Article(id=1240929923850883786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312396, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349209, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349209, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349209, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349209, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1944, endPage=1949, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929924098347730, articleId=1240929923850883786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of epidemic characteristics and spatial-temporal aggregation of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wenzhou city from 2013 to 2022, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, changing trends, and spatial-temporal aggregation of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022, so as to scientifically guide the decision-making of prevention and control. Methods The infectious disease report data for HFMD in Wenzhou city were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System for the period 2013—2022. Spatial-temporal scanning analysis was conducted using StatsCan software, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed using ArcMap 10.2 software to identify spatial-temporal aggregation patterns. Results A total of 260 401 cases of HFMD were reported in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022, with an average annual incidence of 276.93 per 100 000 and a severe disease rate of 13.82 per 100 000. The incidence exhibited a decreasing trend (χ2trend=26 402.606, P < 0.05). The incidence rate among individuals over 6 years old increased (χ2trend=1 814.455, P < 0.05), as did the rates among nursery children, students, and teachers (χ2trend=5 493.085, P < 0.05; χ2trend=1 752.584, P < 0.05; χ2trend=9.424, P < 0.05). Spatial analysis revealed aggregation of HFMD cases in 2017, with a Moran I value of 0.433 514 (Z=2.42 775 and P=0.015 193), indicating positive spatial correlation and hot spots concentrated in Wencheng county and Pingyang county. Spatial-temporal scanning identified a primary aggregation covering Rui’an city, Cangnan county,Pingyang county, and Wencheng county, from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, with a radiation radius of 44.67km (LLR=12 534.45, RR=1.98, P < 0.01). The proportion of enterovirus type 71 (EV-A71) in group A showed a downward trend (χ2trend=171.245, P < 0.05), while the proportion of other enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus group A 16 (CV-A16), increased(χ2trend=93.481, P < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in Wenzhou remains high, although both the incidence and severity rates have decreased. Other enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus group A 6 (CV-A6), have become the dominant pathogens, and there has been an increase in incidence among teachers and individuals over 6 years old. The main aggregation areas were identified as Rui’an city, Cangnan county, Pingyang county, and Wencheng county.

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目的 分析2013—2022年温州市手足口病流行病学特征、变化趋势和时空聚集性,科学指导防控决策。方法 收集2013—2022年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中温州市手足口病传染病报卡进行描述分析。Satscan软件用于时空扫描分析,Arc Map 10.2软件进行空间自相关分析。结果 2013—2022年温州市共报告手足口病260 401例,年均发病率为276.93/10万,重症率13.82/10万,发病呈降低趋势(χ2趋势=26 402.606,P<0.05),重症率有所下降(χ2趋势=20.997,P<0.05)。6岁以上人群发病占比上升(χ2趋势=1 814.455,P<0.05),托幼儿童、学生和教师人群发病占比上升(χ2趋势=5 493.085,P<0.05;χ2趋势=1 752.584,P<0.05;χ2趋势=9.424,P<0.05)。温州市手足口病发病在2017年存在空间聚集性,Moran I值为0.433 514(Z=2.427 75,P=0.015 193),发病率呈现空间正相关,热点集中在文成县和平阳县。时空扫描结果显示一级聚集区覆盖瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县4个区县,聚集时间为2014年1月1日—2018年12月31日,辐射半径为44.67km(LLR=12 534.45,RR=1.98,P<0.01)。肠道病毒A组71型(enterovirus group A 71,EV-A71)的占比呈下降趋势(χ2趋势=171.245,P<0.05)。除EV-A71、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus group A 16,CV-A16)外的其他肠道病毒占比上升(χ2趋势=93.481,P<0.05)。结论 温州市手足口病发病水平较高,发病率、重症率有所下降,包括柯萨奇病毒A组6型(coxsackievirus group A type 6,CV-A6)在内的其他肠道病毒已成为优势病原体,教师、6岁以上人群发病占比升高。主要聚集区域在瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县。

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李玲,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Q+ePxTYxFYIV0SzCqNZPaw==, magXml=iWqXoYR7ejNUasfJ//pyng==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yXTZ31mUsmO041et2GkmBg==, pdfFileSize=679766, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0FKziPLS0BEGKpYFJT37yg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XhKv7poCJM1iHho2BDaR5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄洁茹(1986—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:肠道传染病监测

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Incidence and proportion of severe cases of HFMD in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)病例数男性女性发病率(/10万)重症病例数重症比例(%)死亡数
201327 99817 30410 694305.9920.0071
201453 03432 30020 734578.14280.0534
201519 07811 5357 543207.59000
201637 50622 66314 843411.3920.005 31
201715 7319 5606 171171.46000
201849 32729 66319 664535.2930.0060
201916 4379 7186 719177.70000
20207 4624 4862 97680.24000
202123 84714 2319 616249.11001
20229 9815 8984 083103.3610.010
合计41 290157 358103 043360.013 87
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929462861874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2013—2022年温州市手足口病发病率和重症比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)病例数男性女性发病率(/10万)重症病例数重症比例(%)死亡数
201327 99817 30410 694305.9920.0071
201453 03432 30020 734578.14280.0534
201519 07811 5357 543207.59000
201637 50622 66314 843411.3920.005 31
201715 7319 5606 171171.46000
201849 32729 66319 664535.2930.0060
201916 4379 7186 719177.70000
20207 4624 4862 97680.24000
202123 84714 2319 616249.11001
20229 9815 8984 083103.3610.010
合计41 290157 358103 043360.013 87
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929601273919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of HFMD population types in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型2013年2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)
托幼儿童4 26315.2314 24026.854 45623.369 63125.684 20326.7215 32631.075 73234.872 56434.369 70040.684 48844.97
散居儿童23 13782.6437 23470.2114 03673.5726 49070.6310 95269.6231 81064.499 71659.114 51660.5212 32351.684 62646.35
学生5021.791 3492.545162.701 1743.134943.141 9703.998715.33414.571 6586.957937.95
教师30.0180.0210.0160.0270.04110.0260.0420.03100.0430.03
医务人员0060.0110.0150.0120.0160.0140.0210.0120.0110.01
其他930.331970.37680.362000.53730.462040.411080.66380.511540.65700.7
合计27 99810053 03410019 07810037 50610015 73110049 32710016 4371007 46210023 8471009 981100
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929743880268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2013—2022年温州市手足口病发病人群类型分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型2013年2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)发病数构成比(%)
托幼儿童4 26315.2314 24026.854 45623.369 63125.684 20326.7215 32631.075 73234.872 56434.369 70040.684 48844.97
散居儿童23 13782.6437 23470.2114 03673.5726 49070.6310 95269.6231 81064.499 71659.114 51660.5212 32351.684 62646.35
学生5021.791 3492.545162.701 1743.134943.141 9703.998715.33414.571 6586.957937.95
教师30.0180.0210.0160.0270.04110.0260.0420.03100.0430.03
医务人员0060.0110.0150.0120.0160.0140.0210.0120.0110.01
其他930.331970.37680.362000.53730.462040.411080.66380.511540.65700.7
合计27 99810053 03410019 07810037 50610015 73110049 32710016 4371007 46210023 8471009 981100
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930020704352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of spatial autocorrelation analysis of the incidence of HFMD in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)Moran I指数(全局)Z(全局)P
2013-0.171 874-0.443 9730.657 062
20140.116 6280.981 5570.326 318
2015-0.016 0010.368 2230.712 707
20160.121 1081.138 2430.255 019
20170.433 5142.427 750.015 193
20180.206 5281.514 0490.130 013
2019-0.109 51-0.093 860.925 22
20200.165 091.322 6620.185 948
20210.036 3810.608 6050.542 786
2022-0.352 304-1.358 4990.174 305
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930121367660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2013—2022年温州市手足口病发病率全局空间自相关分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)Moran I指数(全局)Z(全局)P
2013-0.171 874-0.443 9730.657 062
20140.116 6280.981 5570.326 318
2015-0.016 0010.368 2230.712 707
20160.121 1081.138 2430.255 019
20170.433 5142.427 750.015 193
20180.206 5281.514 0490.130 013
2019-0.109 51-0.093 860.925 22
20200.165 091.322 6620.185 948
20210.036 3810.608 6050.542 786
2022-0.352 304-1.358 4990.174 305
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930230419573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hotspot distribution of HFMD incidence in Wenzhou,2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区Moran I指数(局部)P聚集区类型
文成县2.068 7930.018高高值聚集区
平阳县2.478 2850.012高高值聚集区
瓯海区1.745 7520.038低低值聚集区
龙湾区2.417 1620.016低低值聚集区
泰顺县-1.583 5130.048低高值聚集区
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930490466432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2017年温州市手足口病发病率冷热地区分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区Moran I指数(局部)P聚集区类型
文成县2.068 7930.018高高值聚集区
平阳县2.478 2850.012高高值聚集区
瓯海区1.745 7520.038低低值聚集区
龙湾区2.417 1620.016低低值聚集区
泰顺县-1.583 5130.048低高值聚集区
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930595324044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Spatio-temporal scanning of HFMD in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目覆盖乡镇数
[半径(km)]
聚集时间(年/月/日—年/月/日)实际发病数期望发病数LLRRRP覆盖县区
Ⅰ类4(44.67)2014/1/1—2018/12/3187 41952 70412 534.451.98<0.001瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县
Ⅱ类5(34.22)2014/1/1—2014/12/3125 44511 6136 212.112.32<0.001鹿城区、龙湾区、永嘉县、乐清市、经开区
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930746319006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923850883786, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2013—2022年温州市手足口病例时空扫描分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目覆盖乡镇数
[半径(km)]
聚集时间(年/月/日—年/月/日)实际发病数期望发病数LLRRRP覆盖县区
Ⅰ类4(44.67)2014/1/1—2018/12/3187 41952 70412 534.451.98<0.001瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县
Ⅱ类5(34.22)2014/1/1—2014/12/3125 44511 6136 212.112.32<0.001鹿城区、龙湾区、永嘉县、乐清市、经开区
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2013—2022年温州市手足口病流行特征及时空聚集性分析
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黄洁茹 1 , 李玲 2 , 王黎荔 1 , 杨君崎 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(11): 1944-1949
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(11): 1944-1949
2013—2022年温州市手足口病流行特征及时空聚集性分析
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黄洁茹1, 李玲2 , 王黎荔1, 杨君崎1
作者信息
  • 1.温州市疾病预防控制中心传染病防制所,浙江 温州 325000
  • 2.温州市疾病预防控制中心信息科,浙江 温州 325000
  • 黄洁茹(1986—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:肠道传染病监测

通讯作者:

李玲,E-mail:
Analysis of epidemic characteristics and spatial-temporal aggregation of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wenzhou city from 2013 to 2022
Jie-ru HUANG1, Ling LI2 , Li-li WANG1, Jun-qi YANG1
Affiliations
  • Institute of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312396
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目的 分析2013—2022年温州市手足口病流行病学特征、变化趋势和时空聚集性,科学指导防控决策。方法 收集2013—2022年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中温州市手足口病传染病报卡进行描述分析。Satscan软件用于时空扫描分析,Arc Map 10.2软件进行空间自相关分析。结果 2013—2022年温州市共报告手足口病260 401例,年均发病率为276.93/10万,重症率13.82/10万,发病呈降低趋势(χ2趋势=26 402.606,P<0.05),重症率有所下降(χ2趋势=20.997,P<0.05)。6岁以上人群发病占比上升(χ2趋势=1 814.455,P<0.05),托幼儿童、学生和教师人群发病占比上升(χ2趋势=5 493.085,P<0.05;χ2趋势=1 752.584,P<0.05;χ2趋势=9.424,P<0.05)。温州市手足口病发病在2017年存在空间聚集性,Moran I值为0.433 514(Z=2.427 75,P=0.015 193),发病率呈现空间正相关,热点集中在文成县和平阳县。时空扫描结果显示一级聚集区覆盖瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县4个区县,聚集时间为2014年1月1日—2018年12月31日,辐射半径为44.67km(LLR=12 534.45,RR=1.98,P<0.01)。肠道病毒A组71型(enterovirus group A 71,EV-A71)的占比呈下降趋势(χ2趋势=171.245,P<0.05)。除EV-A71、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus group A 16,CV-A16)外的其他肠道病毒占比上升(χ2趋势=93.481,P<0.05)。结论 温州市手足口病发病水平较高,发病率、重症率有所下降,包括柯萨奇病毒A组6型(coxsackievirus group A type 6,CV-A6)在内的其他肠道病毒已成为优势病原体,教师、6岁以上人群发病占比升高。主要聚集区域在瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县。

手足口病  /  发病率  /  空间聚集  /  时空聚集  /  病原学

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, changing trends, and spatial-temporal aggregation of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022, so as to scientifically guide the decision-making of prevention and control. Methods The infectious disease report data for HFMD in Wenzhou city were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System for the period 2013—2022. Spatial-temporal scanning analysis was conducted using StatsCan software, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed using ArcMap 10.2 software to identify spatial-temporal aggregation patterns. Results A total of 260 401 cases of HFMD were reported in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022, with an average annual incidence of 276.93 per 100 000 and a severe disease rate of 13.82 per 100 000. The incidence exhibited a decreasing trend (χ2trend=26 402.606, P < 0.05). The incidence rate among individuals over 6 years old increased (χ2trend=1 814.455, P < 0.05), as did the rates among nursery children, students, and teachers (χ2trend=5 493.085, P < 0.05; χ2trend=1 752.584, P < 0.05; χ2trend=9.424, P < 0.05). Spatial analysis revealed aggregation of HFMD cases in 2017, with a Moran I value of 0.433 514 (Z=2.42 775 and P=0.015 193), indicating positive spatial correlation and hot spots concentrated in Wencheng county and Pingyang county. Spatial-temporal scanning identified a primary aggregation covering Rui’an city, Cangnan county,Pingyang county, and Wencheng county, from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, with a radiation radius of 44.67km (LLR=12 534.45, RR=1.98, P < 0.01). The proportion of enterovirus type 71 (EV-A71) in group A showed a downward trend (χ2trend=171.245, P < 0.05), while the proportion of other enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus group A 16 (CV-A16), increased(χ2trend=93.481, P < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in Wenzhou remains high, although both the incidence and severity rates have decreased. Other enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus group A 6 (CV-A6), have become the dominant pathogens, and there has been an increase in incidence among teachers and individuals over 6 years old. The main aggregation areas were identified as Rui’an city, Cangnan county, Pingyang county, and Wencheng county.

Hand-foot-mouth disease  /  Incidence  /  Spatial aggregation  /  Spatial-temporal aggregation  /  Etiology
黄洁茹, 李玲, 王黎荔, 杨君崎. 2013—2022年温州市手足口病流行特征及时空聚集性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1944 -1949 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312396
Jie-ru HUANG, Ling LI, Li-li WANG, Jun-qi YANG. Analysis of epidemic characteristics and spatial-temporal aggregation of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wenzhou city from 2013 to 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1944 -1949 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312396
手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的以发热、痛性口腔溃疡、手足臀部疱疹为主的急性传染病,大多数患者为轻症,少数感染肠道病毒71型(enterorivos 71,EV71)易引起重症[1]。近年研究发现[2-3]手足口病的流行特征和病原学构成发生了一些变化,且发病存在明显时空聚集。为了解温州市手足口病流行趋势、病原学特征和时空聚集情况,对2013—2022年温州市手足口病病例资料进行分析。
本研究病例数据来源于“中国疾病预防控制信息系统-传染病报告信息管理系统”。病原学分型数据来源温州市手足口病历年哨点监测资料。本次调查已通过温州市疾病预防控制中心医学伦理委员会伦理审批(批准号:WZCDCLLSC2024-003)。人口资料来源于《温州市统计年鉴》。基础地图来源于温州市勘察测绘研究院。
收集发病日期2013年1月1日—2022年12月31日现住址为温州市的手足口病临床诊断病例和实验室确诊病例的基本信息。温州市矢量地图为空间结构数据库,应用ArcGis10.2将病例数据库与矢量地图数据库关联。
用Excel 2013软件建立数据库,用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。采用描述性流行病学方法分析发病率、性别比和年龄构成,线性趋势性χ2检验分析手足口病发病率年间、地区间差异、人群分布的变化趋势。发病率(/10万)=手足口病发病例数/同期常住人口数×100 000;检验水准α=0.05。
采用ArcGIS Map 10.2软件对建立好的病例和空间结构关联的数据库进行分析。全局空间自相关通过莫兰指数(Moran I)分析2013—2022年温州市报告的手足口发病聚集性。Moran I 取值范围为-1~1,当Moran I≠0且统计量|Z|>1.96时,病例呈聚集性分布;Moran I>0表示空间正相关,Moran I<0表示空间负相关;当Moran I接近、0且|Z|<1.96时,病例呈随机分布。局部空间自相关采用local Moran I 指数,Moran I>0为高高值聚集区或低低值聚集区;Moran I<0表示低高值聚集区或高低值聚集区。
应用SaTScan v9.4.1软件,基于Possion分布模型,以年份为时间单位和区县为最小空间尺度对温州市2013―2022年的手足口病数据进行回顾性时空聚集性分析。SaTScan软件通过计算动态变化的窗口下的对数似然比( log-likelihood ratio,LLR)和相对危险度( relative risk,RR),从而评价窗口内发病数的聚集程度。计算统计量的对数似然比(LLR)分析异常聚集程度,最大LLR值的扫描窗口为一类聚集区,其他有统计学意义的窗口为二类聚集区。采用蒙特卡罗假设检验计算P值,当P值小于0.05时,认为该区域存在聚集性发病。检验水准α=0.05。
2013—2022年温州市共报告手足口病260 401例,年平均报告发病率为276.93/10万;其中临床诊断病例257 416例(98.85%),实验室确诊病例2 985例(1.15%),重症病例36例(0.01%),死亡病例7例,病死率为2.69/10万。2013—2022年期间手足口病发病率总体呈下降趋势(χ2趋势=26 402.606,P<0.05),重症率占比下降(χ2趋势=20.997,P<0.05)。见表1
温州市手足口病发病有明显的季节性,表现6月和9—10月两个峰值。次高峰的月份随年份周期性变化,2013—2015年次高峰出现时间从9月移至12月,2016—2019年次高峰从11月移至9月,2020年、2021年次高峰又从10月向后推移。见图1
男女性别比为1.527 1∶1,2013—2023年性别比有明显下降(χ2趋势=43.30,P<0.01)。6岁以上人群发病占比呈上升趋势(χ2趋势=1 814.46,P<0.05)。发病以散居儿童为主,托幼儿童(χ2趋势=5 493.09,P<0.05)、学生(χ2趋势=1 752.59,P<0.05)和教师(χ2趋势=9.42,P<0.05)占比呈上升趋势,见表2
2013—2022年温州市手足口病病例遍布12个县区,发病率在各年间呈现交替波动,最高值为2018年苍南县的1 068.27/10万,最低值为2020年洞头区的15.71/10万;苍南县、洞头区、乐清市各年间发病率波动较大,发病率在各县区总体呈下降趋势。见图2
从2013—2022年的MoranI指数和P值看,仅2017年温州市手足口发病呈现空间正相关,各个区县发病存在空间聚集性,见表3
根据Moran I指数显示2017年高高值聚集区分布于文成县、平阳县;低高值聚集区分布于泰顺县;低低值聚集区分布于瓯海区、龙湾区,见表4
2013—2022年温州市手足口病报告发病数在时间和空间上存在明显聚集性。共探测到两个聚集区,一级聚集区的时间范围为2014年1月1日—2018年12月31日,扫描半径为44.67 km,覆盖瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县,区域内实际报告病例数87 419例,期望病例数52 704.46例(RR=1.98,LLR=12 534.45,P<0.01);二级聚集区的时间范围为2014年1月1日—2014年12月31日,扫描半径为34.22 km,覆盖鹿城区、龙湾区、永嘉县、乐清市和经开区,实际报告病例数25 445例,期望病例数11 613.09例(RR=2.32,LLR=6 512.10,P<0.01)。见表5
2013—2015年传染病报告系统中显示肠道病毒A组71型(EV-A71)的占比为33.40%、39.20%、16.02%,柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CV-A16)的占比为7.57%、26.14%、17.68%。2016—2022年温州市监测手足口病阳性标本病原学分型显示EV-A71各年的占比为19.55%、10.02%、1.37%、1.79%、1.70%、3.89%,CV-A16各年的占比为29.12%、13.28%、20.67%、31.15%、7.86%、29.30%、34.73%;2019—2022年柯萨奇病毒A组6型(CV-A6)各年的占比为20.49%、34.29%、32.51%、24.85%,柯萨奇病毒A组10型(CV-A10)各年的占比为2.19%、1.79%、2.65%、0.30%。EV-A71的占比总体呈下降趋势(χ2趋势=110.50,P<0.01),除EV-A71、CV-A16分型以外的其他肠道病毒占比呈上升趋势(χ2趋势=20.53,P<0.01),见图3。4例重症病例中,有3例为除EV-A71、CV-A16的其他肠道病毒引起的。
温州市手足口病年发病率处于较高平均水平[4-5],但2013—2022年温州市手足口的发病率,尤其是重症率明显下降,这可能与温州市政府近十年推行EV-A71疫苗的接种降低了EV-A71感染引起的发病和重症起作用有关。有研究估算如果不采取疫苗接种措施,EV71感染预期发病率将是实际值的2.76倍,但也不排除疾病病原的自然变迁结果[6]。2020年的发病数陡然下降与针对新型冠状病毒的非药物预防措施存在密切联系[7]
温州市的手足口病发病呈现明显的季节性双峰分布,且次高峰在9和12月之间呈现周期性变化,平均周期为5~6年,这与苏州[8]一带次高峰有前移且流行持续时间延长的研究结果不同,造成不同表现可能与两地气象因素和病原体活跃类型变化情况不同有关。
本次研究发现,温州市手足口病发病的男女性别比缩小,这一结果尚未有国内外文献报道,但男女性别的生理结构、行为习惯、活动环境差异等多种因素影响手足口病发病,性别比缩小更可能与环境卫生条件改善、低龄儿童卫生保健意识增强有关,具体原因有待进一步研究。托幼儿童占比上升,除与托幼机构传染病发现和报告的敏感性增加,也与报卡规范性提高、幼儿就诊时因描述不清被当做散居儿童报告的情况越来越少有关。本研究中发现温州市近十年手足口病6岁以上人群发病占比逐年上升,这与北京市[9]等地研究结果一致。根据吴可心等人[10]发现CV-A6在成人手足口病疫情中占绝对优势的结果,推测6岁以上人群发病上升可能与CV-A6逐渐成为优势病原体有关,具体原因有待深入研究。教师发病占比也有升高趋势,这可能与职业人群和手足口病例接触增加了病原体暴露机会,也可能与检测和报告的敏感性增加有关。
空间自相关分析发现,2017年温州市手足口病发病在文成县和平阳县存在空间正相关。考虑时间因素的影响,时空扫描探测到2014年温州北部5个区县的二级聚集区和2014—2018年在温州南部瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县、文成县4个县区形成一个辐射范围更大、持续时间更久的一级聚集区,与空间自相关分析结果、监测数据发病率分布基本一致,提示温州市手足口病有显著的时间聚集性,且以上地区为重点防控地区。一集聚集区东面临海,但大部分地区在内陆,经济较主城区欠发达,与宋飏等人[11-13]研究的手足口病发病热点集中湿热、人口密集和经济较发达地区的结果不同。而龙湾区、瓯海区在2017年成为低低值聚集区,与其作为经济发达、人口聚集,容易造成传染病疫情聚集的城区不相符。分析原因:一是相对主城区,周边欠发达地区虽地广人稀,但卫生条件落后、托幼机构人员聚集,传染病防控意识较薄弱的状况长期得不到重视,易造成聚集性疫情并引起扩散,为温州南部形成大范围时空聚集提供了条件。二是在2014年温州市手足口病出现28例重症、4例死亡病例的情况下,政府加强医疗救治、健康宣教、免疫接种,及时处置和控制鹿城区、龙湾区等主城区手足口病疫情,使其长期处于低发水平。三是2014年后在政府对手足口病防控的高度重视下,不排除主城区的医疗机构在手足口病传染病报卡方面受到行政干预的可能,实际发病水平可能远高于监测水平。
2016年之前,EV-A71和CV-A16是温州市手足口病的优势病原,CV-A16呈现2~3年的周期性变化,和郑州市[14]的研究结果接近。2016年以后EV-A71占比明显减少,其他肠道病毒的占比明显上升,这可能与EV-A71疫苗推广接种降低了该型别的感染率有关。湖州有研究[15]称CV-A6已逐渐替代EV-A71成为主要优势病原,但从2019—2022年温州市手足口病监测结果中未发现CV-A6有明显上升,可能与部分县区实验室未开展CV-A6和CV-A10的分型检测所致其构成比较实际偏小有关。2018年以后温州市已出现其他肠道病毒导致的重症病例,应重视对手足口病其他肠道病毒的分型检测以进一步了解病原变迁情况。
综上所述,温州市手足口病发病水平仍处于较高水平,但近十年的发病率和重症率明显下降,应加强对6岁以上人群尤其是教师等职业暴露人群的防控和保护;建立健全疫情预警和处置机制,实时掌握时空聚集情况及动态变化,针对重点防控区域采取措施防止疫情扩散;加强监测哨点对其他肠道病毒的分型检测,掌握优势病原。
本研究存在局限性,一是受温州市各区县监测哨点检测能力的限制,2019年之前所有区县和2019—2022年的部分区县未开展CV-A6、 CV-A10的分型检测,导致其占比被低估;二是空间自相关分析和时空扫描分析所采用的观察单元为区县,未采用乡镇(街道),扫描时间以年为单位,未能了解精确到乡镇(街道)或月的时空聚集情况。
  • 温州市基础性医疗卫生科技项目(Y20210392)
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312396
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
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温州市基础性医疗卫生科技项目(Y20210392)
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    1.温州市疾病预防控制中心传染病防制所,浙江 温州 325000
    2.温州市疾病预防控制中心信息科,浙江 温州 325000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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