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Article(id=1240929925176292320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401356, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349524, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1988, endPage=1994, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929925436339188, articleId=1240929925176292320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effects of green space on low birth weight and preterm birth, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the impact of exposure to green space during pregnancy on low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) in pregnant women, and to explore the susceptible window period of green space exposure, providing data support for related research fields. Methods This study recruited pregnant women and their infants in the Sichuan multi-level infant and early life (SMILE) cohort study as the research subjects, and information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and birth outcomes were collected. A 250m buffer zone was delineated based on the pregnant women’s residential addresses, and the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during pregnancy was calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the impact of green space exposure during pregnancy on LBW and PTB and to identify the key window period of green space exposure affecting LBW and PTB. Results In total 6 612 pregnant women were included in this study, and the prevalence rates of LBW and PTB were 3.36% and 3.43%, respectively. It was found that the fourth quartile of NDVI was negatively correlated with LBW and PTB (LBW:HR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.24-0.59, P=0.012; PTB: Q4:HR=0.33, 95%CI: 0.21-0.51, P < 0.001). In the third trimester of pregnancy, NDVI had a protective effect on LBW (Q2: HR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.19-0.42, P=0.003; Q3: HR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.11-0.27, P<0.001; Q4: HR=0.07, 95%CI: 0.04-0.12, P<0.001)and PTB (Q2: HR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.13-0.28, P < 0.001; Q3: HR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.07-0.16, P<0.001; Q4: HR=0.03, 95%CI:0.02-0.06, P<0.001), and as the level of NDVI increased, the protective effect became stronger. Conclusion Green space during pregnancy is negatively correlated with LBW and PTB. Late pregnancy may be a key window period of exposure, and higher levels of green space are more beneficial for maternal and child health.

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目的 研究孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露对低出生体重（LBW）和早产的影响，探讨绿色空间暴露的易感窗口期，为相关研究领域提供数据支持。方法 本研究以SMILE队列研究招募的孕妇及其分娩的婴儿为研究对象，并收集社会人口学、生活习惯、出生结局等信息。根据孕妇的居住地址划取250 m缓冲区，并计算孕妇孕期平均归一化植被指数（NDVI）。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析孕妇孕期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产的影响，并识别孕妇孕期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产影响的关键窗口期。结果 本研究纳入6 612名孕妇，LBW、早产的患病率分别为3.36%和3.43%。研究发现，孕妇整个妊娠NDVI第四分位数与LBW和早产呈负相关（LBW：HR=0.38，95%CI：0.24～0.59，P=0.012；早产：Q4：HR= 0.33，95%CI：0.21～0.51，P<0.001）。孕晚期NDVI对LBW（Q2：HR=0.28，95%CI：0.19～0.42，P=0.003；Q3：HR=0.17，95%CI：0.11～0.27，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.07，95%CI：0.04～0.12，P<0.001）和早产（Q2：HR=0.19，95%CI: 0.13～0.28，P<0.001；Q3：HR=0.10，95%CI: 0.07～0.16，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.03，95%CI: 0.02～0.06，P<0.001）具有保护作用；且随着NDVI水平增加，保护作用越强。结论 孕妇妊娠期绿色空间与LBW和早产之间呈负相关；孕晚期可能是暴露的关键窗口期，且绿色空间水平越高对母婴健康越有益。

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刘振谧，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VeT/kHzdwqWzFvZFg/VkWg==, magXml=sfVa3Cf6CFVt7NLdYeZd4A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PxsPpwdz5NBdmazpUdVzRA==, pdfFileSize=669994, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Gfat9ADnUA71dlUBCL0GZw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

宋贵双（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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宋贵双（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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宋贵双（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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Ecology, 2021, 102(12): e03518., articleTitle=Satellite-derived NDVI underestimates the advancement of alpine vegetation growth over the past three decades, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240929927059533961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929927063728267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, companyId=1240929927059533961, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929927080505485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, companyId=1240929927059533961, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240929927172780188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929927181168797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, companyId=1240929927172780188, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省妇幼保健院，四川 成都 610031)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240929930217845162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

NDVI distribution of the study subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期（ ）MinP25P50P75MaxIQR
孕早期0.36±0.140.050.260.350.460.910.20
孕中期0.35±0.130.040.240.330.430.900.19
孕晚期0.35±0.140.030.240.320.410.910.17
整个孕期0.35±0.120.110.250.320.450.800.20
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930360451508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象NDVI分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期（ ）MinP25P50P75MaxIQR
孕早期0.36±0.140.050.260.350.460.910.20
孕中期0.35±0.130.040.240.330.430.900.19
孕晚期0.35±0.140.030.240.320.410.910.17
整个孕期0.35±0.120.110.250.320.450.800.20
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930465309115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The basic characteristics of the study population ［n（%），（）]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量LBW（n=6 612）早产（n=6 612）
是（n=215）否（n=6 397）P值是（n=227）否（n=6 385）P值
性别0.0060.574
男91 (42.32)3 327 (52.01)122 (53.74)3 296 (51.62)
女124 (57.68)3 070 (47.99)105 (46.26)3 089 (48.38)
产次（次）0.4390.898
1140 (65.11)3 984 (62.27)143 (63.00)3 981 (62.35)
≥275 (34.89)2 413 (37.73)84 (37.00)2 404 (37.65)
怀孕季节0.0830.623
春季64 (29.76)1 446 (22.60)58 (25.55)1 452 (22.74)
夏季60 (27.91)1 955 (31.18)75 (33.04)1 940 (30.38)
秋季54 (25.12)1 649 (25.77)57 (25.11)1 646 (25.78)
冬季37 (12.21)1 347 (20.05)37 (16.30)1 347 (21.10)
母亲年龄（岁）28.87±4.9128.62±4.080.44729.19±4.7428.60±4.090.066
母亲孕前BMI（kg/m2）24.82±3.2625.19±3.180.10525.22±3.2625.18±3.180.830
母亲民族0.5131.00
汉208 (96.74)6 230 (98.79)221 (97.35)6 217 (97.37)
其他7 (3.26)167 (1.21)6 (2.65)168 (2.63)
母亲教育水平0.5040.135
初中及以下47 (21.86)1 181 (18.46)50 (22.03)1 178 (18.45)
高中/中专52 (24.18)1 606 (25.10)50 (22.03)1 608 (25.18)
大专58 (26.98)1 955 (30.56)65 (28.63)1 948 (30.51)
本科及以上58 (26.98)1 655 (25.88)62 (27.31)1 651 (25.86)
家庭年收入（元）0.1940.017
<6 00087 (40.46)2 350 (36.74)78 (34.36)2 359 (36.95)
6 000～<10 00064 (29.76)2 146 (33.54)89 (39.21)2 121 (33.22)
10 000～<20 00043 (20.00)1 456 (22.76)41 (18.06)1 458 (22.83)
≥20 00021 (9.78)445 (6.96)19 (8.37)447 (7.00)
母亲抑郁情况0.8511.00
是83 (38.60)2 414 (37.74)86 (37.89)2 411 (37.76)
否132 (61.40)3 983 (62.26)141 (62.11)3 974 (57.54)
母亲被动吸烟史0.8880.264
是63 (29.30)1 831 (28.62)73 (32.16)1 821 (28.52)
否152 (70.70)4 566 (71.38)154 (67.84)4 564 (71.48)
母亲饮酒史0.2140.026
是7 (3.26)129 (2.02)10 (4.41)126 (1.97)
否208 (96.74)6 269 (97.98)217 (95.59)6 259 (98.03)
母亲散步情况1.001.00
是213 (99.06)6 327 (98.90)225 (99.12)6 315 (98.90)
否2 (0.94)70 (1.10)2 (0.88)70 (1.10)
母亲GDM史0.6280.514
是39 (18.13)1 065 (16.65)42 (18.50)1 062 (16.63)
否176 (81.87)5 332 (83.35)185 (81.50)5 323 (83.37)
母亲HDP史0.0890.055
是8 (3.72)130 (2.03)9 (3.96)129 (2.02)
否207 (96.28)6 267 (97.97)218 (96.04)6 256 (97.98)
PM2.5(μg/m3)
整个孕期37.68±7.4937.87±7.290.70137.87±7.2737.73±8.120.788
孕早期37.88±13.4136.81±14.590.32036.82±14.5835.57±13.950.186
孕中期36.79±13.4938.63±13.780.05038.59±13.7538.09±14.270.606
孕晚期40.36±17.3838.19±16.400.07138.22±16.4139.53±17.330.264
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930591138245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究人群的基本特征［n（%），（）]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量LBW（n=6 612）早产（n=6 612）
是（n=215）否（n=6 397）P值是（n=227）否（n=6 385）P值
性别0.0060.574
男91 (42.32)3 327 (52.01)122 (53.74)3 296 (51.62)
女124 (57.68)3 070 (47.99)105 (46.26)3 089 (48.38)
产次（次）0.4390.898
1140 (65.11)3 984 (62.27)143 (63.00)3 981 (62.35)
≥275 (34.89)2 413 (37.73)84 (37.00)2 404 (37.65)
怀孕季节0.0830.623
春季64 (29.76)1 446 (22.60)58 (25.55)1 452 (22.74)
夏季60 (27.91)1 955 (31.18)75 (33.04)1 940 (30.38)
秋季54 (25.12)1 649 (25.77)57 (25.11)1 646 (25.78)
冬季37 (12.21)1 347 (20.05)37 (16.30)1 347 (21.10)
母亲年龄（岁）28.87±4.9128.62±4.080.44729.19±4.7428.60±4.090.066
母亲孕前BMI（kg/m2）24.82±3.2625.19±3.180.10525.22±3.2625.18±3.180.830
母亲民族0.5131.00
汉208 (96.74)6 230 (98.79)221 (97.35)6 217 (97.37)
其他7 (3.26)167 (1.21)6 (2.65)168 (2.63)
母亲教育水平0.5040.135
初中及以下47 (21.86)1 181 (18.46)50 (22.03)1 178 (18.45)
高中/中专52 (24.18)1 606 (25.10)50 (22.03)1 608 (25.18)
大专58 (26.98)1 955 (30.56)65 (28.63)1 948 (30.51)
本科及以上58 (26.98)1 655 (25.88)62 (27.31)1 651 (25.86)
家庭年收入（元）0.1940.017
<6 00087 (40.46)2 350 (36.74)78 (34.36)2 359 (36.95)
6 000～<10 00064 (29.76)2 146 (33.54)89 (39.21)2 121 (33.22)
10 000～<20 00043 (20.00)1 456 (22.76)41 (18.06)1 458 (22.83)
≥20 00021 (9.78)445 (6.96)19 (8.37)447 (7.00)
母亲抑郁情况0.8511.00
是83 (38.60)2 414 (37.74)86 (37.89)2 411 (37.76)
否132 (61.40)3 983 (62.26)141 (62.11)3 974 (57.54)
母亲被动吸烟史0.8880.264
是63 (29.30)1 831 (28.62)73 (32.16)1 821 (28.52)
否152 (70.70)4 566 (71.38)154 (67.84)4 564 (71.48)
母亲饮酒史0.2140.026
是7 (3.26)129 (2.02)10 (4.41)126 (1.97)
否208 (96.74)6 269 (97.98)217 (95.59)6 259 (98.03)
母亲散步情况1.001.00
是213 (99.06)6 327 (98.90)225 (99.12)6 315 (98.90)
否2 (0.94)70 (1.10)2 (0.88)70 (1.10)
母亲GDM史0.6280.514
是39 (18.13)1 065 (16.65)42 (18.50)1 062 (16.63)
否176 (81.87)5 332 (83.35)185 (81.50)5 323 (83.37)
母亲HDP史0.0890.055
是8 (3.72)130 (2.03)9 (3.96)129 (2.02)
否207 (96.28)6 267 (97.97)218 (96.04)6 256 (97.98)
PM2.5(μg/m3)
整个孕期37.68±7.4937.87±7.290.70137.87±7.2737.73±8.120.788
孕早期37.88±13.4136.81±14.590.32036.82±14.5835.57±13.950.186
孕中期36.79±13.4938.63±13.780.05038.59±13.7538.09±14.270.606
孕晚期40.36±17.3838.19±16.400.07138.22±16.4139.53±17.330.264
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930742133197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of NDVI and low birth weight during pregnancy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
Q1 (≤0.255)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.256～0.326)0.62 (0.44～0.89)0.0110.61 (0.43～0.88)0.0080.59 (0.41～0.85)0.004
Q3 (0.327～0.445)0.74 (0.52～1.05)0.0940.70 (048～1.00)0.0550.63 (0.43～0.92)0.017
Q4 (≥0.446)0.46 (0.31～0.69)<0.0010.44 (0.29～0.67)<0.0010.38 (0.24～0.59)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930918293972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

整个孕期NDVI与LBW的Cox比例风险回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
Q1 (≤0.255)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.256～0.326)0.62 (0.44～0.89)0.0110.61 (0.43～0.88)0.0080.59 (0.41～0.85)0.004
Q3 (0.327～0.445)0.74 (0.52～1.05)0.0940.70 (048～1.00)0.0550.63 (0.43～0.92)0.017
Q4 (≥0.446)0.46 (0.31～0.69)<0.0010.44 (0.29～0.67)<0.0010.38 (0.24～0.59)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931052511710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of NDVI and low birth weight during different trimesters of pregnancy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
孕早期Q1 (≤0.263)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.264～0.346)1.04 (0.71～1.52)0.8160.96 (0.65～1.42)0.8660.93 (0.63～1.39)0.753
Q3 (0.347～0.457)1.11 (0.76～1.60)0.5921.01 (0.69～1.49)0.9510.97 (0.65～1.46)0.906
Q4 (≥0.458)0.89 (0.61～1.32)0.5860.83 (0.54～1.27)0.4060.79 (0.51～1.24)0.321
孕中期Q1 (≤0.245)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.246～0.330)1.07 (0.74～1.55)0.7061.00 (0.68～1.47)0.9860.90 (0.61～1.34)0.616
Q3 (0.331～0.433)1.14 (0.79～1.65)0.4701.08 (0.73～1.60)0.6720.95 (0.64～1.43)0.840
Q4 (≥0.434)0.79 (0.53～1.19)0.2700.75 (0.48～1.15)0.1940.64 (0.41～1.01)0.059
孕晚期Q1 (≤0.241)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.242～0.329)0.47 (0.33～0.65)<0.0010.34 (0.23～0.49)<0.0010.28 (0.19～0.42)<0.001
Q3 (0.330～0.441)0.33 (0.23～0.48)<0.0010.21 (0.14～0.37)<0.0010.17 (0.11～0.27)<0.001
Q4 (≥0.442)0.16 (0.10～0.27)<0.0010.09 (0.05～0.16)<0.0010.07 (0.04～0.12)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931182535138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同孕期NDVI与LBW的Cox比例风险回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
孕早期Q1 (≤0.263)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.264～0.346)1.04 (0.71～1.52)0.8160.96 (0.65～1.42)0.8660.93 (0.63～1.39)0.753
Q3 (0.347～0.457)1.11 (0.76～1.60)0.5921.01 (0.69～1.49)0.9510.97 (0.65～1.46)0.906
Q4 (≥0.458)0.89 (0.61～1.32)0.5860.83 (0.54～1.27)0.4060.79 (0.51～1.24)0.321
孕中期Q1 (≤0.245)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.246～0.330)1.07 (0.74～1.55)0.7061.00 (0.68～1.47)0.9860.90 (0.61～1.34)0.616
Q3 (0.331～0.433)1.14 (0.79～1.65)0.4701.08 (0.73～1.60)0.6720.95 (0.64～1.43)0.840
Q4 (≥0.434)0.79 (0.53～1.19)0.2700.75 (0.48～1.15)0.1940.64 (0.41～1.01)0.059
孕晚期Q1 (≤0.241)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.242～0.329)0.47 (0.33～0.65)<0.0010.34 (0.23～0.49)<0.0010.28 (0.19～0.42)<0.001
Q3 (0.330～0.441)0.33 (0.23～0.48)<0.0010.21 (0.14～0.37)<0.0010.17 (0.11～0.27)<0.001
Q4 (≥0.442)0.16 (0.10～0.27)<0.0010.09 (0.05～0.16)<0.0010.07 (0.04～0.12)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931320947179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of NDVI and preterm birth during pregnancy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
Q1 (≤0.259)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.260～0.326)0.57 (0.40～0.82)0.0020.57 (0.39～0.81)0.0020.54 (0.37～0.77)<0.001
Q3 (0.327～0.445)0.66 (0.48～0.93)0.0180.62 (0.44～0.88)0.0070.54 (0.37～0.78)0.001
Q4 (≥0.446)0.42 (0.28～0.62)<0.0010.39 (0.26～0.59)<0.0010.33 (0.21～0.51)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931429999091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

整个孕期NDVI与早产的Cox比例风险回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
Q1 (≤0.259)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.260～0.326)0.57 (0.40～0.82)0.0020.57 (0.39～0.81)0.0020.54 (0.37～0.77)<0.001
Q3 (0.327～0.445)0.66 (0.48～0.93)0.0180.62 (0.44～0.88)0.0070.54 (0.37～0.78)0.001
Q4 (≥0.446)0.42 (0.28～0.62)<0.0010.39 (0.26～0.59)<0.0010.33 (0.21～0.51)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931564216830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of NDVI and preterm birth during different trimesters of pregnancy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
孕早期Q1 (≤0.263)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.264～0.346)1.10 (0.77～1.56)0.5840.99 (0.69～1.42)0.9780.95 (0.66～1.38)0.813
Q3 (0.347～0.457)0.73 (0.49～1.07)0.1110.64 (0.43～0.97)0.0350.62 (0.41～0.94)0.024
Q4 (≥0.458)0.89 (0.62～1.29)0.5580.78 (0.52～1.16)0.2211.35 (0.48～1.12)0.152
孕中期Q1 (≤0.245)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.246～0.330)1.07 (0.75～1.52)0.7011.07 (0.74～1.54)0.7060.98 (0.67～1.44)0.950
Q3 (0.331～0.433)0.86 (0.59～1.25)0.4350.87 (0.58～1.29)0.4910.78 (0.52～1.18)0.252
Q4 (≥0.434)0.91 (0.63～1.32)0.6290.93 (0.62～1.40)0.7490.83 (0.54～1.27)0.394
孕晚期Q1 (≤0.239)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.240～0.329)0.41 (0.29～0.56)<0.0010.24 (0.17～0.35)<0.0010.19 (0.13～0.28)<0.001
Q3 (0.330～0.440)0.25 (0.17～0.37)<0.0010.14 (0.09～0.21)<0.0010.10 (0.07～0.16)<0.001
Q4 (≥0.441)0.08 (0.05～0.16)<0.0010.04 (0.09～0.21)<0.0010.03 (0.02～0.06)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240929931706823177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929925176292320, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同孕期NDVI与早产的Cox比例风险回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期NDVI分组模型1模型2模型3
HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值HR（95%CI）P值
孕早期Q1 (≤0.263)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.264～0.346)1.10 (0.77～1.56)0.5840.99 (0.69～1.42)0.9780.95 (0.66～1.38)0.813
Q3 (0.347～0.457)0.73 (0.49～1.07)0.1110.64 (0.43～0.97)0.0350.62 (0.41～0.94)0.024
Q4 (≥0.458)0.89 (0.62～1.29)0.5580.78 (0.52～1.16)0.2211.35 (0.48～1.12)0.152
孕中期Q1 (≤0.245)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.246～0.330)1.07 (0.75～1.52)0.7011.07 (0.74～1.54)0.7060.98 (0.67～1.44)0.950
Q3 (0.331～0.433)0.86 (0.59～1.25)0.4350.87 (0.58～1.29)0.4910.78 (0.52～1.18)0.252
Q4 (≥0.434)0.91 (0.63～1.32)0.6290.93 (0.62～1.40)0.7490.83 (0.54～1.27)0.394
孕晚期Q1 (≤0.239)参考值—参考值—参考值—
Q2 (0.240～0.329)0.41 (0.29～0.56)<0.0010.24 (0.17～0.35)<0.0010.19 (0.13～0.28)<0.001
Q3 (0.330～0.440)0.25 (0.17～0.37)<0.0010.14 (0.09～0.21)<0.0010.10 (0.07～0.16)<0.001
Q4 (≥0.441)0.08 (0.05～0.16)<0.0010.04 (0.09～0.21)<0.0010.03 (0.02～0.06)<0.001
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绿色空间对低出生体重和早产的影响
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宋贵双 1 , 王红 2 , 肖成汉 1 , 于川 1 , 刘振谧 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(11): 1988-1994
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(11): 1988-1994
绿色空间对低出生体重和早产的影响
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宋贵双1, 王红2, 肖成汉1, 于川1, 刘振谧1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川省妇幼保健院，四川 成都 610031

    • 宋贵双（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

通讯作者:

刘振谧，E-mail:
Effects of green space on low birth weight and preterm birth
Gui-shuang SONG1, Hong WANG2, Cheng-han XIAO1, Chuan YU1, Zhen-mi LIU1
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401356
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摘要
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目的 研究孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露对低出生体重（LBW）和早产的影响，探讨绿色空间暴露的易感窗口期，为相关研究领域提供数据支持。方法 本研究以SMILE队列研究招募的孕妇及其分娩的婴儿为研究对象，并收集社会人口学、生活习惯、出生结局等信息。根据孕妇的居住地址划取250 m缓冲区，并计算孕妇孕期平均归一化植被指数（NDVI）。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析孕妇孕期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产的影响，并识别孕妇孕期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产影响的关键窗口期。结果 本研究纳入6 612名孕妇，LBW、早产的患病率分别为3.36%和3.43%。研究发现，孕妇整个妊娠NDVI第四分位数与LBW和早产呈负相关（LBW：HR=0.38，95%CI：0.24～0.59，P=0.012；早产：Q4：HR= 0.33，95%CI：0.21～0.51，P<0.001）。孕晚期NDVI对LBW（Q2：HR=0.28，95%CI：0.19～0.42，P=0.003；Q3：HR=0.17，95%CI：0.11～0.27，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.07，95%CI：0.04～0.12，P<0.001）和早产（Q2：HR=0.19，95%CI: 0.13～0.28，P<0.001；Q3：HR=0.10，95%CI: 0.07～0.16，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.03，95%CI: 0.02～0.06，P<0.001）具有保护作用；且随着NDVI水平增加，保护作用越强。结论 孕妇妊娠期绿色空间与LBW和早产之间呈负相关；孕晚期可能是暴露的关键窗口期，且绿色空间水平越高对母婴健康越有益。

绿色空间  /  低出生体重  /  早产  /  不良出生结局

Objective To study the impact of exposure to green space during pregnancy on low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) in pregnant women, and to explore the susceptible window period of green space exposure, providing data support for related research fields. Methods This study recruited pregnant women and their infants in the Sichuan multi-level infant and early life (SMILE) cohort study as the research subjects, and information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and birth outcomes were collected. A 250m buffer zone was delineated based on the pregnant women’s residential addresses, and the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during pregnancy was calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the impact of green space exposure during pregnancy on LBW and PTB and to identify the key window period of green space exposure affecting LBW and PTB. Results In total 6 612 pregnant women were included in this study, and the prevalence rates of LBW and PTB were 3.36% and 3.43%, respectively. It was found that the fourth quartile of NDVI was negatively correlated with LBW and PTB (LBW:HR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.24-0.59, P=0.012; PTB: Q4:HR=0.33, 95%CI: 0.21-0.51, P < 0.001). In the third trimester of pregnancy, NDVI had a protective effect on LBW (Q2: HR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.19-0.42, P=0.003; Q3: HR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.11-0.27, P<0.001; Q4: HR=0.07, 95%CI: 0.04-0.12, P<0.001)and PTB (Q2: HR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.13-0.28, P < 0.001; Q3: HR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.07-0.16, P<0.001; Q4: HR=0.03, 95%CI:0.02-0.06, P<0.001), and as the level of NDVI increased, the protective effect became stronger. Conclusion Green space during pregnancy is negatively correlated with LBW and PTB. Late pregnancy may be a key window period of exposure, and higher levels of green space are more beneficial for maternal and child health.

Green space  /  Low birth weight  /  Preterm birth  /  Adverse birth outcome
宋贵双, 王红, 肖成汉, 于川, 刘振谧. 绿色空间对低出生体重和早产的影响. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1988 -1994 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401356
Gui-shuang SONG, Hong WANG, Cheng-han XIAO, Chuan YU, Zhen-mi LIU. Effects of green space on low birth weight and preterm birth[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1988 -1994 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401356
正文
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近年来，绿色空间在公共卫生领域受到越来越多的关注，政策制定者和规划者将住宅绿化视为促进更健康、更积极的生活方式的杠杆[1]。研究表明绿色空间有益于母婴健康，与围产期抑郁[2]、妊娠期糖尿病[3-4]呈负相关，更高的绿地水平与出生体重和体力活动的改善以及更低的死亡率相关[5]。妇幼健康是重大的公共卫生问题，早产（preterm birth）引起的新生儿死亡率约占围产期新生儿死亡率的75%[6]，且近年来早产的发生率呈不断上升趋势。早产和低出生体重（low birth weight，LBW）在我国的发生率分别为7.3%和5.8%[7]。绿色空间作为一种可干预的潜在性保护因素，可能会对LBW、早产产生积极的影响。孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露与LBW和早产的研究结论目前尚不一致[1，8]，且基于中国人群的研究有限，大部分为横断面研究；绿色空间的评估依赖于孕妇妊娠期单个时间点（怀孕或分娩时）的暴露，没有以纵向方法评估绿色空间；因此，孕妇孕期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产的影响还需进一步证实。
本研究依托四川省多层级婴幼儿及生命早期队列研究（Sichuan multi-level infant and early life cohort，SMILE study），考虑孕妇孕期居住地址的更改，以纵向方法评估孕期绿色空间暴露，进一步调整孕妇孕期抑郁情况、被动吸烟、饮酒、散步、经济收入和环境污染情况，更全面地探索孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产的影响，并探讨绿色空间暴露的易感窗口期，为相关领域的研究提供数据支持。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　研究对象
本研究中的孕妇和婴儿来自四川省妇幼保健院的SMILE队列研究。该研究在2018—2021年招募四川省常住孕妇，对其进行孕期检查和随访；通过基线资料收集，孕早、中、晚期随访和医院电子病历系统获取孕妇及新生儿的相关信息。纳入标准：（1）孕妇年龄≥20岁；（2）孕妇住址信息完整；（3）建档，并完成基线资料调查及随访的孕妇；（4）签署知情同意书。排除标准：（1）多胎；（2）孕期居住地址更改的孕妇；（3）缺乏协变量信息。
本研究中建档并完成随访的孕妇共16 816例，排除居住地址无法进行地理编码6 237例、多胎227例、分娩胎数缺失96例、孕期居住地址缺失210例、居住地址改变339例、出生体重缺失13例、其余协变量缺失3 082例，最终6 612例孕妇作为研究对象纳入研究。本项目已获得四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院和伦理委员会（GWLL2022094）的批准，所有研究对象均已签署知情同意书。
1.2　暴露指标
2018—2021年四川省绿色空间数据来源于美国国家航空航天局Terra卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/）的归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI）。NDVI可测量研究区域中树木、植被的数量和分布情况[9]，取值范围为-1～1，负值可见光高反射，代表冰、水和无植被土壤；0表示岩石或裸土等；正值表示有植被覆盖，且值越大表示绿色度越高。本研究选取更新周期为16 d，250 m×250 m空间分辨的NDVI。目前NDVI的缓冲区无固定距离，综合已有的研究证据，本研究选取使用较多的250 m缓冲区。利用高德地图（https://map.gaode.com/）将每位孕妇的居住地址编码为地理坐标，地理坐标系参考WGS1984，并以每位孕妇的居住地址划定半径为250 m缓冲区，提取每位孕妇整个孕期、孕早期（≤13周）、孕中期（14～27周）和孕晚期（≥28周）的平均NDVI。
1.3　结局指标
本研究中LBW和早产来源于电子病历系统和胎儿出生时的问卷调查数据。LBW指新生儿出生体重<2 500 g。早产指新生儿娩出时胎龄小于37周。
1.4　资料收集
通过面对面问卷访谈收集孕妇社会人口学信息（年龄、身高、体重、教育水平、家庭经济收入）、生活行为信息（被动吸烟、饮酒、散步）、产前抑郁情况、妊娠期并发症情况（妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病）、居住地址等，还收集了孕妇妊娠期PM2.5暴露数据。PM2.5数据来源于中国高分辨率高质量空气污染数据集（China High Air Pollutants,CHAP），使用1 000 m×1 000 m的空间分辨率来估计每位孕妇妊娠期PM2.5暴露浓度。出生体重、胎龄由医院电子病历系统和问卷调查获取。
1.5　统计分析方法
本研究中的连续变量表示为（），分类变量表示为［n（%）］。首先比较LBW、早产研究对象基本特征时，对于孕妇的年龄、孕前BMI等定量数据采用独立样本t检验；对于教育程度、家庭年收入等分类变量，若满足χ2检验则采用χ2检验，若不满足，则使用Fisher确切概率法来检验。其次，用NDVI平均值的四分位数表示绿色空间暴露量。本研究使用Mann-Whitney U检验比较LBW、早产孕妇的绿色空间分布；然后使用Cox比例风险回归模型，以胎龄为时间变量，分析NDVI与LBW、早产的关联，以及探索不同孕期（NDVI对LBW和早产）的影响，并采用Schoenfeld残差法对自变量进行比例风险（proportional hazards，PH）假定。统计分析采用R 4.3.0和ArcGis 10.7完成。双侧检验α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　研究人群基本特征
研究对象孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期和整个孕期的NDVI分布情况如表1所示。
在纳入本研究的6 612例单胎活产的婴儿中，LBW的患病率为3.36%，早产的患病率为3.43%。LBW婴儿和非低出生体重婴儿在不同性别（P=0.006）之间的差异具有统计学意义。早产儿和非早产儿在家庭年收入（P=0.017）、母亲饮酒史(P=0.026）之间的差异具有统计学意义。见表2。
2.2　绿色空间对LBW的影响
以LBW为结局的Cox比例风险回归模型中，整个孕期、孕早期、孕中期和孕晚期的自变量Schoenfeld残差与胎龄间的关系不显著（P>0.05），且全局检验也不具有统计学显著性（P>0.05），符合PH假定，可应用Cox比例风险回归模型。
2.2.1　整个孕期绿色空间暴露与LBW的Cox比例风险回归分析
孕妇整个孕期NDVI的第四分位数（Q4）与LBW之间存在负向关联，且调整潜在混杂因素后，整个孕期NDVI对LBW的保护作用仍然存在（HR=0.38，95%CI：0.24～0.59，P= 0.012）。见表3。
2.2.2　不同孕期绿色空间暴露与LBW的Cox比例风险回归分析
孕早期与孕中期NDVI和LBW之间的关联不具有显著性（P>0.05），但孕晚期NDVI与LBW之间呈负相关，且随着孕晚期NDVI四分位数的增加，保护作用愈明显（Q2：HR= 0.28，95%CI：0.19～0.42，P=0.003；Q3：HR=0.17，95%CI：0.11～0.27，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.07，95%CI：0.04～0.12，P<0.001）。见表4。
2.3　绿色空间对早产的影响
以早产为结局的Cox比例风险回归模型中，整个孕期、孕早期、孕中期和孕晚期的自变量Schoenfeld残差与胎龄间的关系不显著（P>0.05），且全局检验也不具有统计学显著性（P>0.05），符合PH假定，可应用Cox比例风险回归模型。
2.3.1　整个孕期绿色空间暴露与早产的Cox比例风险回归分析
孕妇整个孕期NDVI的第二、三、四分位数均与早产之间存在负向关联。调整潜在混杂因素后，整个孕期NDVI对早产的保护作用仍然存在，且随着NDVI四分位数的增加保护作用越强（Q2：HR=0.54，95%CI：0.37～0.77，P=0.001；Q3：HR=0.54，95%CI：0.37～0.78，P=0.001；Q4：HR=0.33，95%CI：0.21～0.51，P<0.001）。见表5。
2.3.2　不同孕期绿色空间暴露与早产的Cox比例风险回归分析
孕中期NDVI和早产之间的关联不具有显著性（P>0.05），但孕早期NDVI第三分位数和孕晚期绿色空间暴露与早产之间呈负相关，且随着孕晚期NDVI四分位数的增加，保护作用愈强（Q2：HR=0.19，95%CI: 0.13～0.28，P<0.001；Q3：HR=0.10，95%CI: 0.07～0.16，P<0.001；Q4：HR=0.03，95%CI:0.02～0.06，P<0.001）。见表6。
3　讨论
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本研究结果显示，LBW和早产的患病率分别为3.36%和3.43%；调整潜在混杂因素后，孕妇妊娠期绿色空间与LBW和早产的发生风险呈负相关；孕晚期绿色空间可能是绿色空间暴露的关键窗口期，随着绿色空间水平的增加，保护作用更强。
本研究发现孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露与LBW和早产呈负相关，这与部分研究报告结果一致，Grazuleviciene等人[10]的研究表明母亲住宅周围绿色空间水平较低且离公园距离较远的新生儿发生早产、LBW等不良出生结局的风险增加。然而，也有部分研究表示孕妇妊娠期绿色空间对出生体重和早产没有影响。Cusack等人[11]2017年一项纳入300万婴儿的出生队列研究表明在完全调整种族、教育和收入等混杂因素的模型中，住宅绿色空间暴露与出生结果（LBW、早产、小于胎龄儿）间没有显著关联。因此，不仅研究人群的种族、生活方式等特征会影响绿色空间与LBW和早产的关系，经济收入、地域差异、植被物种类型的差异等也会对绿色空间与LBW和早产的关系产生影响[1，12]。
本研究发现孕晚期是绿色空间暴露的关键窗口期，且孕妇孕晚期绿色空间水平越高，对LBW和早产的保护作用越强。以往的研究多依赖于单次测量地址（怀孕或出生时），且未考虑孕期居住地址改变引起的绿色空间变化。本研究以孕期居住地址未发生改变的孕妇为研究对象，测量不同孕期的NDVI平均值，发现孕晚期暴露于绿色空间对LBW和早产具有保护作用。与Agay-Shay等人[13-14]发现孕早期、孕中期绿色空间更有利的研究结论不一致，这可能是由于孕期绿色空间季节性波动或孕妇对绿色空间的个体易感性和基因多态性；也可能是由于研究人群的样本大小、地域分布和植被差异[12]；此外，NDVI与主要社区绿地之间的相关性也可能对结果产生影响[1，15]。
目前，绿色空间与LBW和早产的生物学机制尚不清楚。现有的研究提出了几种潜在的假设：一是生理心理社会途径，绿色空间可以改善心理健康、刺激体育锻炼、促进睡眠质量、调节注意力和情绪[16-17]；二是环境通路，绿色空间可以减轻相关的环境危险，如空气污染、噪音和交通密度等[18-19]。此外，“老朋友”假说中绿色空间会增加细菌、原生动物和蠕虫等微生物的暴露，这些微生物在自然界中含量丰富，可能会促进免疫系统的发育和炎症反应的调节[20]。
本研究具有以下优势：首先，研究人群来自于前瞻性出生队列，不存在回忆偏倚。其次，研究仅纳入了整个孕期居住地址未改变的孕妇，以纵向方法计算孕妇怀孕至分娩时居住地址周围的平均NDVI，动态的NDVI测量增加了研究的准确性。最后，本研究还收集了较多的混杂因素如孕期抑郁情况、被动吸烟、饮酒、散步等，以及经济收入和环境污染情况，更全面地探究孕妇妊娠期绿色空间暴露对LBW和早产的影响，增强研究结论可信度。但本研究也存在一定局限性：首先，现有资料无法获得孕妇的膳食、药物史和其他的健康情况，不能全面调整协变量，使数据分析和研究结果存在局限性，这需要在以后的研究设计中进行完善。其次，NDVI是一种基于卫星的绿色空间测量方法，有研究表明NDVI对背景亮度、植被冠层的形状、大气和云阴影等非常敏感[21]，对暴露的测量可能不太精确，未来应选用更精确的指标或增加相关指标来估计绿色空间的暴露量。最后，关于绿色空间易感时间窗口的研究较少，本研究发现孕晚期可能是LBW和早产的关键时间点，但与以往的研究结论不一致，还需要进行大量纵向研究探索关键窗口期。
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401356
  • 接收时间：2024-01-19
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-06-10
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610041
    2.四川省妇幼保健院，四川 成都 610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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