Article(id=1240929924559721181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403396, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349377, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349377, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349377, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349377, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2066, endPage=2071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929925474079487, articleId=1240929924559721181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Experimental study on copper death of mouse alveolar macrophages induced by nano-copper oxide, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the toxic effect of nano-copper oxide on copper death in mouse alveolar macrophages. Methods MTT assay was used to detect the survival rate of mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) treated with nano-copper oxide, transmission electron microscope to observe the morphology of MH-S cells, Western Blot to detect the expression of copper death protein FDX1 and DLAT, transcriptional group sequencing to explore the changes of cell gene expression and key signal pathways in the process of copper death induced by nano-copper oxide, and one-way ANOVA to analyze the difference. Results Copper oxide nanoparticles with 40nm size could enter MH-S cells, decrease the dose-response survival rate of MH-S cells (P < 0.001), increase the concentration of Cu2+ in MH-S cells, and induce the expression of FDX1 (P=0.004) and DLAT protein (P < 0.001). However, the administration of copper death inhibitor tetra thiomolybdate (TTM) reduced the cytotoxicity, decreased the level of intracellular Cu2+ (P=0.0038), and decreased the expression of FDX1 (P=0.012) and DLAT (P < 0.05).The sequencing results showed that nano-copper oxide could activate IL-17 inflammatory pathway, while TTM could inhibit IL-17 signal pathway. Conclusion Nano-copper oxide can induce the death of copper in mouse MH-S cells, which provides a new clue for the study of the toxic mechanism of nano-copper oxide.

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目的 探究纳米氧化铜诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的毒性效应。方法 利用MTT实验检测纳米氧化铜处理小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(MH-S)存活率;透射电镜观察MH-S细胞形态;Western Blot检测铜死亡蛋白FDX1与DLAT的表达水平;转录组测序探究纳米氧化铜诱导铜死亡过程中细胞基因表达变化与关键信号通路;单因素方差分析进行差异分析。结果 40 nm粒径的纳米氧化铜颗粒可以进入MH-S细胞内,引起MH-S细胞剂量-反应式的存活率下降(P<0.001),增加MH-S细胞内Cu2+浓度,诱导FDX1(P=0.004)与DLAT蛋白(P<0.001)表达水平上升;而施加铜死亡抑制剂四硫钼酸盐(TTM)干预后减轻了细胞毒性,降低了细胞内Cu2+水平(P=0.038),减少了铜死亡关键蛋白FDX1(P= 0.012)与DLAT(P<0.001)表达。测序结果表明纳米氧化铜具有激活IL-17炎症通路的作用,而施加TTM干预后抑制了IL-17信号通路。结论 纳米氧化铜具有诱导小鼠MH-S细胞铜死亡的毒性效应,为纳米氧化铜的毒作用机制研究提供了新线索。

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孙东雷,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CSb4D+Egr7BSlXeXrQhLkA==, magXml=6YWREa5PIeT5kF2fhRejIw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+l6GDL7nvnz00h26d+v+yA==, pdfFileSize=1091392, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KBnqM/B+yxIZ5dI8AM2rPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lMP9ftrYNwvU2btvRmO9xw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张晓晶(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

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Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2022, 19(1): 42., articleTitle=Single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulation mediated by IL-17A in initiation of chronic lung injuries upon real-ambient particulate matter exposure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240929932252074289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, awardId=82304110, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82304110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240929932356931896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=四川大学专职博士后研发基金项目“粉尘颗粒诱导肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的作用及机制研究”, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240929928091325357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929928099713966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, companyId=1240929928091325357, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Education, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University /West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929928108102575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, companyId=1240929928091325357, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生毒理与病理学系,分子毒理四川省教育厅重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240929930721153179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Particle size distribution of CuO NPs, figureFileSmall=EVfYPuwuRNbQCjZze46Z4w==, figureFileBig=KBnqM/B+yxIZ5dI8AM2rPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929930796650661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纳米氧化铜粒径分布图, figureFileSmall=EVfYPuwuRNbQCjZze46Z4w==, figureFileBig=KBnqM/B+yxIZ5dI8AM2rPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931094446273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of CuO NPs and TTM intervention on MH-S cells, figureFileSmall=wnFya8QWZts3llmCDVQCiA==, figureFileBig=+SsOJrW+0dnKyaH8Nmwm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931216081099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图2, caption=纳米氧化铜及TTM干预对MH-S细胞的影响

注:图A为纳米氧化铜及TTM干预对MH-S细胞存活率的影响;*为相同浓度下两组的比较P<0.05;CuO为纳米氧化铜;图B为透射电镜下MH-S细胞内的纳米氧化铜颗粒,箭头表示纳米氧化铜颗粒,比例尺为5 μm。

, figureFileSmall=wnFya8QWZts3llmCDVQCiA==, figureFileBig=+SsOJrW+0dnKyaH8Nmwm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931329327316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of CuO NPs and TTM intervention on intracellular copper ions in MH-S cells, figureFileSmall=BJ0ss/Lw1nUr3bnu6DiEMg==, figureFileBig=YIDrR3w8sSucqpnKCIO2Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931446767839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图3, caption=纳米氧化铜及TTM干预对MH-S细胞内铜离子的影响, figureFileSmall=BJ0ss/Lw1nUr3bnu6DiEMg==, figureFileBig=YIDrR3w8sSucqpnKCIO2Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931564208364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=CuO NPs increased the expression of FDX1 and DLAT in MH-S cells, figureFileSmall=CROtZ7tFkZSKnRJ/uXYCaQ==, figureFileBig=2MTU3qqrRY5CeCu/utNUMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931652288756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图4, caption=纳米氧化铜处理诱导MH-S细胞FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达上升, figureFileSmall=CROtZ7tFkZSKnRJ/uXYCaQ==, figureFileBig=2MTU3qqrRY5CeCu/utNUMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931757146369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=TTM decreased the expression of FDX1 and DLAT in CuO NPs-treated cells, figureFileSmall=0ghdlaUJxp4xqng9eog6Yw==, figureFileBig=BBeAVfSgu7+Blt9zaiHbUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931849421065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TTM降低纳米氧化铜处理后FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达, figureFileSmall=0ghdlaUJxp4xqng9eog6Yw==, figureFileBig=BBeAVfSgu7+Blt9zaiHbUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929931962667284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Transcriptome sequencing analysis of MH-S cells treated with CuO NPs and TTM, figureFileSmall=ldyyi+luskd9lneRrjPPQg==, figureFileBig=5eDI/TL94qbrwBJ6/L9s1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240929932080107807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929924559721181, language=CN, label=图6, caption=纳米氧化铜及TTM处理MH-S细胞后转录组测序分析

注:图A为纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞上调基因BP分析;图B为纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞上调基因KEGG分析;图C为TTM与纳米氧化铜共同处理MH-S细胞下调基因BP分析;图D为TTM与纳米氧化铜共同处理MH-S细胞下调基因KEGG分析。

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纳米氧化铜诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的实验研究
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张晓晶 , 胡林霞 , 卜迁 , 孙东雷
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024,51(11): 2066-2071
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024, 51(11): 2066-2071
纳米氧化铜诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的实验研究
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张晓晶, 胡林霞, 卜迁, 孙东雷
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生毒理与病理学系,分子毒理四川省教育厅重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
  • 张晓晶(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

通讯作者:

孙东雷,E-mail:
Experimental study on copper death of mouse alveolar macrophages induced by nano-copper oxide
Xiao-jing ZHANG, Lin-xia HU, Qian BU, Dong-lei SUN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Education, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University /West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403396
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目的 探究纳米氧化铜诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的毒性效应。方法 利用MTT实验检测纳米氧化铜处理小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(MH-S)存活率;透射电镜观察MH-S细胞形态;Western Blot检测铜死亡蛋白FDX1与DLAT的表达水平;转录组测序探究纳米氧化铜诱导铜死亡过程中细胞基因表达变化与关键信号通路;单因素方差分析进行差异分析。结果 40 nm粒径的纳米氧化铜颗粒可以进入MH-S细胞内,引起MH-S细胞剂量-反应式的存活率下降(P<0.001),增加MH-S细胞内Cu2+浓度,诱导FDX1(P=0.004)与DLAT蛋白(P<0.001)表达水平上升;而施加铜死亡抑制剂四硫钼酸盐(TTM)干预后减轻了细胞毒性,降低了细胞内Cu2+水平(P=0.038),减少了铜死亡关键蛋白FDX1(P= 0.012)与DLAT(P<0.001)表达。测序结果表明纳米氧化铜具有激活IL-17炎症通路的作用,而施加TTM干预后抑制了IL-17信号通路。结论 纳米氧化铜具有诱导小鼠MH-S细胞铜死亡的毒性效应,为纳米氧化铜的毒作用机制研究提供了新线索。

纳米氧化铜  /  肺泡巨噬细胞  /  铜死亡

Objective To investigate the toxic effect of nano-copper oxide on copper death in mouse alveolar macrophages. Methods MTT assay was used to detect the survival rate of mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) treated with nano-copper oxide, transmission electron microscope to observe the morphology of MH-S cells, Western Blot to detect the expression of copper death protein FDX1 and DLAT, transcriptional group sequencing to explore the changes of cell gene expression and key signal pathways in the process of copper death induced by nano-copper oxide, and one-way ANOVA to analyze the difference. Results Copper oxide nanoparticles with 40nm size could enter MH-S cells, decrease the dose-response survival rate of MH-S cells (P < 0.001), increase the concentration of Cu2+ in MH-S cells, and induce the expression of FDX1 (P=0.004) and DLAT protein (P < 0.001). However, the administration of copper death inhibitor tetra thiomolybdate (TTM) reduced the cytotoxicity, decreased the level of intracellular Cu2+ (P=0.0038), and decreased the expression of FDX1 (P=0.012) and DLAT (P < 0.05).The sequencing results showed that nano-copper oxide could activate IL-17 inflammatory pathway, while TTM could inhibit IL-17 signal pathway. Conclusion Nano-copper oxide can induce the death of copper in mouse MH-S cells, which provides a new clue for the study of the toxic mechanism of nano-copper oxide.

Nanometer copper oxide  /  Alveolar macrophages  /  Copper death
张晓晶, 胡林霞, 卜迁, 孙东雷. 纳米氧化铜诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的实验研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2066 -2071 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403396
Xiao-jing ZHANG, Lin-xia HU, Qian BU, Dong-lei SUN. Experimental study on copper death of mouse alveolar macrophages induced by nano-copper oxide[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2066 -2071 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403396
全球范围的大量生产与应用纳米材料使人群普遍面临暴露风险,研究纳米毒理学的公共卫生意义提升至空前高度[1]。纳米氧化铜(copper oxide nanoparticles,粒径<100 nm)具有优良的理化特性,在冶金、电力、建材等传统行业和光伏电池、高效储能等新兴产业中广泛应用,已成为全世界产量大、使用场景多的纳米材料[2-3]。呼吸道是人群纳米氧化铜暴露的主要途径[4],作为新型职业健康危害因素,纳米氧化铜的大量合成与应用使作业工人面临职业呼吸性暴露与肺组织损伤威胁[5-6]。更为严峻的是,纳米氧化铜在空气、土壤、水体等环境介质中持久存在且难以降解,被认为是新型环境污染物[7]。国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年)与“十四五”环境健康工作规划高度重视新型职业有害因素与新型环境污染物的识别与风险防控,作为新型职业危害因素与新型环境污染物,深入阐释纳米氧化铜的毒性及机制迫在眉睫。
纳米氧化铜粒径小于100 nm,可以直接进入细胞[8];与其他金属纳米材料相比,纳米氧化铜具有更高的细胞毒性[9]、对胞内蛋白质的破坏作用也更强[10],成为毒性研究中重点关注的纳米粒子。过往研究显示,纳米氧化铜会诱导细胞内活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生,并引起催化Cu2+还原为Cu1+的还原酶与谷胱甘肽耗竭[11]。基于此,学者们主要关注氧化应激在纳米氧化铜诱导肺组织炎症中的作用,并没有聚焦纳米氧化铜进入细胞发挥毒效应的核心因素——铜离子,目前也无反映纳米氧化铜毒作用的特异性生物标志物。2022年3月,Science杂志首次报道了铜离子依赖、铁氧还原蛋白(ferredoxin,FDX1)与二氢硫辛酸转乙酰基酶(dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase,DLAT)蛋白介导的独立细胞死亡新方式,并正式命名为“铜死亡”(cuproptosis)[12],为阐释纳米氧化铜的毒作用提供了新思路。纳米氧化铜被肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬是介导炎症反应和发挥毒性作用的关键环节[13],本研究利用纳米氧化铜处理小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系,探究纳米氧化铜诱导肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的效应,从肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡这一新视角阐释纳米氧化铜的毒作用及机制。
小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(MH-S)株购于中国武汉典型培养物保藏中心,细胞使用细胞培养液(1640培养基+10%胎牛血清+1%青霉素与链霉素)在5% CO2浓度的培养箱中37℃恒温恒湿培养,使用0.25%胰蛋白酶3~4 d进行传代处理。
40 nm纳米氧化铜颗粒与其他粒径相比具有更强的细胞毒性[14],因此本研究选择40 nm的纳米氧化铜颗粒试剂,购于上海Macklin;铜离子螯合剂四硫钼酸盐(tetrathiomolybdate,TTM)是目前公认的铜死亡抑制剂[12],购自美国Sigma;RPMI-1640培养基、0.25%胰蛋白酶购于美国Gibco;胎牛血清购于上海诺娃;青霉素/链霉素溶液购自江苏凯基;二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、噻唑蓝(thiazolyl blue,MTT)试剂盒、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒、蛋白裂解液和蛋白酶抑制剂(phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride,PMSF)购自大连美仑生物;铜离子检测试剂盒购于上海爱必信;FDX1与DLAT蛋白一抗、蛋白二抗购于武汉三鹰。
纳米氧化铜试剂(40 nm,球形,99.5%)在马弗炉中220℃高温灭菌2 h,用无菌超纯水配制为5 mg/ml浓度的储备液。储备液利用超纯水稀释1 000倍,超声并震荡处理30 min后,用纳米粒径及zeta电位仪(Malvern)测量颗粒物流体动力学粒径。细胞实验中利用细胞培养液将纳米氧化铜储备液稀释为相应的处理浓度。
分别以5、10、20、40、60、80和100 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,并在相应浓度下施加10 μM铜离子螯合剂TTM干预。利用MTT实验检测细胞存活率,加入0.5 mg/ml的MTT应用液37℃避光孵育4 h,弃MTT溶液,每孔重新加入100 μl的DMSO溶液,摇床振荡1 min。用多功能酶标仪在570 nm波长条件下检测各孔吸光度值(A570),计算相对细胞存活率。
以20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,细胞样本经固定、脱水、浸透、包埋、切片、染色后,于透射电镜(日本电子,JEM1400)下拍照记录细胞形态。
分别以5、10、20、40和60 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,并在相应浓度下施加10 μM TTM干预。以铜离子检测试剂盒检测细胞内Cu2+铜离子浓度,并以蛋白标定。
以10、20和40 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,使用Western Blot对FDX1与DLAT进行检测,以β-actin作为内参。纳米氧化铜处理后的细胞样品中加入含有PMSF的细胞裂解液,经裂解后取上清液获取蛋白样品。蛋白样品经定量标定后上样至电泳槽凝胶,经蛋白电泳、转膜、封闭后4℃孵育FDX1与DLAT蛋白一抗(三鹰,1:500)过夜。第二日室温孵育相应的蛋白二抗(三鹰,1:5 000)2 h,洗去二抗,滴加ECL显影液后利用印迹发光成像仪(Bio-Rad)采集蛋白印迹图像,利用ImageJ软件定量。
本研究中测序部分处理组为20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜单独处理24 h,处理干预组为20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜与10 μM TTM共同处理24 h,对照组不施加任何处理和干预。每组3个细胞样本,三组共计9个样本,样本准备完成后送至成都BASEBIO生物公司进行转录组二代测序分析。
进行三次独立重复实验,数据以()表示,使用单因素方差分析进行差异分析,后续组间比较采用LSD或Dunnett检验。数据采用SPSS 19.0统计软件分析,检验水准α=0.05。
已购买的商业纳米氧化铜试剂(Macklin,40 nm,球形,99.5%)用纳米粒径及zeta电位仪测量颗粒物流体动力学粒径,结果显示,粒径峰值分布于40 nm,表明纳米氧化铜粒径与商品标签标注的40 nm一致,见图1
分别以5、10、20、40、60、80和100 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,引起剂量-反应式的细胞存活率下降,而施加10 μM的TTM干预减轻了纳米氧化铜的细胞毒性;其中,当纳米氧化铜浓度为20 μg/ml时,MH-S细胞存活率为75.6%(与对照组相比P<0.001),TTM干预后细胞存活率增加至85.8%(与同浓度不加TTM组相比P=0.017),见图2A。使用透射电镜观察20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h后对纳米氧化铜颗粒的吞噬情况,结果表明MH-S细胞吞噬纳米氧化铜颗粒进入细胞内,见图2B
利用Cu2+铜离子试剂盒检测细胞内Cu2+水平,并以蛋白质含量标定。分别以5、10、20、40和60 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,引起细胞内Cu2+剂量-反应式的上升,而施加10 μM的TTM干预降低了细胞内Cu2+水平;其中,当纳米氧化铜浓度为20 μg/ml时,MH-S细胞内Cu2+离子水平为27.9 μmol/g prot(与对照组相比P<0.001),10 μM TTM干预后Cu2+离子降低为22.6 μmol/g prot(与同浓度不加TTM组相比P=0.038),见图3。上述结果表明,纳米氧化铜处理增加MH-S细胞内Cu2+水平,而TTM干预可以降低纳米氧化铜处理后细胞内的Cu2+水平。
Science杂志报道了FDX1和DLAT是铜死亡的关键蛋白,根据细胞活性实验的结果,我们分别以10、20和40 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞24 h,使用Western Blot对FDX1与DLAT蛋白进行检测,发现纳米氧化铜引起FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达上升,见图4。20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理时,FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达分别增加至2.03倍(P=0.004)与2.51倍(P<0.001),此外,施加TTM干预降低了20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理后的FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达分别至74%(P=0.012)与37%(P<0.001),见图5,提示在抑制细胞内铜离子水平之后,铜死亡关键蛋白表达水平下降。
转录组测序的细胞样本需要保证一定的细胞存活率,根据MTT细胞毒性实验结果,20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理时细胞存活率为75.6%,适于进行测序分析,因此本研究中测序部分的处理组条件为20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜,处理干预组为20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜与10 μM TTM共同处理,对照组不施加任何处理。测序结果显示,与对照组相比,20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞后,上调了191个基因表达,下调了380个基因表达;上调的191个基因富集的生物学功能(biological process,BP)为免疫、炎症、蛋白质代谢、离子转运等过程,见图6A。进一步对纳米氧化铜处理MH-S细胞后上调的191个基因进行KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)信号通路富集分析,发现纳米氧化铜处理后金属离子吸收、线粒体生物合成、蛋白质代谢等与铜死亡相关信号通路被激活且白细胞介素-17(IL-17)炎症通路表达上升,见图6B
利用10 μM TTM与20 μg/ml纳米氧化铜共同处理细胞,与纳米氧化铜单独处理组相比,TTM干预后上调了400个基因的表达,下调了147个基因的表达。对下调的147个基因BP分析显示这些基因与炎症、蛋白质脂酰化、线粒体功能、离子转运相关,见图6C。对单独纳米氧化铜处理上调的信号通路与TTM干预后下调的信号通路进行交集分析,发现纳米氧化铜激活了IL-17通路,见图6B,而TTM干预后下调了IL-17通路,见图6D,提示IL-17炎症信号通路在纳米氧化铜诱导细胞铜死亡中发挥重要作用。
外源呼吸性颗粒物进入肺组织后吸引肺泡巨噬细胞聚集并吞噬异物,导致肺泡巨噬细胞产生促炎因子发挥诱导炎症发生的作用[15]。作为肺组织应对呼吸性颗粒物的第一道防线,肺泡巨噬细胞损伤死亡与释放炎症介质的过程是促进肺组织微环境炎症反应最为关键的因素[16]。因此在本研究中,我们选择小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞探究纳米氧化铜诱导细胞铜死亡的作用及机制。本研究通过三个方面证实细胞铜死亡的发生,透射电镜和铜离子检测试剂盒证实纳米氧化铜被肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬并引起Cu2+水平上升。此外,我们利用细胞活力检测实验发现纳米氧化铜诱导肺泡巨噬细胞存活率发生剂量-反应式下降,而施加铜死亡抑制剂TTM干预后缓解了细胞死亡状态。最后,我们还发现纳米氧化铜增加了细胞铜死亡“金标准”蛋白FDX1与DLAT表达,且可以被TTM逆转。基因FDX1编码一种小的铁硫蛋白,是细胞中蛋白硫辛酰化的上游调节分子[17],与葡萄糖、脂肪酸和氨基酸代谢密切相关[18]。DLAT是一种存在于线粒体内膜中的蛋白质,是丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物的组成部分,参与葡萄糖代谢途径中的三羧酸循环[19]。FDX1诱导的DLAT脂质酰化可以与铜离子结合形成蛋白质低聚物,产生蛋白毒性并促进铜死亡[20]
TTM由被四个巯基包围的钼分子组成[21],通过与铜和多种蛋白质形成三方复合物,发挥螯合铜离子的作用[22]。现有研究发现,TTM可以通过降低铜水平,对由铜离子异常沉积导致的遗传病肝豆状核变性具有改善作用:在一项16人的双盲随机对照临床试验中,TTM治疗有效抑制了肝豆状核变性患者对铜的摄取,进而降低了肝脏和大脑等器官的铜离子水平[23];另一项纳入28例肝豆状核变性患者的临床试验结果表明,TTM可以有效降低患者体内的血清铜离子水平,进而改善患者神经系统状态和肝功能相关指标[24]。在细胞铜死亡相关研究中,TTM被普遍作为铜死亡抑制剂应用,本研究中10 μM的TTM干预浓度条件参照了Science首先报道细胞铜死亡研究中TTM的细胞实验应用浓度。我们发现TTM干预后减轻了纳米氧化铜诱导的细胞毒性,降低了细胞内Cu2+水平,减少了铜死亡关键蛋白FDX1与DLAT表达,进一步提示TTM在缓解铜离子化合物毒性中的作用,为未来含铜环境污染物与职业性毒物的健康风险防治提供了新见解。
过往研究发现纳米氧化铜呼吸道暴露可以导致大鼠与小鼠白细胞介素-6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表达增加。本研究的测序结果新发现了纳米氧化铜可以激活白细胞介素17(interleukin 17,IL-17)炎症通路,而施加TTM干预后下调了IL-17通路。IL-17已被发现在PM2.5等外源颗粒物诱导肺组织炎症中发挥关键促炎作用[25],本研究表明IL-17通路在纳米氧化铜诱导细胞铜死亡中被激活,提示IL-17可能是纳米氧化铜毒作用中的关键因子。本文的局限性在于缺乏对IL-17测序结果的实验验证,后续研究仍需利用细胞和动物实验检测IL-17因子的表达水平和IL-17通路上下游变化,探究IL-17在纳米氧化铜诱导铜死亡中的关键作用。
综上,本研究发现纳米氧化铜颗粒可以进入小鼠MH-S细胞内,增加MH-S细胞内Cu2+浓度,诱导MH-S细胞FDX1与DLAT蛋白表达上升,进而引起细胞发生铜死亡,而施加TTM干预缓解了纳米氧化铜诱导MH-S细胞铜死亡的毒性效应;此外,IL-17通路激活可能在纳米氧化铜诱导细胞铜死亡中发挥作用,为后续纳米氧化铜的毒作用及机制研究提供了线索。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82304110)
  • 四川大学专职博士后研发基金项目“粉尘颗粒诱导肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的作用及机制研究”
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403396
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82304110)
四川大学专职博士后研发基金项目“粉尘颗粒诱导肺泡巨噬细胞铜死亡的作用及机制研究”
作者信息
    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院卫生毒理与病理学系,分子毒理四川省教育厅重点实验室,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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