ. The risk grade in surface water was generally high, and the risk grade in sediment and surrounding soil was slightly lower. The PLI based on the pollution abundance of microplastics showed that the range of PLI index of microplastics in each sampling site was 1: 1.2733, and the average PLI index of microplastics was 1.0995, which showed slight pollution in the three environmental media.

Conclusion

The abundance of microplastics in the three environmental media of Kundulun Reservoir is high, with a wide range of sources and mainly small particle sizes. The overall risk index is relatively high, and the pollution load is low.

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目的

探讨包头市昆都仑水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险。

方法

在昆都仑水库表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中各采集3个环境样本,经消解、密度浮选、二次消解和浓缩4个步骤提取出微塑料后,使用Clarity软件控制的LDIR 8700反射模式检测微塑料的丰度、聚合物类型、粒径和形状等特征,使用风险指数(H)和污染负荷指数法(PLI)进行生态风险评估。

结果

表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料平均丰度分别为(210.83±50.1)n/L、(9 633.33±1 955.33)n/kg和(10 633.33±896.29)n/kg。在表层水中,微塑料聚合物类型以聚丙烯(PP)为主,粒径在0~30 μm的微塑料占比最大,形状是以薄膜状为主。在沉积物中,聚合物类型以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为主,0~30 μm大小和薄膜状微塑料占主要地位。在周边土壤中,聚合物类型同样以PBS为主,微塑料粒径与形状则是与沉积物中的相同。基于微塑料聚合物类型的H显示各采样点微塑料H指数范围在1.22~9 111.44,风险等级涵盖Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,表层水中风险等级普遍偏高,沉积物和周围土壤中风险等级略低;而基于微塑料污染丰度的污染负荷指数(PLI)显示各采样点微塑料PLI指数范围为1~1.273 3,其平均微塑料PLI指数为1.099 5,三种环境介质中总体呈现轻微污染状态。

结论

昆都仑水库3种环境介质中微塑料丰度较高、来源广泛且以小粒径为主,总体风险指数偏高,污染负荷较低。

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贾玉巧,E-mail:
陈建芳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8mgSHIlqyLBa60xOrHCVMA==, magXml=D+FlFTQRPHTE3SX2jg0NYg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CL/YSRGYUXBiyf9z6mCmBg==, pdfFileSize=1052318, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZhoQE70vdO2K3MAjXsBK3A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YBchADMCHnIO4vr4malx4w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

边博浩(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:环境毒理学

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Hazard scores of various microplastic polymers

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聚合物种类
Polymer type
危害评分
Hazard score
聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)1
聚酰胺(polyamide,PA)47
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethyleneterephthalate,PET)4
聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)11
聚氨基甲酸酯(polyurethane,PU)13 844
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)1 021
聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)30
聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)10 551
聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)610
), ArticleFig(id=1240972180691939456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950898973799096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各类微塑料聚合物的危害评分[24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合物种类
Polymer type
危害评分
Hazard score
聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)1
聚酰胺(polyamide,PA)47
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethyleneterephthalate,PET)4
聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)11
聚氨基甲酸酯(polyurethane,PU)13 844
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)1 021
聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)30
聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)10 551
聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)610
), ArticleFig(id=1240972180788408452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950898973799096, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Kundulun Reservoir microplastic polymer risk index (H)

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环境介质
Environmental media
采样点
Sampling points
H风险等级
Risk level
表层水(surface water)M1869.65
M2548.71
M32 077.61
沉积物(sediment)M41.22
M5533.82
M630.20
周围土壤(surrounding soil)M730.19
M89 111.44
M9151.33
), ArticleFig(id=1240972180876488840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950898973799096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

昆都仑水库微塑料聚合物H

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质
Environmental media
采样点
Sampling points
H风险等级
Risk level
表层水(surface water)M1869.65
M2548.71
M32 077.61
沉积物(sediment)M41.22
M5533.82
M630.20
周围土壤(surrounding soil)M730.19
M89 111.44
M9151.33
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包头市昆都仑水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险评估
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边博浩 1 , 钱亚茹 2 , 于秋颖 3 , 高艳荣 1, 4 , 吉日豪 1 , 戈娜 1, 4 , 陈建芳 1 , 贾玉巧 1, 4
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(7): 1199-1205
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(7): 1199-1205
包头市昆都仑水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险评估
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边博浩1, 钱亚茹2, 于秋颖3, 高艳荣1, 4, 吉日豪1, 戈娜1, 4, 陈建芳1 , 贾玉巧1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.包头医学院,内蒙古 包头 014060
  • 2.乌兰察布市疾病预防控制中心
  • 3.内蒙古自治区环境监测总站包头分站
  • 4.包头医学院营养与食品健康研究所,内蒙古 包头 014060
  • 边博浩(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:环境毒理学

通讯作者:

贾玉巧,E-mail:
陈建芳,E-mail:
Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in Kundulun reservoir in Baotou city
Bo-hao BIAN1, Ya-ru QIAN2, Qiu-ying YU3, Yan-rong GAO1, 4, Ri-hao JI1, Na GE1, 4, Jian-fang CHEN1 , Yu-qiao JIA1, 4
Affiliations
  • Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312446
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目的

探讨包头市昆都仑水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险。

方法

在昆都仑水库表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中各采集3个环境样本,经消解、密度浮选、二次消解和浓缩4个步骤提取出微塑料后,使用Clarity软件控制的LDIR 8700反射模式检测微塑料的丰度、聚合物类型、粒径和形状等特征,使用风险指数(H)和污染负荷指数法(PLI)进行生态风险评估。

结果

表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料平均丰度分别为(210.83±50.1)n/L、(9 633.33±1 955.33)n/kg和(10 633.33±896.29)n/kg。在表层水中,微塑料聚合物类型以聚丙烯(PP)为主,粒径在0~30 μm的微塑料占比最大,形状是以薄膜状为主。在沉积物中,聚合物类型以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为主,0~30 μm大小和薄膜状微塑料占主要地位。在周边土壤中,聚合物类型同样以PBS为主,微塑料粒径与形状则是与沉积物中的相同。基于微塑料聚合物类型的H显示各采样点微塑料H指数范围在1.22~9 111.44,风险等级涵盖Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,表层水中风险等级普遍偏高,沉积物和周围土壤中风险等级略低;而基于微塑料污染丰度的污染负荷指数(PLI)显示各采样点微塑料PLI指数范围为1~1.273 3,其平均微塑料PLI指数为1.099 5,三种环境介质中总体呈现轻微污染状态。

结论

昆都仑水库3种环境介质中微塑料丰度较高、来源广泛且以小粒径为主,总体风险指数偏高,污染负荷较低。

昆都仑水库  /  微塑料  /  污染特征  /  生态风险评估
Objective

To explore the pollution characteristics and ecological risk of microplastics in Kundulun Reservoir in Baotou city.

Methods

Three environmental samples were collected from the surface water, sediment, and surrounding soil of Kundulun Reservoir. After four steps of digestion, density flotation, secondary digestion and concentration, the microplastics were extracted. The abundance, polymer type, particle size, and shape of microplastics were detected by LDIR8700 reflection model controlled by Clarity software, and the ecological risk was assessed by risk index (H) and pollution load index (PLI).

Results

The average abundance of microplastics in surface water, sediment, and surrounding soil was (210.83±50.1) n/L,(9 633.33±1 955.33) n/kg, and (10 633.33±896.29) n/kg, respectively. In the surface water, the main type of microplastic polymer was polypropylene (PP), the microplastic with the particle size of 0 to 30 μm accounted for the largest proportion, and the shape was mainly in the form of film. In sediments, polybutylene succinate (PBS) was the main type of polymer, and the size of 0 to 30 μm and film-like microplastics were the main types. In the surrounding soil, the main type of polymer was PBS, and the particle size and shape of microplastics were the same as those in sediments. The risk index (H) based on the type of microplastic polymer showed that the microplastic H index of each sampling site ranged from 1.22 to 9 111.44, and the risk grade covered grades Ⅰ to Ⅳ. The risk grade in surface water was generally high, and the risk grade in sediment and surrounding soil was slightly lower. The PLI based on the pollution abundance of microplastics showed that the range of PLI index of microplastics in each sampling site was 1: 1.2733, and the average PLI index of microplastics was 1.0995, which showed slight pollution in the three environmental media.

Conclusion

The abundance of microplastics in the three environmental media of Kundulun Reservoir is high, with a wide range of sources and mainly small particle sizes. The overall risk index is relatively high, and the pollution load is low.

Kundulun Reservoir  /  Microplastics  /  Pollution characteristics  /  Ecological risk assessment
边博浩, 钱亚茹, 于秋颖, 高艳荣, 吉日豪, 戈娜, 陈建芳, 贾玉巧. 包头市昆都仑水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1199 -1205 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312446
Bo-hao BIAN, Ya-ru QIAN, Qiu-ying YU, Yan-rong GAO, Ri-hao JI, Na GE, Jian-fang CHEN, Yu-qiao JIA. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in Kundulun reservoir in Baotou city[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1199 -1205 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312446
塑料制品在我们生活中应用广泛,得益于其具有轻便、成本低、可塑性强和耐用等特性。在发明的几十年时间里,全球的塑料产量激增,预计到2050年,将达到12亿吨[1]。随着塑料制品的大量生产和使用,在各种外力如机械磨损、太阳辐射、生物降解和风化等作用下,会逐渐分解成小于5 mm的塑料颗粒,也被称为微塑料[2]。目前,微塑料作为一种新型环境污染物,已经被列入环境与生态科学研究领域的第二大科学问题,成为全球重大环境问题。由于微塑料具有吸附性强、比表面积大、体积小和不易降解等特性,因此能够广泛的分布在各种环境介质中,如大气[3]、水体[4]、土壤[5]和沉积物[6]中,对生态环境产生潜在危害。除此之外,在部分海洋生物(鱼类和贝类)[7-8]、食物[9]、饮品[10]以及人体粪便[11]和血液[12]中也发现了微塑料的存在,表明微塑料可通过多种途径进入到人体内,对人体产生潜在的健康风险。
近年来,内陆淡水环境中的微塑料污染状况越来越受到关注,现有的研究已经在湖泊[13]和河流[14]等内陆淡水环境中发现了微塑料的存在。水库作为内陆淡水系统中的重要组成部分,与当地居民的饮用水安全息息相关,研究水库中微塑料的赋存特征有助于更好的了解整个内陆淡水系统的微塑料污染特征,同时对于居民饮用水安全的评估也具有重要意义。包头市昆都仑水库建于1960年,位于黄河一级支流昆都仑河下游沟口处,是自治区水利厅批准按大型水库进行管理的中型水库,是包头市重要的防洪屏障,作为包头市城镇主要的应急供水水源地之一,承担着包头市城镇的供水任务。本研究以昆都仑水库的表层水、沉积物和周边土壤作为研究对象,采用LDIR 8700激光红外系统对微塑料的丰度、聚合物类型、粒径和形状等污染特征进行分析,并进行水库微塑料污染的生态风险评估,为城市供水水库的微塑料污染现状评估提供了基础数据,为水库微塑料污染的管控和处理提供了科学依据,对于保护居民饮用水安全具有重要意义。
昆都仑区水库位于包头市市区以北10公里昆都仑河,坝址以上控制流域面积2 851平方千米,总库容7 850立方米,是全国重点中型水库,为保护重要国民经济基础设施及保障城市生产、生活用水,做出了巨大的贡献。样品采样时间为2021年7月(丰水期),结合昆都仑水库的地理水文特征,本研究共布设了9个采样点,均匀的分布在水库主要区域。M1、M2、M3分别为在入库口,水库中央和泄水口处采集的3个表层水样本;M4、M5、M6对应入库口、水库中央和泄水口的3个沉积物样本;M7、M8、M9对应入库口、水库中央和泄水口的3个周围土壤样本。具体采样点位置见图1
使用不锈钢桶收集水库表层水(距河面0~1m)样品2L,存放于2L玻璃广口瓶内。收集表层沉积物样品约1 kg,清除沉积物中明显石块和其他杂质等后保存在铝箔袋中。使用不锈钢铲在距离河道10~20m处采集表层土壤样品约1 kg,清除杂质后存放在铝箔袋中。所有样品带回实验室中均放于4℃保存,样品全部采集完成后,尽快完成检测。
样本中微塑料的提取主要包括消解、密度浮选、二次消解和浓缩4个步骤。水样经隔膜真空泵(GM-1.0A;天津津腾实验设备有限公司)过滤至10 μm的不锈钢滤膜上。首先使用30%的H2O2溶液进行消解,消解条件为:室温120 r/min震荡消解24 h。然后,使用甲酸钾溶液和浮选装置进行密度浮选以分离微塑料。分离后微塑料过滤至10 μm不锈钢滤膜上,再次使用30%的H2O2溶液进行二次消解。消解完成后加入无水乙醇并使用氮气吹扫仪(ND200-1;杭州瑞诚仪器有限公司)进行浓缩,最后贮存于液相瓶保存。
沉积物和土壤样品自然风干后,干燥后的样品过5 mm不锈钢筛网。取10 g干燥后的样品加入30%的H2O2溶液进行消解。消解完成后,样品用冷冻干燥机(Alpha - 1-2 LD plus, Christ company)进行干燥。后续的步骤与水样相同。
LDIR 8700是一种激光红外成像系统,相较于传统的振动光谱技术如傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱而言,能够对小粒径微塑料实现准确的表征,不需要人工进行分析颗粒的预选,具有较高的稳定性和耐用性[15],目前已被应用于多种环境中的微塑料检测[16-18]。因此,本研究使用Clarity软件控制的LDIR 8700(Agilent Technologies,Inc.)反射模式对粒径为0~500 μm的微塑料进行自动检测。将所检测样品的红外光谱与创建的微塑料标准品谱库进行比较,获得微塑料的类型、直径、圆度、固体度、匹配度等特征信息。排除非塑料颗粒后,选择匹配度大于85%的颗粒认定为与谱库中材料一致。
为避免在实验过程中受到微塑料污染,防止周围环境的干扰,在实验过程中的所有仪器和容器用超纯水进行仔细冲洗,至少3次。实验过程中实验人员穿着防护服,在无尘环境中进行样品的处理与分析。以超纯水作为空白对照组,空白对照组的微塑料含量小于样本组的5%。
采样点示意图利用ArcGIS 10.8进行绘制;使用Excel 2019统计数据。环境样品中的表层水中微塑料丰度用n/L表示,即每升表层水中所含的微塑料个数;沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料丰度用n/kg表示,即每kg沉积物和周围土壤干物质中所含的微塑料个数,平均丰度的结果用(均数±标准差)表示;采用SPSS 20.0的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行丰度差异性分析,检验水准α=0.05;利用GraphPad Prism 9进行图形绘制。
微塑料作为一种新型环境污染物,目前还缺乏权威的生态风险评估模型。由于微塑料在生态环境中的毒性效应与其化学组成和丰度有关,因此本文基于前人的研究[19-20],从聚合物类型以及污染丰度两个角度出发,采用风险指数(H)评估昆都仑水库中表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中的微塑料聚合物毒性效应,计算公式如下:
式中H为微塑料聚合物的风险指数,Pn为各采样点采集的微塑料聚合物类型的百分比,Sn为各类微塑料聚合物的危害评分,见表1。由于丁二酸丁二醇酯(polybutylene succinate,PBS)、聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)、聚碳酸亚丙酯(polypropylene carbonate,PPC)、聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)以及聚己二酸(poly butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate,PBAT)目前尚未有标准的危害评分,因此在计算时未将这几种聚合物纳入。最后,根据大小进行微塑料聚合物风险评级[21]:<10(Ⅰ),10~100(Ⅱ),101~1 000(Ⅲ),>1 000(Ⅳ)。
采用污染负荷指数法评估昆都仑水库中表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料的污染负荷,其计算公式与微塑料丰度有关,具体如下:
式中CFi为微塑料的污染系数;Ci为各采样点微塑料的实测丰度;C0为微塑料在各采样点的基线丰度,即背景值,本研究使用不同类型样本中微塑料丰度最低的采样点的丰度作为基线丰度[22];PLI表示微塑料在各采样点的污染负荷指数;n为采样点数;PLIzone表示整个研究区域的污染负荷指数。PLI污染负荷指数评价标准共分为3类[23]:<1(轻微污染),1~2(中度污染),>2(极强污染)。
本研究结果显示在各采样点中微塑料的检出率达到了100%,见图2。其中,昆都仑水库表层水中微塑料的丰度范围在165~267.5 n/L,平均丰度为(210.83±50.1)n/L。在表层水各采样点中,M3处丰度最低,为165 n/L;M2处丰度最高,为267.5 n/L。沉积物中微塑料的丰富范围在7 600~11 500 n/kg,平均丰度为(9 633.33±1 955.33)n/kg,在采样点M4处丰度最低,为7 600 n/kg;在采样点M5处丰度最高,为11 500 n/kg。周围土壤中微塑料的丰度范围在9 600~11 200 n/kg,平均丰度为(10 633.33±896.29)n/kg,在采样点M9处丰度最低,为9 600 n/kg;在采样点M7处丰度最高,为11 200 n/kg。不同环境介质(表层水、沉积物和周围土壤)中微塑料的平均丰度差距较大。
近年来黄河流域中微塑料污染情况受到广泛关注,黄河上游流域的乌梁素海[25](3.12~11.25 n/L)显著低于同为上游流域的昆都仑水库微塑料丰度(165~267.5 n/L),可能是因为水库水体流动有限,延长了微塑料在库前水体中滞留的时间,容易造成微塑料的蓄积。除此之外,表层水中微塑料丰度在M2处最高,M3处最低,这可能是因为水库稳定的水环境造成水库中央微塑料的蓄积,从而导致泄水口处微塑料丰度较低。水库中沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料丰度同样受水体中微塑料丰度的影响,本研究中在沉积物和土壤中均发现了不同丰度的微塑料,且都显著高于表层水中微塑料丰度,可能是因为水库中微塑料受水流和风力等作用的影响,随着干流顶托作用的加强逐渐向沉积物和周围土壤中转移[26]。本研究中周围土壤中微塑料丰度略高于沉积物,可能是因为土壤中微塑料的来源往往更为广泛[27]
昆都仑水库中微塑料的聚合物类型共有14种,分别为PP、PBS、PA、PAM、PET、PE、PU、PPC、PMMA、PS、PTFE、PVC、PC和PBAT。如图3所示,在所有采样点中,M4采样点发现的微塑料聚合物类型最少,仅为4种;M2采样点中发现的微塑料聚合物类型最多,达到了10种;M8采样点和M9采样点中单一聚合物类型微塑料的数量超过了半数,分别达到了65.77%和89.58%。
在各采样点中,不同类型的微塑料聚合物分布不均且采样点间差异较大,没有呈现统一的规律,可能是因为不同环境介质中的微塑料来源较为广泛,且受自然环境和地理位置等多种因素的影响,难以形成单一或几种微塑料聚合物类型的蓄积。而在综合分析了表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中微塑料聚合物类型的占比后,发现表层水中主要为PP,一方面可能是因为PP主要用于渔网和包装材料[28],由于人类捕鱼活动以及生产生活产生塑料垃圾在下游水库处堆积,另一方面可能是因为其密度相对较小,更容易漂浮在表层水中[29]。同样的,PBS是一种生物可降解塑料,常被用于食品包装材料[30],在本研究中被证实大量存在于沉积物和周围土壤中,推测一方面是来源于表层水中PBS的迁移,另一方面则是来源于人类的生产生活垃圾。
目前,<5 mm的塑料被称为微塑料,本研究共检测了6个微塑料粒径范围,分别为0~30、30~50、50~100、100~200、200~300和300~500 μm。如图4所示,在各采样点中均发现了不同粒径的微塑料,0~30 μm的微塑料占比普遍较大,在M2、M3、M5和M8中的占比甚至超过了50%;300~500 μm的微塑料普遍占比最小,仅在M1和M5有所发现,在其他采样点中均未发现。在不同环境介质中,微塑料粒径分布呈现与各采样点中相同的趋势,总体来看表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中均是以0~30 μm的微塑料为主,而300~500 μm的大粒径微塑料则占比最小。
本研究发现无论在各采样点还是在不同环境介质中,小粒径微塑料占比最高,与三峡水库[31]、密云水库[32]和刘家峡水库[20]一致。占比相对最高的为水库中央表层水采样点M2处,这可能是因为水库环境中水体停留的时间更长,有更多的时间发生破裂和分解,有利于小粒径微塑料的形成。此外,粒径越小的微塑料对周围污染物吸附性越强[33],能够作为载体被水生生物误食从而进入食物链中,对人类以及生态环境产生潜在的健康风险,因此后续对与水库环境中的小粒径微塑料应该给予更大的关注。
本研究将所有检测到的微塑料分为薄膜状、纤维状和颗粒状3类。在9个采样点和3种环境介质中均检测到了这3种形状的微塑料,见图5。在各采样点中,薄膜状微塑料占比普遍偏高,除了M4和M5采样点外,在所有采样点中发现薄膜状微塑料的占比均达到了一半以上;而占比最小的则是纤维状微塑料,在各采样点中的占比均未超过5%。在不同环境介质中,同样以薄膜状微塑料占主要地位;纤维状微塑料在3种环境介质中占比最小。
以往的研究发现,内陆淡水环境中微塑料的形状多为纤维状[14,34]和颗粒状[35],而本研究发现昆都仑水库中微塑料类型则是以薄膜状为主,纤维状微塑料反而占比最小。微塑料薄膜是由较大的柔性塑料包装降解产生的二级微塑料,常被用于包装袋和信封等[36],本研究在各采样点和不同环境介质中均检测到高占比的薄膜状微塑料,推测可能是因为人类生产生活中产生的塑料包装经光降解及机械分解等途径留存在环境中。除此之外,塑料薄膜还被广泛用于农业生产的地膜中[5],本研究发现在入库口周围土壤采样点M7处的薄膜状微塑料占比相对最高,这可能是因为水库入库口上游为平原灌溉区,为提升种植作物生产率而使用大量的地膜和棚膜[37],造成薄膜状微塑料的增多。
不同聚合物由于其化学组成不同,导致其危害评分相差几百倍到几千倍不止,而H的大小受不同聚合物危险评分的影响,在某个采样点中检出危险评分较高的聚合物可能会直接影响到该采样点的风险等级。本研究根据微塑料聚合物类型及危险评分采用H法对昆都仑水库进行生态风险评估,见表2。结果发现各采样点微塑料H范围在1.22~9 111.44,风险等级涵盖Ⅰ~Ⅳ级。在M4采样点处H指数最小,风险等级为Ⅰ级,可能归因于该采样点检出的聚合物危险评分普遍偏低,如PP(1)、PET(4)和PE(11)等;在M3和M8处风险等级为Ⅳ级,可能归因于该采样点检出的PVC(10 551)和PU(13 844)危险评分过高。综合不同环境介质来看,表层水中风险等级普遍偏高,沉积物和周围土壤中风险等级略低,可能归因于表层水中含有更多危险评分较高的聚合物,导致其H升高。
PLI的大小受微塑料丰度影响,PLIzone区域的大小则与该区域的各采样点微塑料丰度呈现正相关。本研究采用PLI法对昆都仑水库的微塑料污染丰度进行生态风险评估,见图67。结果发现各采样点微塑料指数PLI范围为1~1.273 3,其平均微塑料指数为1.099 5,总体属于中度污染。其中,表层水各采样点指数范围在1~1.273 3之间,区域PLIzone指数为1.401 8,属于中度污染;沉积物和周围土壤各采样点PLI指数范围分别在1~1.230 1和1~1.080 1,区域PLIzone指数分别为1.396 8和1.614 5,均属于中度污染。此外,表层水和沉积物区域PLIzone指数略高于周围土壤,这与其微塑料丰度呈现不同的趋势,可能归因于周围土壤各采样点微塑料污染系数CFi略小于表层水和沉积物。
本研究发现昆都仑水库表层水、沉积物和周围土壤中的微塑料平均丰度分别为(210.83±50.1)n/L、(9 633.33±1 955.33)n/kg和(10 633.33+896.29)n/kg,远高于其他黄河上游流域。聚合物类型主要为PP和PBS,以小粒径和薄膜状为微塑料最为常见,这些微塑料可能源于人类生产生活、农业地膜的使用以及大气沉降等。除小粒径微塑料占主导地位外,本研究发现的主要微塑料聚合物类型以及微塑料形状均与其他淡水环境中的调查结果存在一定的差异,后续应该重视此类微塑料的研究。
此外,基于微塑料聚合物类型的H显示,表层水、沉积物和周围土壤的H普遍偏高,处于高风险等级。基于微塑料污染丰度的指数显示,各采样点间的PLI差距较小,3种环境介质中区域PLIzone的均属于中度污染。因此,未来需要对昆都仑水库中的微塑料污染情况进行定期监测,注重多聚合类型微塑料的评估,加强源头治理,从源头减少微塑料污染。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2021MS08046)
  • 内蒙古自治区卫生健康委医疗卫生科技计划项目(202201382)
  • 包头医学院科学研究基金项目(BYJJ-DXK2022018)
  • 包头医学院创新团队发展计划(bycxtd-11)
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2024年第51卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312446
  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
基金
内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2021MS08046)
内蒙古自治区卫生健康委医疗卫生科技计划项目(202201382)
包头医学院科学研究基金项目(BYJJ-DXK2022018)
包头医学院创新团队发展计划(bycxtd-11)
作者信息
    1.包头医学院,内蒙古 包头 014060
    2.乌兰察布市疾病预防控制中心
    3.内蒙古自治区环境监测总站包头分站
    4.包头医学院营养与食品健康研究所,内蒙古 包头 014060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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