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Article(id=1240929925637657355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705766400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349635, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349635, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2088, endPage=2093, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929927306990450, articleId=1240929925637657355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market from 2022 to 2023, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the pathogen pollution in the poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market. Methods In total 817 live poultry and environment samples from Changsha county wholesale poultry market were collected from 2022 to 2023. AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis nucleic acids were detected by real-time fluorescence PCR, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The overall positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S.suis in market poultry and environment were 64.01%, 32.19%, 6.36%, 0.24%, and 17.75%, respectively. The positive rates of NDV and S. suis in 2023 were higher than those in 2022, and the positive rates of five pathogens were the highest in October or December. There were significant differences in the positive rates of NDV (χ2=6.23, P=0.01) and S. suis (χ2=45.40, P<0.01) in different years and in AIV (χ2=50.50, P<0.01), NDV (χ2=41.28, P<0.01), C. psittaci (χ2=32.83, P<0.01), and S. suis (χ2=59.43,P<0.01) in different months. The sampling sites with the highest positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis were poultry stores (67.53%), market public areas (44.00%), market public areas (8.00%), sheep/dog stores (3.57%), and poultry stores (19.02%). The samples with the highest positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis were poultry drinking water (90.91%), air (61.11%), poultry cages (9.59%), sheep/dogs and other cages (3.77%), and air (31.25%). The positive rates of AIV (χ2=69.06, P<0.01), NDV (χ2=20.98, P<0.01), Brucella (χ2=27.25, P<0.01), S. suis (χ2=8.37, P=0.02) in different sampling sites and AIV (χ2=155.80 , P<0.0l), NDV (χ2=132.59, P<0.01), Brucella (χ2=10.10, P<0.0l) and S. suis (χ2=49.92,P<0.01) in different samples were significantly different. Conclusion The AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis nucleic acid pollution are common in poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market, which indicates that the live poultry wholesale market needs to strengthen the prevention and control measures of zoonosis, such as place disinfection, health education and epidemic surveillance.

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目的 了解长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中病原体污染情况。方法 采集2022—2023年长沙市长沙县活禽批发市场家禽及环境样品817份，利用实时荧光PCR方法进行AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis核酸检测，然后对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果 市场家禽及环境中AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis的总体阳性率分别为64.01%、32.19%、6.36%、0.24%、17.75%，2023年NDV和S.suis的阳性率高于2022年，五种病原体阳性率最高的月份为10月或12月。不同年份的NDV（χ2=6.23,P=0.01）和S. suis（χ2=45.40,P<0.01）阳性率，以及不同月份的AIV（χ2=50.50,P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=41.28,P<0.01）、C. psittaci（χ2=32.83,P<0.01）和S. suis（χ2=59.43,P<0.01）阳性率存在统计学差异。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis阳性率最高的采样点分别为家禽销售店、市场公共区域、市场公共区域、羊/狗销售店和家禽销售店，阳性率分别为67.53%、44.00%、8.00%、3.57%、19.02%。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis阳性率最高的样品分别为禽饮水、空气、禽笼具涂抹、羊/狗等笼具涂抹和空气，阳性率分别为90.91%、61.11%、9.59%、3.77%、31.25%。不同采样点的AIV（χ2=69.06, P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=20.98, P<0.01）、Brucella（χ2=27.25, P<0.01）、S.suis（χ2=8.37, P=0.02）和不同样品的AIV（χ2=155.80，P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=132.59，P<0.01）、Brucella（χ2=10.10，P<0.01）、S.suis（χ2= 49.92，P<0.01）阳性率均存在统计学差异。结论 长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、S.suis核酸污染较为常见，提示该活禽批发市场需要加强场所消毒、健康宣教和疫病监测等相关人兽共患病防控措施。

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杨人贵，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=08aj70styOfzjuZI1aW9Ew==, magXml=j/Xv7+6hSRICd57KN0W1Dw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=i4cbgWJH8pW/npgFkNycvA==, pdfFileSize=623421, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MmBTRtIk63+TygY0fk31kQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eeWvJjJvFP5hyDpiGKypdA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张如胜（1977-），男，硕士，主任技师，研究方向：新发传染病的分子流行病学研究

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张如胜（1977-），男，硕士，主任技师，研究方向：新发传染病的分子流行病学研究

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张如胜（1977-），男，硕士，主任技师，研究方向：新发传染病的分子流行病学研究

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Nucleic acid test results for five pathogens in poultry and environmental samples from the live poultry wholesale market in Changsha city, 2022—2023 ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）检测数五种病原体阳性数
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
2022308200(64.94)83(26.95)16(5.19)1(0.32)19(6.17)
2023509323(63.46)180(35.36)36(7.07)1(0.20)126(24.75)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值0.186.231.140.1345.40
P值0.670.010.290.72<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1240929936622539345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925637657355, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境五种病原体核酸检测结果［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）检测数五种病原体阳性数
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
2022308200(64.94)83(26.95)16(5.19)1(0.32)19(6.17)
2023509323(63.46)180(35.36)36(7.07)1(0.20)126(24.75)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值0.186.231.140.1345.40
P值0.670.010.290.72<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1240929936731591249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925637657355, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nucleic acid test results for five pathogens from various sampling points in the live poultry wholesale market in Changsha city, from 2022—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点检测数五种病原体阳性数［n（%）］
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
家禽销售店736497(67.53)249(33.83)50(6.79)0(0)140(19.02)
羊/狗销售店5611(19.64)3(5.36)0(0)2(3.57)4(7.14)
市场公共区域2515(60.00)11(44.00)2(8.00)0(0)1(4.00)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值69.0620.984.1527.258.37
P值<0.01<0.010.13<0.010.02
), ArticleFig(id=1240929936819671635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925637657355, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场不同类型采样点五种病原体核酸检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点检测数五种病原体阳性数［n（%）］
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
家禽销售店736497(67.53)249(33.83)50(6.79)0(0)140(19.02)
羊/狗销售店5611(19.64)3(5.36)0(0)2(3.57)4(7.14)
市场公共区域2515(60.00)11(44.00)2(8.00)0(0)1(4.00)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值69.0620.984.1527.258.37
P值<0.01<0.010.13<0.010.02
), ArticleFig(id=1240929936886780503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925637657355, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Nucleic acid test results for five pathogens from different types of samples in the live poultry wholesale market in Changsha city,2022—2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类型检测数五种病原体阳性数［n（%）］
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
禽咽/肛拭子15678(50.00)9(5.77)4(2.56)0(0)34(21.79)
禽粪便20195(47.26)59(29.35)18(8.96)0(0)32(15.92)
空气144123(85.42)88(61.11)11(7.64)0(0)45(31.25)
污水11396(84.96)38(33.63)7(6.19)0(0)7(6.19)
禽饮水7770(90.91)34(44.16)5(6.49)0(0)21(27.27)
禽笼具涂抹7350(68.49)32(43.84)7(9.59)0(0)3(4.11)
羊/狗等笼具涂抹5311(20.75)3(5.66)0(0)2(3.77)3(5.66)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值155.80132.5911.3210.1049.92
P值<0.01<0.010.08<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1240929936983249500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925637657355, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场不同样品类型五种病原体核酸检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类型检测数五种病原体阳性数［n（%）］
AIVNDVC. psittaciBrucellaS. suis
禽咽/肛拭子15678(50.00)9(5.77)4(2.56)0(0)34(21.79)
禽粪便20195(47.26)59(29.35)18(8.96)0(0)32(15.92)
空气144123(85.42)88(61.11)11(7.64)0(0)45(31.25)
污水11396(84.96)38(33.63)7(6.19)0(0)7(6.19)
禽饮水7770(90.91)34(44.16)5(6.49)0(0)21(27.27)
禽笼具涂抹7350(68.49)32(43.84)7(9.59)0(0)3(4.11)
羊/狗等笼具涂抹5311(20.75)3(5.66)0(0)2(3.77)3(5.66)
合计817523(64.01)263(32.19)52(6.36)2(0.24)145(17.75)
χ2值155.80132.5911.3210.1049.92
P值<0.01<0.010.08<0.01<0.01
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2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中人兽共患病病原体监测
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张如胜 1 , 扶会媛 1 , 罗璨 1 , 黄政 1 , 裴瑞青 1 , 狄宇 1 , 朱彩英 1 , 刘琰 1 , 彭佳熠 2 , 胡慧琪 2 , 王波 2 , 周谨薇 2 , 陈姗 1 , 陈静芳 1 , 徐明忠 1 , 杨人贵 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(11): 2088-2093
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(11): 2088-2093
2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中人兽共患病病原体监测
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张如胜1, 扶会媛1, 罗璨1, 黄政1, 裴瑞青1, 狄宇1, 朱彩英1, 刘琰1, 彭佳熠2, 胡慧琪2, 王波2, 周谨薇2, 陈姗1, 陈静芳1, 徐明忠1, 杨人贵1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙市疾病预防控制中心，湖南 长沙 410007
  • 2.南华大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.长沙市中医医院（长沙市第八医院），湖南 长沙 410125

    • 张如胜（1977-），男，硕士，主任技师，研究方向：新发传染病的分子流行病学研究

通讯作者:

杨人贵，E-mail:
Surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market from 2022 to 2023
Ru-sheng ZHANG1, Hui-yuan FU1, Can LUO1, Zheng HUANG1, Rui-qing PEI1, Yu DI1, Cai-ying ZHU1, Yan LIU1, Jia-yi PENG2, Hui-qi HU2, Bo WANG2, Jin-wei ZHOU2, Shan CHEN1, Jing-fang CHEN1, Ming-zhong XU1, Ren-gui YANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401394
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摘要
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目的 了解长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中病原体污染情况。方法 采集2022—2023年长沙市长沙县活禽批发市场家禽及环境样品817份，利用实时荧光PCR方法进行AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis核酸检测，然后对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果 市场家禽及环境中AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis的总体阳性率分别为64.01%、32.19%、6.36%、0.24%、17.75%，2023年NDV和S.suis的阳性率高于2022年，五种病原体阳性率最高的月份为10月或12月。不同年份的NDV（χ2=6.23,P=0.01）和S. suis（χ2=45.40,P<0.01）阳性率，以及不同月份的AIV（χ2=50.50,P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=41.28,P<0.01）、C. psittaci（χ2=32.83,P<0.01）和S. suis（χ2=59.43,P<0.01）阳性率存在统计学差异。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis阳性率最高的采样点分别为家禽销售店、市场公共区域、市场公共区域、羊/狗销售店和家禽销售店，阳性率分别为67.53%、44.00%、8.00%、3.57%、19.02%。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S.suis阳性率最高的样品分别为禽饮水、空气、禽笼具涂抹、羊/狗等笼具涂抹和空气，阳性率分别为90.91%、61.11%、9.59%、3.77%、31.25%。不同采样点的AIV（χ2=69.06, P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=20.98, P<0.01）、Brucella（χ2=27.25, P<0.01）、S.suis（χ2=8.37, P=0.02）和不同样品的AIV（χ2=155.80，P<0.01）、NDV（χ2=132.59，P<0.01）、Brucella（χ2=10.10，P<0.01）、S.suis（χ2= 49.92，P<0.01）阳性率均存在统计学差异。结论 长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、S.suis核酸污染较为常见，提示该活禽批发市场需要加强场所消毒、健康宣教和疫病监测等相关人兽共患病防控措施。

活禽市场  /  家禽  /  环境  /  人兽共患病  /  病原体

Objective To investigate the pathogen pollution in the poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market. Methods In total 817 live poultry and environment samples from Changsha county wholesale poultry market were collected from 2022 to 2023. AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis nucleic acids were detected by real-time fluorescence PCR, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The overall positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S.suis in market poultry and environment were 64.01%, 32.19%, 6.36%, 0.24%, and 17.75%, respectively. The positive rates of NDV and S. suis in 2023 were higher than those in 2022, and the positive rates of five pathogens were the highest in October or December. There were significant differences in the positive rates of NDV (χ2=6.23, P=0.01) and S. suis (χ2=45.40, P<0.01) in different years and in AIV (χ2=50.50, P<0.01), NDV (χ2=41.28, P<0.01), C. psittaci (χ2=32.83, P<0.01), and S. suis (χ2=59.43,P<0.01) in different months. The sampling sites with the highest positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis were poultry stores (67.53%), market public areas (44.00%), market public areas (8.00%), sheep/dog stores (3.57%), and poultry stores (19.02%). The samples with the highest positive rates of AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis were poultry drinking water (90.91%), air (61.11%), poultry cages (9.59%), sheep/dogs and other cages (3.77%), and air (31.25%). The positive rates of AIV (χ2=69.06, P<0.01), NDV (χ2=20.98, P<0.01), Brucella (χ2=27.25, P<0.01), S. suis (χ2=8.37, P=0.02) in different sampling sites and AIV (χ2=155.80 , P<0.0l), NDV (χ2=132.59, P<0.01), Brucella (χ2=10.10, P<0.0l) and S. suis (χ2=49.92,P<0.01) in different samples were significantly different. Conclusion The AIV, NDV, C. psittaci, Brucella, and S. suis nucleic acid pollution are common in poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market, which indicates that the live poultry wholesale market needs to strengthen the prevention and control measures of zoonosis, such as place disinfection, health education and epidemic surveillance.

Live poultry market  /  Poultry  /  Environment  /  Zoonosis  /  Pathogen
张如胜, 扶会媛, 罗璨, 黄政, 裴瑞青, 狄宇, 朱彩英, 刘琰, 彭佳熠, 胡慧琪, 王波, 周谨薇, 陈姗, 陈静芳, 徐明忠, 杨人贵. 2022—2023年长沙市活禽批发市场家禽及环境中人兽共患病病原体监测. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2088 -2093 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401394
Ru-sheng ZHANG, Hui-yuan FU, Can LUO, Zheng HUANG, Rui-qing PEI, Yu DI, Cai-ying ZHU, Yan LIU, Jia-yi PENG, Hui-qi HU, Bo WANG, Jin-wei ZHOU, Shan CHEN, Jing-fang CHEN, Ming-zhong XU, Ren-gui YANG. Surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in poultry and environment in Changsha live poultry wholesale market from 2022 to 2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2088 -2093 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401394
正文
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人兽共患病（zoonoses）病原体是一类可在动物与人类之间自然传播的病原体，譬如禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus, AIV）来源于禽，亦可以感染人类[1-6]。新城疫病毒(newcastle disease virus, NDV)的天然贮存库为禽类，鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽子及鹌鹑等多种家禽及野禽均易感，人类也可以感染[7-10]。鹦鹉热衣原体（Chlamydia psittaci, C. psittaci）是一种自然疫源性人兽共患病病原体，已从鹦鹉、鸽、鸭和火鸡等130种禽体内检出。人感染后临床多表现为骤然发病寒战、发热、咳嗽和胸痛，继而可发展为肺炎[11-15]。布鲁菌(Brucella)可引起羊等动物布鲁菌病，人主要通过消化道和呼吸道等途径感染[16-17]。高危人群感染率由高至低分别是饲养、畜牧、屠宰、兽医等职业人群[18]。猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis, S.suis)是一种致病力强的人兽共患病病原体，可引起猪、羊和禽等动物和人感染发病[19]。
研究表明活禽市场环境中污染有H7N9 AIV，则人群暴露于活禽市场后存在感染H7N9 AIV的风险[3]。流行病学调查显示C. psittaci的环境暴露是人感染C.psittaci的危险因素[20-21]。2019年，长沙市疾病预防控制中心曾处置一起发生在活禽市场的聚集性人感染C. psittaci疫情，流行病学调查显示10例病例均为活禽市场家禽商贩。活禽市场现场宰杀和售卖的动物性产品较多，市场家禽及环境中是否存在AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella、S.suis等五种病原体是疾病预防控制机构关注的焦点。目前缺乏针对活禽批发市场家禽及环境开展AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella、S.suis监测的研究。本研究选择湖南省长沙市一家大型活禽批发市场开展家禽及环境中五种病原体监测，报告如下。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　监测点
根据市场规模、家禽及其他动物销售种类选择长沙市辖区规模最大的农贸市场（长沙县活禽批发市场，简称活禽批发市场）作为监测点，每天供应鸽、三黄鸡、乌鸡、土鸡、螺丝鸡、麻鸭、洋鸭、北京鸭、黑棕鹅、羊、狗等来源于全国各地的各类活禽和动物，主要以批发形式向当地中小型活禽市场提供活禽和动物产品，市场的家禽销售店共计56家店铺，羊/狗销售店与家禽销售店相邻，共计11家店铺。另外在市场公共区域，譬如市场大门口、市场送货车辆等采样点进行了家禽和环境样品采集。
1.2　家禽及环境样品采集
2022—2023年期间，计划每月随机选取5个店铺进行采样，采样店铺按照销售动物种类和位置分为家禽销售店、羊/狗销售店及市场公共区域3种类型的采样点，采样时间为上午的09：00—12：00，根据采样店铺销售的家禽/动物种类、规模及现场环境，每次对5个店铺分别采集禽咽/肛拭子、禽粪便、空气、污水、禽饮水、笼具涂抹和羊/狗等笼具涂抹样本1～2份，每次采样约50份家禽及环境样品，受新冠疫情影响，共有17个月进行了样品采集，使用非灭活型病毒采样盒（北京友康生物科技股份有限公司）共采集活禽批发市场家禽及环境样品817份，其中家禽样品包括禽咽/肛拭子156份、禽粪便201份、环境样品包括空气144份、污水113份、禽饮水77份、禽笼具涂抹73份、羊/狗等动物笼具涂抹53份。禽咽/肛拭子样品的采集：利用拭子分别擦拭禽咽部和肛门3～5次，然后放入含3.5ml采样液的采样管中，每个采样点每次采集2份样品。禽粪便样品的采集：用拭子挑取禽粪便少许，放入采样管中，每个店铺每次采集2份样品。空气样品的采集：每个店铺选取禽舍旁和店铺门口2个采样点，采样点距离地面1.0m左右，利用气溶胶采样器（法国Bertin CORIOLIS ®μ）在每个采样点以200 L/min的速度采集10 min，空气直接收集到含有采样液的锥形小瓶中，具体采集方法参考文献[22]，每个店铺每次采集2份样品。污水样品的采集：用一次性吸管在采样点地面或下水道采集污水、清洗宰杀后禽的污水10 ml，每个店铺每次采集2份样品。禽饮水样品的采集：在禽饮水槽中用一次性吸管吸取10 ml禽饮水，每个店铺每次采集1份样品。笼具涂抹样品：用拭子擦拭家禽及羊/狗等动物笼具的3～5个高频接触部位，放入采样管中，每个店铺每次采集1份样品。
1.3　五种病原体核酸检测
利用环境样本核酸提取试剂和自动核酸提取仪（西安天隆科技有限公司）对家禽和环境样品进行核酸提取。利用禽流感病毒实时荧光PCR核酸检测试剂盒、新城疫病毒实时荧光PCR核酸检测试剂盒和鹦鹉热衣原体实时荧光PCR核酸检测试剂盒（深圳市梓健生物科技有限公司），布鲁菌实时荧光PCR核酸检测试剂盒和猪链球菌实时荧光PCR核酸检测试剂盒（北京卓诚惠生生物科技有限公司）对提取的样品核酸分别进行病原体核酸检测，具体操作参照试剂盒说明书。
1.4　统计学处理
应用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析。阳性率间的比较采用χ2检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　五种病原体不同时间监测情况
2022—2023年活禽批发市场家禽及环境样品中检出AIV、NDV、C.psittaci、Brucella和S. suis的总体阳性率分别为64.01%、32.19%、6.36%、0.24%、17.75%；其中2023年NDV的阳性率高于2022年，2023年S. suis的阳性率高于2022年，不同年份阳性率差异有统计学意义（PNDV=0.01; PS.suis<0.01）。见表1。
受新冠疫情影响，2022和2023年的1月未进行样品采集，缺乏相关数据。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci和S.suis阳性率最高的月份分别为10月、12月、12月和12月，分别为85.11%、52.08%、20.83%、35.42%。Brucella仅在10月和12月各检出1份，阳性率分别为2.13%和1.08%。不同月份的AIV、NDV、C. psittaci和S. suis阳性率存在统计学差异（P<0.01）。见图1。
2.2　五种病原体不同类型采样点监测情况
AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis阳性率最高的采样点分别为家禽销售店、市场公共区域、市场公共区域、羊/狗销售店和家禽销售店，分别为67.53%、44.00%、8.00%、3.57%、19.02%，不同采样点的AIV、NDV、Brucella和S. suis阳性率存在统计学差异（P<0.05）。见表2。
2.3　五种病原体不同样品类型监测情况
AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis阳性率最高的样品分别为禽饮水、空气、禽笼具涂抹、羊/狗等笼具涂抹和空气，分别为90.91%、61.11%、9.59%、3.77%、31.25%。不同样品类型中的AIV、NDV、Brucella和S.suis阳性率存在统计学差异（P<0.01）。见表3。
3　讨论
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本研究显示长沙市活禽批发市场2022—2023年家禽及环境中AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis的总体阳性率分别为64.01%、32.19%、6.36%、0.24%、17.75%。其中2022和2023年AIV核酸阳性率分别为64.94%和63.46%，与2016—2021年长沙市辖区活禽市场外环境AIV核酸阳性率基本相符[23-24]，提示开展大型活禽批发市场环境AIV监测，可在一定程度上了解辖区活禽市场外环境AIV污染情况。
本研究显示长沙市活禽批发市场AIV总体阳性率为64.01%，高于浙江省临海市、广东省广州市及珠海市活禽市场外环境AIV阳性率[25-27]。本研究显示活禽批发市场NDV总体核酸阳性率为32.19%，高于广西某活禽市场2015—2017年家禽及环境中NDV总体病毒分离阳性率（2.43%）[28-29]，原因与核酸检测相比病毒分离方法更敏感有关。本研究显示活禽批发市场C. psittaci的总体阳性率为6.36%，与吉林省鸽粪中C. psittaci阳性率（5.01%）相当[20]。本研究在不同月份均检出AIV、NDV、C. psittaci和S. suis等四种病原体，表明该活禽批发市场持续存在上述四种病原体家禽感染和环境污染，进入秋冬季销售旺季（10—12月），污染更为严重。值得关注的是从羊/狗等动物销售店偶尔检出Brucella。本研究提示活禽批发市场应进一步加强人兽共患病病原体监测和从业人员健康宣教。
本研究显示家禽销售店、羊/狗销售店和市场公共区域三种类型采样点均检出AIV、NDV和S. suis，其中AIV阳性率最高，为67.53%，另外家禽销售店和市场公共区域检出C. psittaci、羊/狗销售店检出Brucella，表明不同采样点污染的病原体种类存在差异，其原因除了与不同类型采样点销售动物易感病原体不同外，还可能与不同采样点之间的物理隔断和防护措施不完善导致的交叉污染有关。既往研究显示活禽市场中空气传播是造成人类感染AIV的感染途径之一[22,30]。本研究建议活禽市场在规划设计初应充分考虑各动物销售区域的物理隔断、排风、污水处理等生物安全防护设施建设，降低不同区域人兽共患病病原体发生交叉污染和循环传播的风险。
既往研究已从活禽市场家禽、污水、笼具涂抹及空气等样品中检出AIV[22,31-32]。本研究显示长沙市活禽批发市场全部家禽和环境样品均检出AIV、NDV和S. suis，除羊/狗等笼具涂抹外的其他六种样品均检出C. psittaci，羊/狗等笼具涂抹仅检出Brucella。AIV、NDV、C. psittaci、Brucella和S. suis阳性率最高的样品分别为禽饮水、空气、禽笼具涂抹、羊/狗等笼具涂抹和空气。与其他活禽市场环境AIV阳性率最高为笼具涂抹样品的研究结果存在差异[24]，另外本研究首次从空气样品中检出NDV、S. suis、C. psittaci三种病原体，提示活禽批发市场除了需要加强笼具清洗和污水处理等措施外，还应重点改善通风设施，进一步降低人兽共患病病原体通过气溶胶进行传播的风险。
总之，本研究利用实时荧光PCR方法从辖区活禽批发市场监测出不同程度的AIV、NDV、S. suis、C.psittaci和 Brucella核酸阳性率，虽然核酸阳性样本不一定具有感染性，但在有活禽市场关联的人感染AIV、C. psittaci病例不断报告的情况下，提示活禽批发市场需要加强场所消毒、健康宣教和疫病监测等相关人兽共患病防控措施[33]，降低人兽共患病疫情发生的风险。
基金
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  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ70131; 2023JJ60399)
  • 湖南省卫生健康高层次人才重大科研专项(R2023169)
  • 湖南省卫生健康委科研项目(202212064383)
  • 湖南省卫生健康委科研项目(202212064269)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金(kq2202040)
文献
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401394
  • 接收时间：2024-01-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-21
基金
湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ70131; 2023JJ60399)
湖南省卫生健康高层次人才重大科研专项(R2023169)
湖南省卫生健康委科研项目(202212064383)
湖南省卫生健康委科研项目(202212064269)
长沙市自然科学基金(kq2202040)
作者信息
    1.长沙市疾病预防控制中心，湖南 长沙 410007
    2.南华大学公共卫生学院
    3.长沙市中医医院（长沙市第八医院），湖南 长沙 410125

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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