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Article(id=1240929923725063028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688313600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790349179, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790349179, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790349179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790349179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2024, endPage=2029, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929924048024453, articleId=1240929923725063028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation on the cognition of immunization program among immunization prevention staff in Jinan city, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To systematically understand the cognitive status of immunization professionals in Jinan on the relevant vaccination guidance in the “National Immunization Program Vaccine Child Immunization Program and Instructions (2021 Edition)”, in order to provide more targeted technical guidance and better improve the immunization program and guidance principles for children. Methods In September 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 15 immunization technical backbones in the district and county CDCs of Jinan, as well as 423 vaccination units (including maternity vaccination rooms)engaged in pre-check and vaccination. The survey data was descriptively analyzed, and χ2 tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted using Excel 2010 and SPSS 18.0 software. The awareness rate of the corresponding knowledge of the survey subjects was calculated based on the accuracy of the answers given by the 15 CDC personnel to the overall knowledge of the immunization program, the knowledge of immunization of children with special health conditions, and the knowledge of simultaneous vaccination. Results The awareness rates of the survey subjects for the overall knowledge of the immunization program, the knowledge of immunization of children with special health conditions, and the knowledge of simultaneous vaccination were 29.91%, 23.29%, and 48.63%, respectively. The results of the multiple-factor logistic regression analysis showed that educational level (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.13-3.12), years of preventive vaccination work (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.01-2.22), and professional qualification category (OR=0.25, 95%CI: 0.068-0.88) were influencing factors of the awareness rate of the immunization program for the survey subjects. Educational level (OR=3.01, 95%CI: 1.63-5.57) and profession (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.075-0.78) were influencing factors of the awareness rate of immunization for children with special health conditions. Only gender (OR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.16-0.86) was an influencing factor of the awareness rate of simultaneous vaccination for the survey subjects. Conclusion The cognitive level of immunization clinic staff in Jinan regarding the immunization program, including the vaccination of children with special health conditions and simultaneous vaccination, still needs to be further improved. It is recommended to reasonably increase professional technical training focused on relevant knowledge of immunization. It is also recommended to further improve and refine the guidelines or instructive documents related to the immunization of children with special health conditions and simultaneous vaccination.

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目的 系统了解济南市免疫预防专业人员对《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明（2021年版）》中相关接种指导意见的认知情况，为提供更有针对性的技术指导和更好地完善儿童免疫程序和指导原则提供参考。方法 于2022年9月对济南市的区县疾病预防控制中心（简称疾控中心）15名免疫预防技术骨干及423名在接种单位（含产科接种室）从事预检、接种的工作人员进行问卷调查，用Excel 2010和SPSS 18.0软件对调查数据进行描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。以15名疾控中心人员对免疫程序总知识、特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识的回答正确率为标准计算调查对象相应知识的知晓率。结果 438名调查对象对免疫程序总知识、特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识的知晓率分别为29.91%、23.29%和48.63%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，文化程度(OR=1.88，95%CI：1.13～3.12）、预防接种工作年限（OR=1.49，95%CI：1.01～2.22）和执业资格类别（OR=0.25，95%CI：0.068～0.88）是调查对象免疫程序总知晓率的影响因素。文化程度（OR=3.01，95%CI：1.63～5.57）和专业（OR=0.24，95%CI：0.075～0.78）是调查对象特殊健康状态儿童接种知晓率的影响因素。仅性别（OR=0.37，95%CI：0.16～0.86）是调查对象疫苗同时接种知识知晓率的影响因素。结论 济南市预防接种门诊工作人员对于免疫程序的认知水平，包括对于特殊健康状态儿童接种以及疫苗同时接种知识的把握尚待进一步提高。建议合理增加侧重相关知识的预防接种专业技术培训，建议进一步完善和细化有关特殊健康状态儿童预防接种以及疫苗同时接种相关工作指南或指导性文件。

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赵建云，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=E9eio0xxWYiyl5Dvd+0mmQ==, magXml=FTdMcgTwc3h+lWUnwufXkw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=I+18xhu5WE77Z5zqCXP0aQ==, pdfFileSize=581785, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xt1qnEWti3aIigd1dpbN0g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐颖（1986—），女，学士，副主任医师，研究方向：疫苗针对传染病防控和预防接种管理

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徐颖（1986—），女，学士，副主任医师，研究方向：疫苗针对传染病防控和预防接种管理

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徐颖（1986—），女，学士，副主任医师，研究方向：疫苗针对传染病防控和预防接种管理

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Chinese Journal of General Practice,2022, 20(11): 1930-1933., articleTitle=Research progress on the correlation between vaccination and febrile convulsion in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240929934009496198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=101, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=佚名, journalName=中国病毒病杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=佚名.预防接种工作规范(2023年版)[J].中国病毒病杂志，2024，14（2）：101-118., articleTitle=预防接种工作规范(2023年版), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240929934131131019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=101, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Anonym, journalName=Chinese Journal of Viral Diseases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Anonym. Code of practice for vaccination (2023 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Viral Diseases, 2024, 14(2): 101-118., articleTitle=Code of practice for vaccination (2023 edition), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240929930406588857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, awardId=2023-公-3, language=CN, fundingSource=济南市卫生健康委员会科技计划项目(2023-公-3), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240929925260178407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929925268567016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, companyId=1240929925260178407, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929925272761321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, companyId=1240929925260178407, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.济南市疾病预防控制中心免疫预防所，山东 济南 250021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240929925356647409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929925365036018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, companyId=1240929925356647409, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国疾病预防控制中心免疫规划中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240929928955359555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of research subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数构成比（%）变量人数构成比（%）
单位类型
社区卫生服务中心19143.61取得执业资格年限（年）
乡镇卫生院7517.12<57817.81
综合性医院10924.895～108519.41
儿童专科医院20.4611～2019845.21
其他6113.93>207717.58
性别执业资格类型
男性368.22执业医师6113.93
女性40291.78执业助理医师214.79
年龄（岁）护士33776.94
<308018.26乡村医生61.37
30～4016738.13其他132.97
>4019043.38从事预防接种工作年限（年）
学历<522250.68
高中/中专225.025～109722.15
大专11826.9411～208218.72
本科29166.44>20378.45
硕士及以上71.6工作合同类型
专业无合同人员92.05
预防医学265.94临时合同人员306.85
临床医学5011.42长期合同20747.26
中西医结合40.91事业编制16838.36
中医学40.91其他245.48
中药学10.23
护理学34278.08
其他112.51
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929093771597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数构成比（%）变量人数构成比（%）
单位类型
社区卫生服务中心19143.61取得执业资格年限（年）
乡镇卫生院7517.12<57817.81
综合性医院10924.895～108519.41
儿童专科医院20.4611～2019845.21
其他6113.93>207717.58
性别执业资格类型
男性368.22执业医师6113.93
女性40291.78执业助理医师214.79
年龄（岁）护士33776.94
<308018.26乡村医生61.37
30～4016738.13其他132.97
>4019043.38从事预防接种工作年限（年）
学历<522250.68
高中/中专225.025～109722.15
大专11826.9411～208218.72
本科29166.44>20378.45
硕士及以上71.6工作合同类型
专业无合同人员92.05
预防医学265.94临时合同人员306.85
临床医学5011.42长期合同20747.26
中西医结合40.91事业编制16838.36
中医学40.91其他245.48
中药学10.23
护理学34278.08
其他112.51
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929207017817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of immune program cognition ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类免疫程序认知特殊健康状态儿童接种认知疫苗同时接种认知
性别男16(44.44)10(27.78)27(75.00)
女115(28.61)92(22.89)186(46.27)
χ2值3.950.4410.92
P值0.0470.5100.001
年龄（岁）<3014(17.50)14(17.50)35(43.75)
30～4478(30.47)58(22.66)131(51.17)
≥4539(38.24)30(29.41)47(46.08)
χ2趋势值8.933.701.70
P值0.0030.1600.430
文化程度本科以下28(20.00)15(10.71)64(45.71)
本科及以上103(34.56)87(29.19)149(50.00)
χ2值9.6418.210.70
P值0.002<0.000 10.400
专业预防医学17(65.38)14(53.85)16(61.54)
临床医学19(34.00)9(18.00)29(58.00)
中医等其他专业9(45.00)6(30.00)10(50.00)
护理学88(25.73)73(21.35)158(46.20)
χ2值21.0315.604.32
P值00.0010.230
执业资格年限（年）<1142(25.15)37(22.16)82(49.10)
11～2064(32.32)45(22.73)99(50.00)
>2025(34.25)20(27.40)32(43.84)
χ2趋势值2.670.610.33
P值0.1000.4360.560
预防接种工作年限（年）<1179(24.76)65(20.38)154(72.30)
11～2032(39.02)22(26.83)37(45.12)
>2020(54.05)15(40.54)22(59.46)
χ2趋势值17.527.860.60
P值00.0100.440
工作合同类型实习、试用/临时合同/其他16(25.40)9(14.29)28(44.44)
长期合同/事业编制115(30.67)93(24.80)185(49.33)
χ2值0.723.340.52
P值0.4000.0680.470
执业资格类别执业医师35（57.38）24（39.34）40（65.57）
执业助理医师4（19.05）3（14.29）10（47.62）
护士85（25.22）70（20.77）152（45.10）
乡村医生及其他7（36.84）5（26.32）11（57.89）
χ2值27.1011.059.35
P值00.0100.025
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929324458338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

免疫程序认知情况单因素分析［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类免疫程序认知特殊健康状态儿童接种认知疫苗同时接种认知
性别男16(44.44)10(27.78)27(75.00)
女115(28.61)92(22.89)186(46.27)
χ2值3.950.4410.92
P值0.0470.5100.001
年龄（岁）<3014(17.50)14(17.50)35(43.75)
30～4478(30.47)58(22.66)131(51.17)
≥4539(38.24)30(29.41)47(46.08)
χ2趋势值8.933.701.70
P值0.0030.1600.430
文化程度本科以下28(20.00)15(10.71)64(45.71)
本科及以上103(34.56)87(29.19)149(50.00)
χ2值9.6418.210.70
P值0.002<0.000 10.400
专业预防医学17(65.38)14(53.85)16(61.54)
临床医学19(34.00)9(18.00)29(58.00)
中医等其他专业9(45.00)6(30.00)10(50.00)
护理学88(25.73)73(21.35)158(46.20)
χ2值21.0315.604.32
P值00.0010.230
执业资格年限（年）<1142(25.15)37(22.16)82(49.10)
11～2064(32.32)45(22.73)99(50.00)
>2025(34.25)20(27.40)32(43.84)
χ2趋势值2.670.610.33
P值0.1000.4360.560
预防接种工作年限（年）<1179(24.76)65(20.38)154(72.30)
11～2032(39.02)22(26.83)37(45.12)
>2020(54.05)15(40.54)22(59.46)
χ2趋势值17.527.860.60
P值00.0100.440
工作合同类型实习、试用/临时合同/其他16(25.40)9(14.29)28(44.44)
长期合同/事业编制115(30.67)93(24.80)185(49.33)
χ2值0.723.340.52
P值0.4000.0680.470
执业资格类别执业医师35（57.38）24（39.34）40（65.57）
执业助理医师4（19.05）3（14.29）10（47.62）
护士85（25.22）70（20.77）152（45.10）
乡村医生及其他7（36.84）5（26.32）11（57.89）
χ2值27.1011.059.35
P值00.0100.025
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929416733033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of total cognition of immune program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
性别-0.030.4500.9501.03(0.42～2.51)
年龄（岁）0.300.241.570.2101.35(0.84～2.16)
文化程度0.630.265.890.0151.88(1.13～3.12)
专业（参照组：预防医学）3.620.310
临床医学-0.960.592.600.1100.38(0.12～1.23)
中医等其他专业-0.130.790.0270.8700.88(0.19～4.10)
护理学0.240.980.0590.8101.27(0.19～8.56)
执业资格年限（年）-0.140.200.500.4800.87(0.58～1.29)
预防接种工作年限（年）0.400.203.980.0461.49(1.01～2.22)
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）7.180.066
执业助理医师-1.410.654.630.0310.25（0.068～0.88）
护士-1.780.903.930.0470.17（0.029～0.98）
乡村医生及其他-0.940.781.440.2300.39（0.084～1.81）
常数项-1.531.101.950.1600.22
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929504813427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

免疫程序总认知情况的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
性别-0.030.4500.9501.03(0.42～2.51)
年龄（岁）0.300.241.570.2101.35(0.84～2.16)
文化程度0.630.265.890.0151.88(1.13～3.12)
专业（参照组：预防医学）3.620.310
临床医学-0.960.592.600.1100.38(0.12～1.23)
中医等其他专业-0.130.790.0270.8700.88(0.19～4.10)
护理学0.240.980.0590.8101.27(0.19～8.56)
执业资格年限（年）-0.140.200.500.4800.87(0.58～1.29)
预防接种工作年限（年）0.400.203.980.0461.49(1.01～2.22)
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）7.180.066
执业助理医师-1.410.654.630.0310.25（0.068～0.88）
护士-1.780.903.930.0470.17（0.029～0.98）
乡村医生及其他-0.940.781.440.2300.39（0.084～1.81）
常数项-1.531.101.950.1600.22
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929613865342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of cognition of immunological procedures in children with special health status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
年龄（岁）0.140.220.400.5301.15（0.75～1.78）
文化程度1.100.3112.3603.01（1.63～5.57）
专业（参照组：预防医学）7.320.062
临床医学-1.430.605.700.0170.24（0.075～0.78）
中医等其他专业-0.300.790.150.7000.74（0.16～3.45）
护理学0.501.040.230.6301.64（0.22～12.54）
预防接种工作年限（年）0.190.210.790.3701.21（0.80～1.84）
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）3.810.280
执业助理医师-0.700.750.880.3500.50（0.12～2.15）
护士-1.820.993.400.0650.16（0.023～1.12）
乡村医生及其他-0.970.891.200.2700.38（0.066～2.16）
工作合同类型0.420.401.090.3001.52（0.69～3.34）
常数项-3.241.157.870.0050.039
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930020712849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

特殊健康状态儿童免疫程序认知情况的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
年龄（岁）0.140.220.400.5301.15（0.75～1.78）
文化程度1.100.3112.3603.01（1.63～5.57）
专业（参照组：预防医学）7.320.062
临床医学-1.430.605.700.0170.24（0.075～0.78）
中医等其他专业-0.300.790.150.7000.74（0.16～3.45）
护理学0.501.040.230.6301.64（0.22～12.54）
预防接种工作年限（年）0.190.210.790.3701.21（0.80～1.84）
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）3.810.280
执业助理医师-0.700.750.880.3500.50（0.12～2.15）
护士-1.820.993.400.0650.16（0.023～1.12）
乡村医生及其他-0.970.891.200.2700.38（0.066～2.16）
工作合同类型0.420.401.090.3001.52（0.69～3.34）
常数项-3.241.157.870.0050.039
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930167513505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of cognition of simultaneous vaccination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
性别-0.980.435.330.0210.37（0.16～0.86）
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）3.850.280
执业助理医师-0.640.521.480.2200.53（0.19～1.48）
护士-0.580.313.450.0630.56（0.30～1.03）
乡村医生及其他-0.230.550.170.6800.80（0.27～2.33）
常数项2.320.808.560.00310.22
), ArticleFig(id=1240929930259788205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929923725063028, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

疫苗同时接种认知情况的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Waldχ2值P值OR值( 95%CI)
性别-0.980.435.330.0210.37（0.16～0.86）
执业资格类别（参照组：执业医师）3.850.280
执业助理医师-0.640.521.480.2200.53（0.19～1.48）
护士-0.580.313.450.0630.56（0.30～1.03）
乡村医生及其他-0.230.550.170.6800.80（0.27～2.33）
常数项2.320.808.560.00310.22
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济南市免疫预防工作人员对免疫规划疫苗接种程序的认知现况调查
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徐颖 1 , 许春华 1 , 刘晓雪 2 , 马永胜 1 , 李传彬 1 , 王琼 1 , 赵建云 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024,51(11): 2024-2029
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024, 51(11): 2024-2029
济南市免疫预防工作人员对免疫规划疫苗接种程序的认知现况调查
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徐颖1, 许春华1, 刘晓雪2, 马永胜1, 李传彬1, 王琼1, 赵建云1
作者信息
  • 1.济南市疾病预防控制中心免疫预防所，山东 济南 250021
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心免疫规划中心

    • 徐颖（1986—），女，学士，副主任医师，研究方向：疫苗针对传染病防控和预防接种管理

通讯作者:

赵建云，E-mail:
Investigation on the cognition of immunization program among immunization prevention staff in Jinan city
Ying XU1, Chun-hua XU1, Xiao-xue LIU2, Yong-sheng MA1, Chuan-bin LI1, Qiong WANG1, Jian-yun ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307042
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摘要
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目的 系统了解济南市免疫预防专业人员对《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明（2021年版）》中相关接种指导意见的认知情况，为提供更有针对性的技术指导和更好地完善儿童免疫程序和指导原则提供参考。方法 于2022年9月对济南市的区县疾病预防控制中心（简称疾控中心）15名免疫预防技术骨干及423名在接种单位（含产科接种室）从事预检、接种的工作人员进行问卷调查，用Excel 2010和SPSS 18.0软件对调查数据进行描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。以15名疾控中心人员对免疫程序总知识、特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识的回答正确率为标准计算调查对象相应知识的知晓率。结果 438名调查对象对免疫程序总知识、特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识的知晓率分别为29.91%、23.29%和48.63%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，文化程度(OR=1.88，95%CI：1.13～3.12）、预防接种工作年限（OR=1.49，95%CI：1.01～2.22）和执业资格类别（OR=0.25，95%CI：0.068～0.88）是调查对象免疫程序总知晓率的影响因素。文化程度（OR=3.01，95%CI：1.63～5.57）和专业（OR=0.24，95%CI：0.075～0.78）是调查对象特殊健康状态儿童接种知晓率的影响因素。仅性别（OR=0.37，95%CI：0.16～0.86）是调查对象疫苗同时接种知识知晓率的影响因素。结论 济南市预防接种门诊工作人员对于免疫程序的认知水平，包括对于特殊健康状态儿童接种以及疫苗同时接种知识的把握尚待进一步提高。建议合理增加侧重相关知识的预防接种专业技术培训，建议进一步完善和细化有关特殊健康状态儿童预防接种以及疫苗同时接种相关工作指南或指导性文件。

免疫规划  /  疫苗  /  免疫程序  /  认知

Objective To systematically understand the cognitive status of immunization professionals in Jinan on the relevant vaccination guidance in the “National Immunization Program Vaccine Child Immunization Program and Instructions (2021 Edition)”, in order to provide more targeted technical guidance and better improve the immunization program and guidance principles for children. Methods In September 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 15 immunization technical backbones in the district and county CDCs of Jinan, as well as 423 vaccination units (including maternity vaccination rooms)engaged in pre-check and vaccination. The survey data was descriptively analyzed, and χ2 tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted using Excel 2010 and SPSS 18.0 software. The awareness rate of the corresponding knowledge of the survey subjects was calculated based on the accuracy of the answers given by the 15 CDC personnel to the overall knowledge of the immunization program, the knowledge of immunization of children with special health conditions, and the knowledge of simultaneous vaccination. Results The awareness rates of the survey subjects for the overall knowledge of the immunization program, the knowledge of immunization of children with special health conditions, and the knowledge of simultaneous vaccination were 29.91%, 23.29%, and 48.63%, respectively. The results of the multiple-factor logistic regression analysis showed that educational level (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.13-3.12), years of preventive vaccination work (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.01-2.22), and professional qualification category (OR=0.25, 95%CI: 0.068-0.88) were influencing factors of the awareness rate of the immunization program for the survey subjects. Educational level (OR=3.01, 95%CI: 1.63-5.57) and profession (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.075-0.78) were influencing factors of the awareness rate of immunization for children with special health conditions. Only gender (OR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.16-0.86) was an influencing factor of the awareness rate of simultaneous vaccination for the survey subjects. Conclusion The cognitive level of immunization clinic staff in Jinan regarding the immunization program, including the vaccination of children with special health conditions and simultaneous vaccination, still needs to be further improved. It is recommended to reasonably increase professional technical training focused on relevant knowledge of immunization. It is also recommended to further improve and refine the guidelines or instructive documents related to the immunization of children with special health conditions and simultaneous vaccination.

Immunization planning  /  Vaccine  /  Immunization program  /  Cognition
徐颖, 许春华, 刘晓雪, 马永胜, 李传彬, 王琼, 赵建云. 济南市免疫预防工作人员对免疫规划疫苗接种程序的认知现况调查. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2024 -2029 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307042
Ying XU, Chun-hua XU, Xiao-xue LIU, Yong-sheng MA, Chuan-bin LI, Qiong WANG, Jian-yun ZHAO. Investigation on the cognition of immunization program among immunization prevention staff in Jinan city[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 2024 -2029 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307042
正文
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众所周知，预防接种是保护儿童免于疾病侵袭、预防传染病最经济、最有效和最安全的手段。中国自实施国家免疫规划以来，取得了重大的社会效益、经济效益[1]。叶家楷等统计，2020和2021年全国适龄儿童国家免疫规划（NIP）疫苗总报告接种率分别为99.20%、99.27%[2]。为系统了解济南市免疫预防专业人员对《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明（2021年版）》中相关接种指导意见的认知情况开展此次调查，从而为进一步合理安排济南市今后预防接种工作的培训重点提供依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　调查对象
济南市各区县疾病预防中心（简称疾控中心）免疫预防负责人和技术骨干15名，接种单位（含产科接种室）从事预检、接种的工作人员423名。疾控中心人员均定期接受上级业务部门的预防接种专业知识培训，接种单位工作人员均持有预防接种培训合格证且持证上岗。本研究获得了济南市疾病预防控制中心医学伦理委员会的审批（伦理审批号：济疾伦批[2023]036号），所有调查对象均签署了知情同意书。
1.2　调查方法与内容
调查组参考国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明、疫苗说明书、专家共识、国内外相关文献等，通过前期组内讨论并预填写问卷等准备工作，择期以线上会议的形式对本次调查的目的、内容及填写方法、注意事项等进行培训，将某软件制定好的问卷二维码发送至线上会议室，指导并邀请参会人员使用手机扫码填写、提交问卷。
调查问卷由两部分构成：基本情况和免疫程序认知情况。基本情况包括工作单位所在区县、单位名称、单位属于哪种类型的医疗机构等13项内容；免疫程序认知情况包括“乙肝表面抗原阳性或不详产妇所生新生儿，建议在出生后多长时间内尽早接种第1剂乙肝疫苗”等21道特殊健康状态儿童接种知识相关问题和“您认为实施疫苗的‘同时接种’是以下哪项”等9道疫苗同时接种知识相关问题。
查阅相关文献[3]及既往类似调查[4-5]，对于免疫程序的知晓率并无明确标准。通常情况下，疾控中心人员[6]作为各级免疫预防工作的培训师资，对于免疫规划疫苗的免疫程序相关内容掌握程度比较好，为便于统计分析，本调查将疾控中心人员的认知情况作为参照。免疫程序认知部分，应答对条目数为30。在438名调查对象中，以15名疾控人员回答正确率84.67%为参照（平均答对条目数25.40），若其余被调查对象答对条目数>25，视为知晓；若其余被调查对象答对条目数≤25，视为不知晓。根据免疫程序内容划分为特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识。特殊健康状态儿童接种知识，应答对条目数为21，以15名疾控人员回答正确率86.98%为参照（平均答对条目数18.27），若其余被调查对象答对条目数>18，视为知晓；若其余被调查对象答对条目数≤18，视为不知晓。疫苗同时接种知识，应答对条目数为9，以15名疾控人员回答正确率78.52%为参照（平均答对条目数7.07），若其余被调查对象答对条目数>7，视为知晓；若其余被调查对象答对条目数≤7，视为不知晓。
1.3　质量控制
采取匿名调查，不收集个人隐私信息，有效减少信息偏倚。同一账号、同一设备仅能提交一份问卷；为保证问卷的完整性，提交时设置有漏项无法完成提交。经人工筛查，共收集到有效问卷438份。
1.4　数据处理和分析
采用Excel 2010软件建立数据库，使用SPSS 18.0软件进行数据处理和统计分析。研究对象的基本情况采用描述性分析，分类资料用相对数进行统计，组间差异的比较采用χ2检验。使用单因素分析筛选出与知晓率相关的因素作为自变量，以是否知晓为因变量，通过多因素logistic回归分析知晓率的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　基本情况
本次调查共纳入438人，覆盖济南市12个区县和2个功能区。基本情况见表1。
2.2　免疫程序认知情况
免疫程序认知部分，438名调查对象30条问题总的知晓率为29.91%。根据免疫程序内容划分为特殊健康状态儿童接种知识和疫苗同时接种知识。特殊健康状态儿童接种知识的知晓率为23.29%，疫苗同时接种知识的知识率为48.63%。
2.2.1　免疫程序总认知情况
单因素分析结果显示，免疫程序总认知情况中，除了取得执业资格年限和工作合同类型不同人群的知晓率差异无统计学意义以外，男性高于女性（χ2=3.95，P<0.05）；年龄越大，知晓率越高（χ2趋势= 8.93，P<0.01）；本科及以上学历高于本科以下学历（χ2=9.64，P<0.01）；预防医学专业与临床医学、护理学专业和中医等其他专业知晓率不相同（χ2=21.03，P<0.001）；预防接种工作年限越长，知晓率越高（χ2趋势=17.52，P<0.001）；执业医师与执业助理医师、护士、乡村医生及其他专业的知晓率不同（χ2=27.10，P<0.001）。见表2。
多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，文化程度(OR=1.88，95%CI：1.13～3.12）、预防接种工作年限（OR=1.49，95%CI：1.01～2.22）和执业资格类别（OR=0.25，95%CI：0.068～0.88）是调查对象免疫程序总知晓率的影响因素。见表3。
2.2.2　特殊健康状态儿童接种认知情况
单因素分析结果显示，特殊健康状态儿童接种认知情况中，除了性别、年龄、取得执业资格年限、工作合同类型不同人群的知晓率差异无统计学意义以外，本科及以上学历高于本科以下学历（χ2=18.21，P<0.001）；预防医学专业与临床医学、护理学专业和中医等其他专业知晓率不相同（χ2=15.60，P=0.001）；预防接种工作年限越长，知晓率越高（χ2趋势=7.86，P<0.01）。见表2。
多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，文化程度（OR=3.01，95%CI：1.63～5.57）和专业（OR=0.24，95%CI：0.075～0.78）是调查对象特殊健康状态儿童接种知晓率的影响因素。见表4。
2.2.3　疫苗同时接种认知情况
单因素分析结果显示，同时接种认知情况中，仅男性高于女性（χ2=10.92，P<0.01），执业医师与执业助理医师、护士、乡村医生及其他专业的知晓率不同（χ2=9.35，P<0.005），其余因素对疫苗同时接种认知情况的影响均无统计学意义。
多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，仅性别（OR=0.37，95%CI：0.16～0.86）是调查对象疫苗同时接种知识知晓率的影响因素。见表5。
3　讨论
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本次调查结果显示，以济南市15名疾控人员对免疫程序的回答正确率为参照，438名调查对象对免疫程序的知晓率为29.91%，总体看，认知情况并不乐观。对特殊健康状态儿童接种知识的认知较差，知晓率为23.29%；对疫苗同时接种知识的认知相对较好，知晓率为48.63%。《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明（2021年版）》[7]对乙肝表面抗原阳性或不详产妇所生新生儿出生后接种第1剂乙肝疫苗的时间建议由2016年版的24小时内[8]改为12小时内，但本次调查中，该问题的知晓率仅为56.62%。根据WHO[9]的意见和《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明(2021年版)》[7]，对无症状的HIV感染儿童应常规接种麻疹疫苗，而本次调查中，该问题的知晓率仅为44.98%。HIV感染母亲所生儿童，未明确是否感染HIV时不予接种哪几种疫苗的知晓率仅为20.55%。国内有研究显示，小儿热性惊厥的患病率为0.5%～1.5%[10]，以单纯热性惊厥为主。疫苗接种可能引起的热性惊厥是因为接种疫苗引起发热，发热诱发了热性惊厥。并且无论是否是接种疫苗后发生的热性惊厥，均不会造成神经系统的长期损伤和发育落后[11-14]。本次调查中，罹患单纯性热性惊厥史的儿童可以接种疫苗的知晓率仅为67.12%。根据《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明(2021年版)》[7]和《预防接种工作规范（2023年版）》[15]，现阶段的国家免疫规划疫苗均可按照免疫程序或补充原则同时接种，而本次调查中，该问题的知晓率仅为40.64%。
Logistic回归分析结果显示，学历越高、预防接种工作年限越长，免疫程序总知晓率就越高，执业医师免疫程序总知晓率高于执业助理医师和护士。特殊健康状态儿童接种知识知晓率的影响因素主要为学历水平的高低。对特殊健康状态儿童接种知识，预防医学专业人员比临床医学专业人员掌握得更好。而疫苗同时接种知识的知晓率，则除了男性高于女性以外，其他各种因素均影响不大。
从免疫程序认知调查的结果来看，济南市预防接种门诊工作人员对于国家免疫规划疫苗的接种禁忌、同时接种以及特殊健康状态儿童的接种原则知识掌握不够熟练，尚待提高。分析原因可能有几点：（1）预防接种门诊工作人员多为护理学专业（占比78.08%），由于学科差异，对于疾病的发病机理、疫苗的作用原理等临床、免疫学专业知识了解不足，影响了对接种禁忌和接种原则的判断、把握。（2）随着2019年《疫苗管理法》的出台，预防接种工作得到进一步规范，同样社会对疫苗以及预防接种工作的关注度也在不断提高。尤其2021年以来的新冠病毒疫苗大规模接种，使预防接种得到了前所未有的广泛关注，接种基数的扩大，可能引起疑似预防接种异常反应绝对数的增加。为避免产生医疗纠纷，工作人员往往持有谨慎态度，遇到不容易判断受种者健康状况的情形更倾向于选择不予接种。（3）部分疫苗的说明书可能由于缺乏足够的临床数据支撑，对于接种禁忌、同时接种等情况界定不够明确。
综上，建议根据工作安排，对基层预防接种工作人员合理增加侧重特殊健康状态儿童接种以及疫苗同时接种知识等免疫程序相关知识的预防接种专业技术培训。结合日常工作，也可尝试以特殊健康状态人群预防接种评估门诊为抓手，使特殊健康状态人群的接种前评估更体系化、规范化，一定程度上可以解决部分预防接种工作人员的接种犹豫。结合基层工作人员的知识掌握程度及参考他们的意见和建议，也建议相关部门能够进一步细化、出台特殊健康状态儿童接种及疫苗同时接种相关工作指南或指导性文件。
基金
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  • 济南市卫生健康委员会科技计划项目(2023-公-3)
文献
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307042
  • 接收时间：2023-07-03
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-03
基金
济南市卫生健康委员会科技计划项目(2023-公-3)
作者信息
    1.济南市疾病预防控制中心免疫预防所，山东 济南 250021
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心免疫规划中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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