Article(id=1240929926082261033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401471, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349741, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349741, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349741, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2043, endPage=2048, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929926430388293, articleId=1240929926082261033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A study on the influence of social and family elderly care on the social participation of the elderly, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the impact of social and family elderly care on the social participation (labor participation, social recreational activities) of the elderly. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire survey on the elderly in five urban districts of Xuzhou city. Totally 1 000 elderly individuals aged 60 and above were selected as the study subjects. Descriptive analysis and χ2 test were performed using Stata 18.0. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to explore the influence of social and family elderly care on the social participation of the elderly. A significance level of α=0.05 was set for the tests. Results Among the 1 000 elderly individuals, 217 were engaged in labor, and 623 participated in recreational activities, with participation rates of 21.7% and 62.3%, respectively, indicating relatively low participation rates. A higher level of elderly care was associated with a lower probability of labor participation among the elderly. Elderly individuals with higher economic support from their children had a higher probability of labor participation. Moreover, compared to elderly individuals without material support from their children, those receiving such support had a higher probability of participating in recreational activities. Conclusion Family and social elderly care are important influencing factors for the social participation of the elderly. It is essential to further improve the elderly care system, enhance the level of social participation among the elderly, to achieve the goal of active aging.

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目的 研究社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与(劳动参与、社会娱乐活动)的影响。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法对徐州市5个市区老年人进行问卷调查,最终选择1 000名60岁及以上老年人作为研究对象。利用stata 18.0进行描述分析和χ2检验,采用二元logistic回归模型研究社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响。以α=0.05作为检验水准。结果 1 000名老年人中,有217人参与劳动,623人参与娱乐活动,参与率分别为21.7%和62.3%,参与率较低;养老水平越高、老年人劳动参与概率越低;子女经济支持较高的老年人,其劳动参与概率也较高;与子女不提供物质支持的老年人相比,子女提供物质支持的老年人,其娱乐活动参与概率更高。结论 家庭养老和社会养老是老年人社会参与的重要影响因素,应进一步完善养老制度,提高老年人社会参与水平,实现积极老龄化目标。

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许建强,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kNQZ5V8zIpXsuhaaxPSUSw==, magXml=8Dm/vIUb/55o3uitsqzWog==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8WbVtBt1EhtnpumhPIDJ3w==, pdfFileSize=593198, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p9+x+paxxl9+zKpeuGzXcg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郑娟(1988—),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:老年人养老与健康管理

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Rural Economy, 2020, (4): 51-59., articleTitle=A study on the impact of intergenerational support from children on multidimensional poverty among elderly People in rural areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240929932138836519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, awardId=2022SJZD083, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2022SJZD083), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240929927852257493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929927860646102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, companyId=1240929927852257493, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929927864840407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, companyId=1240929927852257493, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=徐州医科大学管理学院,江苏 徐州 221004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240929931081871838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable setting and statistical description

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称变量赋值 s max min
因变量劳动参与1=参与;0=不参与0.220.41210
娱乐活动参与1=参与;0=不参与0.620.48510
自变量养老金水平(元)1=<100;2=100~<500;3=≥5001.640.72831
子女经济支持(元)1=<100;2=100~<500;3=≥5001.840.79731
子女物质支持1=有;0=无0.670.46910
控制变量性别1=男;0=女0.480.50010
年龄(岁)1=60~65;2=66~75;3=76及以上2.040.75331
户籍1=城市;0=农村0.350.47910
婚姻1=已婚;0=单身(单身包括未婚、离异、丧偶)0.790.40910
文化程度1=小学及以下;2=初中、高中或中专;3=大专及以上1.410.58531
年总收入(元)1=<5 000;2=5 000~<20 000;3≥20 0001.950.86731
子女个数(个)0或1=1;2或3=2;4及以上=32.400.56831
自评健康较差=1;一般=2;较好=32.520.71431
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931203506660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量设定及统计描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称变量赋值 s max min
因变量劳动参与1=参与;0=不参与0.220.41210
娱乐活动参与1=参与;0=不参与0.620.48510
自变量养老金水平(元)1=<100;2=100~<500;3=≥5001.640.72831
子女经济支持(元)1=<100;2=100~<500;3=≥5001.840.79731
子女物质支持1=有;0=无0.670.46910
控制变量性别1=男;0=女0.480.50010
年龄(岁)1=60~65;2=66~75;3=76及以上2.040.75331
户籍1=城市;0=农村0.350.47910
婚姻1=已婚;0=单身(单身包括未婚、离异、丧偶)0.790.40910
文化程度1=小学及以下;2=初中、高中或中专;3=大专及以上1.410.58531
年总收入(元)1=<5 000;2=5 000~<20 000;3≥20 0001.950.86731
子女个数(个)0或1=1;2或3=2;4及以上=32.400.56831
自评健康较差=1;一般=2;较好=32.520.71431
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931325141485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of social participation (labor participation, recreational activity participation) among elderly people with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类例数劳动参与(%)χ2P娱乐参与(%)χ2P
性别48626.5413.053 2<0.00165.233.447 40.063
51417.1259.53
年龄(岁)60~6526430.3037.218 7<0.00165.536.183 70.045
66~7543224.5464.35
≥76岁30410.2056.58
户籍城市35619.102.197 40.13863.200.191 60.662
农村64423.1461.80
婚姻已婚78822.722.257 00.13363.833.716 70.054
单身21217.9256.60
文化程度小学及以下64020.162.925 50.23257.3418.623 7<0.001
初中、高中31023.8771.29
大专及以上5028.0070.00
收入(元/年)<5 00040113.2229.128 8<0.00153.3723.075 6<0.001
5 000~<20 00024729.1569.64
≥20 00035226.1467.33
子女个数(个)0或14126.8319.949 9<0.00163.410.937 40.626
2或351726.8963.64
4及以上44215.1660.63
自评健康较差13016.157.321 90.02642.3127.082 7<0.001
一般21917.3561.64
较好65124.2766.51
合计1 00021.70————62.30————
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931425804786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征老年人社会参与(劳动参与、娱乐活动参与)情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类例数劳动参与(%)χ2P娱乐参与(%)χ2P
性别48626.5413.053 2<0.00165.233.447 40.063
51417.1259.53
年龄(岁)60~6526430.3037.218 7<0.00165.536.183 70.045
66~7543224.5464.35
≥76岁30410.2056.58
户籍城市35619.102.197 40.13863.200.191 60.662
农村64423.1461.80
婚姻已婚78822.722.257 00.13363.833.716 70.054
单身21217.9256.60
文化程度小学及以下64020.162.925 50.23257.3418.623 7<0.001
初中、高中31023.8771.29
大专及以上5028.0070.00
收入(元/年)<5 00040113.2229.128 8<0.00153.3723.075 6<0.001
5 000~<20 00024729.1569.64
≥20 00035226.1467.33
子女个数(个)0或14126.8319.949 9<0.00163.410.937 40.626
2或351726.8963.64
4及以上44215.1660.63
自评健康较差13016.157.321 90.02642.3127.082 7<0.001
一般21917.3561.64
较好65124.2766.51
合计1 00021.70————62.30————
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931560022525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of social and family elderly care on labor participation of the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β ZPOR值(95%CI
性别女(参照)
0.4890.1662.940.0031.630(1.176~2.259)
年龄(岁)60~65(参照)
66~75-0.1310.189-0.690.4890.877(0.605~1.271)
≥76-1.1030.252-4.37<0.0010.332(0.202~0.544)
收入(元/年)<5 000(参照)
~<20 0000.9090.2124.28<0.0012.483(1.637~3.765)
≥20 0000.8630.2134.04<0.0012.369(1.560~3.600)
子女个数0或1(参照)
2或3-0.1600.392-0.410.6830.852(0.395~1.837)
4及以上-0.5570.403-1.380.1680.573(0.259~1.264)
自评健康较差(参照)
一般0.1110.3140.350.7241.117(0.603~2.069)
较好0.4050.2691.500.1331.499(0.884~2.542)
养老金水平(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.2020.1861.090.2771.223(0.850~1.760)
≥500-0.6290.258-2.440.0150.533(0.322~0.883)
子女经济支持(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.5490.1982.770.0061.732(1.174~2.554)
≥5000.2300.2111.090.2761.259(0.832~1.904)
子女物质支持没有提供(参照)
有提供-0.2060.177-1.170.2440.814(0.575~1.151)
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931715211788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

社会养老、家庭养老对老年人劳动参与的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β ZPOR值(95%CI
性别女(参照)
0.4890.1662.940.0031.630(1.176~2.259)
年龄(岁)60~65(参照)
66~75-0.1310.189-0.690.4890.877(0.605~1.271)
≥76-1.1030.252-4.37<0.0010.332(0.202~0.544)
收入(元/年)<5 000(参照)
~<20 0000.9090.2124.28<0.0012.483(1.637~3.765)
≥20 0000.8630.2134.04<0.0012.369(1.560~3.600)
子女个数0或1(参照)
2或3-0.1600.392-0.410.6830.852(0.395~1.837)
4及以上-0.5570.403-1.380.1680.573(0.259~1.264)
自评健康较差(参照)
一般0.1110.3140.350.7241.117(0.603~2.069)
较好0.4050.2691.500.1331.499(0.884~2.542)
养老金水平(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.2020.1861.090.2771.223(0.850~1.760)
≥500-0.6290.258-2.440.0150.533(0.322~0.883)
子女经济支持(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.5490.1982.770.0061.732(1.174~2.554)
≥5000.2300.2111.090.2761.259(0.832~1.904)
子女物质支持没有提供(参照)
有提供-0.2060.177-1.170.2440.814(0.575~1.151)
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931832652306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of social and family elderly care on the participation of elderly people in recreational activities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β ZPOR值(95%CI
年龄(岁)60~65(参照)
66~750.0100.1950.050.9591.010(0.690~1.479)
≥76-0.2450.209-1.170.2420.783(0.519~1.180)
文化程度小学及以下(参照)
初中、高中0.5230.1822.870.0041.688(1.181~2.412)
大专及以上0.6690.3751.780.0741.952(0.936~4.070)
收入(元/年)<5 000(参照)
5 000~<20 0000.6340.1973.210.0011.886(1.281~2.778)
≥20 0000.4650.1962.370.0181.592(1.084~2.337)
自评健康较差(参照)
一般0.8550.2593.290.0012.350(1.413~3.908)
较好1.1280.2274.97<0.0013.091(1.981~4.822)
养老金水平(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.3340.1761.900.0581.396(0.989~1.971)
≥500-0.2070.232-0.890.3720.813(0.516~1.280)
子女经济支持(元/月)<100(参照)0.813(0.516~1.280)
100~<500-0.3750.1832.060.0400.687(0.480~0.983)
≥500-0.3290.2011.640.1010.719(0.485~1.066)
子女物质支持没有提供(参照)
有提供2.1400.16213.22<0.0018.498(6.187~11.672)
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931966870044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929926082261033, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

社会养老、家庭养老对老年人娱乐活动参与的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β ZPOR值(95%CI
年龄(岁)60~65(参照)
66~750.0100.1950.050.9591.010(0.690~1.479)
≥76-0.2450.209-1.170.2420.783(0.519~1.180)
文化程度小学及以下(参照)
初中、高中0.5230.1822.870.0041.688(1.181~2.412)
大专及以上0.6690.3751.780.0741.952(0.936~4.070)
收入(元/年)<5 000(参照)
5 000~<20 0000.6340.1973.210.0011.886(1.281~2.778)
≥20 0000.4650.1962.370.0181.592(1.084~2.337)
自评健康较差(参照)
一般0.8550.2593.290.0012.350(1.413~3.908)
较好1.1280.2274.97<0.0013.091(1.981~4.822)
养老金水平(元/月)<100(参照)
100~<5000.3340.1761.900.0581.396(0.989~1.971)
≥500-0.2070.232-0.890.3720.813(0.516~1.280)
子女经济支持(元/月)<100(参照)0.813(0.516~1.280)
100~<500-0.3750.1832.060.0400.687(0.480~0.983)
≥500-0.3290.2011.640.1010.719(0.485~1.066)
子女物质支持没有提供(参照)
有提供2.1400.16213.22<0.0018.498(6.187~11.672)
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社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响研究
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郑娟 , 许建强 , 朱丽丽 , 黄文昊 , 朱慧
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(11): 2043-2048
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(11): 2043-2048
社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响研究
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郑娟, 许建强 , 朱丽丽, 黄文昊, 朱慧
作者信息
  • 徐州医科大学管理学院,江苏 徐州 221004
  • 郑娟(1988—),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:老年人养老与健康管理

通讯作者:

许建强,E-mail:
A study on the influence of social and family elderly care on the social participation of the elderly
Juan ZHENG, Jian-qiang XU , Li-li ZHU, Wen-hao HUANG, Hui ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401471
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目的 研究社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与(劳动参与、社会娱乐活动)的影响。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法对徐州市5个市区老年人进行问卷调查,最终选择1 000名60岁及以上老年人作为研究对象。利用stata 18.0进行描述分析和χ2检验,采用二元logistic回归模型研究社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响。以α=0.05作为检验水准。结果 1 000名老年人中,有217人参与劳动,623人参与娱乐活动,参与率分别为21.7%和62.3%,参与率较低;养老水平越高、老年人劳动参与概率越低;子女经济支持较高的老年人,其劳动参与概率也较高;与子女不提供物质支持的老年人相比,子女提供物质支持的老年人,其娱乐活动参与概率更高。结论 家庭养老和社会养老是老年人社会参与的重要影响因素,应进一步完善养老制度,提高老年人社会参与水平,实现积极老龄化目标。

社会养老  /  家庭养老  /  社会参与  /  老年人

Objective To investigate the impact of social and family elderly care on the social participation (labor participation, social recreational activities) of the elderly. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire survey on the elderly in five urban districts of Xuzhou city. Totally 1 000 elderly individuals aged 60 and above were selected as the study subjects. Descriptive analysis and χ2 test were performed using Stata 18.0. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to explore the influence of social and family elderly care on the social participation of the elderly. A significance level of α=0.05 was set for the tests. Results Among the 1 000 elderly individuals, 217 were engaged in labor, and 623 participated in recreational activities, with participation rates of 21.7% and 62.3%, respectively, indicating relatively low participation rates. A higher level of elderly care was associated with a lower probability of labor participation among the elderly. Elderly individuals with higher economic support from their children had a higher probability of labor participation. Moreover, compared to elderly individuals without material support from their children, those receiving such support had a higher probability of participating in recreational activities. Conclusion Family and social elderly care are important influencing factors for the social participation of the elderly. It is essential to further improve the elderly care system, enhance the level of social participation among the elderly, to achieve the goal of active aging.

Social elderly care  /  Family elderly care  /  Social participation  /  Elderly individuals
郑娟, 许建强, 朱丽丽, 黄文昊, 朱慧. 社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2043 -2048 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401471
Juan ZHENG, Jian-qiang XU, Li-li ZHU, Wen-hao HUANG, Hui ZHU. A study on the influence of social and family elderly care on the social participation of the elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2043 -2048 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401471
我国老龄化形势非常严峻。据2020年第七次全国人口普查结果显示,我国60岁及以上人口占总人口比重为18.7%[1]。为应对老龄化,党的二十大报告提出了积极老龄化战略。积极老龄化是由健康、参与和保障等三大支柱组成。社会参与作为积极老龄化三大支柱之一,受到学者们的广泛关注[2-4]。目前,国内外学者对社会参与的概念没有统一界定[4]。本研究借鉴相关文献,将老年人社会参与分为两种:参与有报酬性的工作,参与社会娱乐性活动。
社会养老政策是决定老年人社会参与的关键因素,社会养老保险(养老金政策)是社会养老政策的重要组成[5]。学者们多从金融资产、就业创业等角度评估养老保险的影响[6-8],较少有关注其对社会参与的效应。研究养老金政策对社会参与的影响,能深入认识社会政策对养老的重要作用,为实现积极老龄化提出重要决策依据。家庭养老因素也直接影响老年人社会参与,老年人与子女代际支持是社会参与的重要保障。有研究发现,缺失家人陪伴、与家人关系窘迫的老年人社会参与较少[9]。但相关研究没有深入研究子女养老对老年人社会参与的影响。本研究分析社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响,为实施积极老龄化战略提供研究参考。
本研究采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取样本,第一阶段抽取徐州市云龙区、鼓楼区、贾汪区、铜山区、泉山区等5个市区作为抽样的层;第二阶段采用随机抽样方法在每个层抽取200例老年人样本进行调查,最终获得1 000例样本。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)长期居住在调查点6个月以上;(3)语言表达正常;(4)自愿受访。所有调查对象由统一培训的调查员进行面对面访问。本研究经徐州医科大学伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:XZHMU-2022085),所有参与者均签署了书面知情同意书。
社会参与作为被解释变量。根据问卷中“您退休后,是否从事有报酬的工作?”构建劳动参与虚拟变量;根据问卷中“您空闲时,是否参与一些社会娱乐活动(如打麻将、养花、社团活动等)?”构建劳动参与虚拟变量。
养老金水平作为社会养老变量,根据问卷中“您每月领取政府养老金多少元?”设置社会养老虚拟变量。家庭养老变量包括子女经济支持和子女物质支持。子女经济支持是根据问卷中“子女每月提供的金钱支持是多少?”设置虚拟变量。子女物质支持是根据问卷中“子女是否经常给予您物质支持?”设置虚拟变量。
包括个体特征(性别、年龄、户籍、婚姻、文化水平、年收入)、代际特征(子女数量)和健康特征(自评健康)等。变量描述见表1
利用stata 18.0进行描述性分析和χ2检验。由于被解释变量为二分类变量,因此建立二元logistic回归模型分析社会养老、家庭养老对老年人社会参与的影响。以α=0.05作为检验水准。
对不同性别、年龄、户籍、婚姻、文化程度、年总收入、子女个数、自评健康特征老年人的劳动参与、娱乐活动参与情况进行单因素分析,结果如表2。不同性别、年龄、收入、子女个数、自评健康特征的老年人劳动参与差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同年龄、文化程度、收入、自评健康特征的老年人娱乐活动参与差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
表3显示,性别、年龄、收入、养老金水平、子女经济支持是老年人劳动参与的影响因素(P<0.05)。男性劳动参与概率高于女性;随着年龄增长,老年人劳动参与概率降低;收入较高的老年人,劳动参与概率也较高;自评健康状况越好,老年人劳动参与概率越高;养老金水平越高,老年人劳动参与概率越低;子女经济支持较高的老年人,其劳动参与概率也较高;子女物质支持对老年人劳动参与影响不显著(P>0.05)。
文化程度、收入、自评健康、子女经济支持、子女物质支持等是老年人娱乐活动参与的影响因素(P<0.05)。文化程度越高、收入越高、自评健康越好的老年人,娱乐活动参与概率越高;而养老金水平对老年人娱乐活动参与的影响不显著(P>0.05);子女经济支持较高的老年人,其娱乐活动参与概率较低;与子女不提供物质支持的老年人相比,子女提供物质支持的老年人,其娱乐活动参与的概率更高。见表4
研究发现老年人劳动参与率仅为21.7%。可见,目前老年人劳动参与水平较低。研究显示,很多老龄化严重的发达国家,老年人的劳动参与水平较高。韩国在2018年时,老年人劳动参与率就已经超过了30%[10]。劳动参与是老年人社会参与的重要组成。老年群体既是弱势群体,也是可以通过劳动创造价值的重要力量[11]。目前,我国60~69岁的低龄老年人口占老年人口总数的55.83%,低龄老年人是社会宝贵的生产力[12]。提高老年人劳动参与水平,有助于消解老年人年龄歧视,实施国家养老战略[12]。但研究发现老年人劳动参与水平较低,有必要探究影响老年人劳动参与的重要因素,提高老年人劳动参与率。研究发现老年人娱乐活动参与率为62.3%,与劳动参与相比,老年人社会娱乐活动参与率较高。娱乐活动是社会参与的重要形式,对老年人身心健康具有重要作用[13]。对老年人社会娱乐活动参与影响因素进行研究,有助于帮助老年人提高娱乐活动参与,促进其健康发展。
本研究考察社会养老、家庭养老对老年人劳动参与的影响,发现养老金水平对老年人劳动参与产生负向影响。近年来,关于养老保险与老年人劳动参与的关系研究主要有两个观点:“退休效应”和“就业效应”[14]。“退休效应”指的是养老保险的收入效应大于替代效应,引致“退休效应”。有研究发现养老金水平提高是导致劳动参与率下降的重要原因[15]。“就业效应”是指养老保险的替代效应大于收入效应,因为养老金增加会提高老年人创业、投资的机会。本研究认为养老金对老年人劳动参与会产生“退休效应”影响。结果显示,子女经济支持较高的老年人,其劳动参与概率也较高。子女代际支持是影响老年人劳动参与的重要因素。有研究发现老年人给予子女经济支持会提高老年人劳动参与率[16-17]。还有研究发现子女给老年人经济支持会减少老年人劳动参与率[18-19],这与本研究结果不一致。本研究认为,子女经济支持会提高老年人劳动参与率,可能因为子女经济支持会增加老年人经济实力,帮助老年人有经济基础从事创业、投资等工作。因此,子女经济支持可以提高老年人劳动参与水平。
社会娱乐活动是老年人社会参与的重要组成部分。本研究考察社会养老、家庭养老对老年人娱乐活动参与的影响。结果表明,子女经济支持对老年人娱乐活动参与产生负向影响;子女物质支持对老年人娱乐活动参与具有正向影响。可见,家庭养老与代际物质支持有助于提高娱乐活动参与水平。娱乐活动可以促进老年人身心健康,扩大老年人生活圈子并融入社会,增进社会互动[20]。本研究结果显示子女物质代际支持对老年人社会娱乐活动参与具有促进作用,说明家庭养老对老年人娱乐活动参与具有重要影响。
研究结果显示,性别、年龄、收入、文化程度、自评健康等是老年人社会参与的重要影响因素,这与以往研究结果一致[21-23]。男性劳动参与概率高于女性,因为男性体力比女性强,参与劳动的意愿也更强。随着年龄增长,老年人身体机能下降,社会参与能力会逐渐降低;收入较高的老年人,劳动参与、娱乐活动参与概率也较高,可能因为其经济实力可以帮助其进行创业、投资,并且收入较高的老年人,有经济基础参与社会娱乐活动,提高生活质量;自评健康状况越好,老年人劳动参与和娱乐活动参与的概率越高。此外,文化程度越高,老年人娱乐活动参与概率越高,可能因为文化水平高的老年人更能认识到娱乐活动的重要性。
综上所述,社会养老保障是影响老年人劳动参与的重要因素。要提高老年人劳动参与水平,应进一步完善社会养老保障制度。可以通过调整养老金政策,合理设置养老金水平区间[1424],统筹城乡社会养老制度[14]来提高老年人劳动参与水平。还应积极探索弹性退休制度,激发低龄、健康的老年人工作热情,充分开发老年人力资源。
家庭养老作为非正式养老制度,在养老保障制度体系中发挥着重要支撑作用。应充分发挥家庭养老功能,促进家庭养老与社会养老融合发展。加强孝文化的思想宣传,形成全社会孝老、敬老的良好风气,明确子女孝敬父母的责任;加强子女教育投资,积累人力资本,减少“啃老”现象发生,防止子女在赡养老人的过程中“有心无力”。还应提高代际关系质量[25],加强沟通交流、增强彼此的精神慰藉,改善亲子关系。
  • 江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2022SJZD083)
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401471
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
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江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2022SJZD083)
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    徐州医科大学管理学院,江苏 徐州 221004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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