Article(id=1240929922437411624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773790348872, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1717948800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773790348872, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773790348872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773790348872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240929920461886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773790348400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827281389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241084828704109276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240929920461886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1962, endPage=1967, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240929922718430005, articleId=1240929922437411624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Source analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in PM2.5 in Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the health risk of heavy metal concentration, source analysis and inhalation pathway of PM2.5 in ambient air of Huai’an city. Methods The ambient air PM2.5 samples were collected regularly at a monitoring site in Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022. The contents of 10 heavy metals in PM2.5 were determined by ICP-MS, and the traceability analysis of heavy metals was carried out by enrichment factor method and principal component analysis. According to the national“Technical Standard for Assessing Population Health Risk”, the health risk of heavy metals to the population was evaluated. Results The annual average values of Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Se, Sb, Cd and Tl in PM2.5 of Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022 were 131.11, 28.52, 20.61, 8.09, 5.95, 4.11, 2.62, 1.84, 0.76, and 0.18 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration levels of these metals in winter and spring were higher than those in summer and spring (Z=2.390-7.182, P < 0.05). The results of enrichment factor analysis showed that the elements EF of Se, Cd, Sb, As, Pb, and Tl 6 were more than 100. The principal component analysis showed that the heavy metals in PM2.5 in Huai’an city mainly came from mixed pollution of traffic, industrial production, coal combustion, and natural emission. For non-carcinogenic effects, Sb, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Se 8 were lower than the screening concentration, and the risk of non-carcinogenic effects (HQ) was less than 1. For carcinogenic effects, the excess carcinogenic risks of As, Cd, and Cr were 1.77 × 10-5,1.37 × 10-6, and 9.70 × 10-5, respectively. Conclusion The sources of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Huai’an city are multiple compound pollution. The non-carcinogenic effects of Sb, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn,Ni, and Se 8 are acceptable, but As, Cd and Cr have potential carcinogenic risk.

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目的 评估淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属浓度水平、来源解析及其吸入途径的健康风险。方法 于2020—2022年在淮安市某监测点每月定期开展环境空气PM2.5样品采集,通过ICP-MS法测定PM2.5中十种重金属含量,采用富集因子法与主成分分析法,进行重金属溯源性分析,并按照国家“大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范”方法,评估重金属对人群吸入途径的健康风险。结果 2020—2022年淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属Al、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se、Sb、Cd、Tl的年均值分别为131.11、28.52、20.61、8.09、5.95、4.11、2.62、1.84、0.76和0.18 ng/m3,以上金属冬春季浓度水平均高于夏春季(Z=2.390~7.182,均P<0.05);富集因子分析结果显示,Se、Cd、Sb、As、Pb、Tl六种元素EF>100;主成分分析显示,淮安市PM2.5中重金属主要来源于交通、工业生产、煤炭燃烧和自然排放的多种混合型污染;对于非致癌效应,Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Se八种元素低于筛选浓度,非致癌效应风险(HQ)<1;致癌效应,As、Cd、Cr的超额致癌风险分别为1.77×10-5、1.37×10-6和9.70×10-5,具有潜在的致癌风险。结论 淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属来源为多重复合型污染,Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Se八种重金属非致癌效应在可接受水平,但As、Cd、Cr三种金属元素具有潜在的致癌风险。

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张雯,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=M1kC5Pvyyiq4JMOWVtu57w==, magXml=oqI2CaSbLxpxoaC185jfuQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O8DlgPNOLZyZoc8i/CY7jA==, pdfFileSize=618626, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Zsvg3FVP66vfi2I0uHct7A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

骆善彩(1989—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境流行病学

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骆善彩(1989—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境流行病学

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骆善彩(1989—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境流行病学

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Pollution characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Shenyang[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021, 40(4): 1029-1037., articleTitle=Pollution characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Shenyang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240929934386983574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=22, pageStart=27555, pageEnd=27564, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Wang X, Wang B, Xiao LL, journalName=Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Wang B, Xiao LL, et al. Sources of 24-h personal exposure to PM2.5-bound metals: results from a panel study in Wuhan, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2021, 28(22): 27555-27564., articleTitle=Sources of 24-h personal exposure to PM2.5-bound metals: results from a panel study in Wuhan, China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240929930037490067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, awardId=Ym2023023, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省卫健委预防医学课题(Ym2023023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240929930167513504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, awardId=HABL202249, language=CN, fundingSource=淮安市自然科学研究计划(联合专项)卫生健康类科研项目(HABL202249), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240929924924634055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929924928828360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, companyId=1240929924924634055, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an, Jiangsu 223001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240929924937216970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, companyId=1240929924924634055, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏省淮安市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生科,江苏 淮安 223001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240929928716284207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dose-response parameters, screening concentrations and whether to conduct further health risk assessment for each heavy metal through inhalation pathway

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素毒理学参数推荐值筛选浓度(SCA)暴露年均浓度
(ng/m3)
是否继续健康风险评估
致癌参数IUR
(μg /m3) -1
非致癌参数Rfc
(mg/m3)
致癌效应筛选浓度
(ng/m3)
非致癌效应筛选浓度(ng/m3)
Sb3.0×10-43001.84
Al5.0×10-35 000131.11
As4.3×10-31.5×10-50.23154.11
Cd1.8×10-31.0×10-50.56100.76
Cr1.2×10-21.0×10-40.081008.09
Pb1.2×10-583.3320.61
Mn5.0×10-55028.52
Ni2.6×10-49.0×10-53.84905.95
Se2.0×10-220 0002.62
Tl0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1240929928804364597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各重金属经吸入途径体的剂量-反应参数、筛选浓度及是否进行下一步健康风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素毒理学参数推荐值筛选浓度(SCA)暴露年均浓度
(ng/m3)
是否继续健康风险评估
致癌参数IUR
(μg /m3) -1
非致癌参数Rfc
(mg/m3)
致癌效应筛选浓度
(ng/m3)
非致癌效应筛选浓度(ng/m3)
Sb3.0×10-43001.84
Al5.0×10-35 000131.11
As4.3×10-31.5×10-50.23154.11
Cd1.8×10-31.0×10-50.56100.76
Cr1.2×10-21.0×10-40.081008.09
Pb1.2×10-583.3320.61
Mn5.0×10-55028.52
Ni2.6×10-49.0×10-53.84905.95
Se2.0×10-220 0002.62
Tl0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1240929928934388031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of heavy metal concentration in ambient air PM2.5 in Huai’an city (ng/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素冬春季(n=126)夏秋季(n=126)ZP全年(n=252)国家标准[12]
MP25P75 MP25P75 MP25P75
Sb 2.28±1.571.98
(1.23,2.87)
1.39±0.881.14
(0.80,1.67)
6.059<0.0011.84±1.341.44
(0.97,2.35)
Al 157.12±112.72125.50
(91.53,184.00)
105.10±95.4890.75
(51.48,131.25)
5.246<0.001131.11±107.46107.50
(71.13,156.00)
As 4.63±2.764.00
(2.80,5.82)
3.58±2.683.20
(1.93,4.76)
3.749<0.0014.11±2.763.52
(2.32,5.23)
6
Cd 0.93±0.510.82
(0.57,1.17)
0.59±0.560.43
(0.30,0.65)
7.181<0.0010.76±0.560.61
(0.38,0.98)
5
Cr 10.43±13.994.19
(2.34,13.23)
5.74±6.793.08
(1.77,7.18)
2.6800.0078.09±11.223.78
(2.10,8.02)
Pb 26.02±14.4921.65
(16.00,34.10)
15.21±7.9513.05
(9.57,19.60)
7.206<0.00120.61±12.8617.40
(11.83,24.88)
500
Mn 34.29±18.3931.15
(19.33,46.93)
22.74±16.7417.35
(11.15,28.68)
5.707<0.00128.52±18.4823.70
(14.70,38.63)
Ni 7.40±8.294.47
(2.44,7.62)
4.50±3.593.23
(2.19,5.91)
2.3900.0175.95±6.543.83
(2.26,6.75)
Se 3.00±2.092.40
(1.54,4.12)
2.24±1.441.97
(1.11,3.07)
2.8850.0042.62±1.832.17
(1.31,3.53)
Tl 0.22±0.150.18
(0.13,0.28)
0.14±0.110.12
(0.07,0.19)
5.566<0.0010.18±0.140.14
(0.09,0.24)
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929056022856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属浓度分析(ng/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素冬春季(n=126)夏秋季(n=126)ZP全年(n=252)国家标准[12]
MP25P75 MP25P75 MP25P75
Sb 2.28±1.571.98
(1.23,2.87)
1.39±0.881.14
(0.80,1.67)
6.059<0.0011.84±1.341.44
(0.97,2.35)
Al 157.12±112.72125.50
(91.53,184.00)
105.10±95.4890.75
(51.48,131.25)
5.246<0.001131.11±107.46107.50
(71.13,156.00)
As 4.63±2.764.00
(2.80,5.82)
3.58±2.683.20
(1.93,4.76)
3.749<0.0014.11±2.763.52
(2.32,5.23)
6
Cd 0.93±0.510.82
(0.57,1.17)
0.59±0.560.43
(0.30,0.65)
7.181<0.0010.76±0.560.61
(0.38,0.98)
5
Cr 10.43±13.994.19
(2.34,13.23)
5.74±6.793.08
(1.77,7.18)
2.6800.0078.09±11.223.78
(2.10,8.02)
Pb 26.02±14.4921.65
(16.00,34.10)
15.21±7.9513.05
(9.57,19.60)
7.206<0.00120.61±12.8617.40
(11.83,24.88)
500
Mn 34.29±18.3931.15
(19.33,46.93)
22.74±16.7417.35
(11.15,28.68)
5.707<0.00128.52±18.4823.70
(14.70,38.63)
Ni 7.40±8.294.47
(2.44,7.62)
4.50±3.593.23
(2.19,5.91)
2.3900.0175.95±6.543.83
(2.26,6.75)
Se 3.00±2.092.40
(1.54,4.12)
2.24±1.441.97
(1.11,3.07)
2.8850.0042.62±1.832.17
(1.31,3.53)
Tl 0.22±0.150.18
(0.13,0.28)
0.14±0.110.12
(0.07,0.19)
5.566<0.0010.18±0.140.14
(0.09,0.24)
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929207017815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Heavy metal enrichment factors in ambient air PM2.5 in Huai’an city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素年均含量(ng/m3)地壳丰度(μg/g)EF值
Sb1.840.601 941.37
Al131.1183 000.001.00
As4.112.201 182.66
Cd0.760.202 405.61
Cr8.09110.0046.56
Pb20.6112.001 087.27
Mn28.521 300.0013.89
Ni5.9589.0042.32
Se2.620.0820 732.59
Tl0.180.40284.88
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929295098208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属富集因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素年均含量(ng/m3)地壳丰度(μg/g)EF值
Sb1.840.601 941.37
Al131.1183 000.001.00
As4.112.201 182.66
Cd0.760.202 405.61
Cr8.09110.0046.56
Pb20.6112.001 087.27
Mn28.521 300.0013.89
Ni5.9589.0042.32
Se2.620.0820 732.59
Tl0.180.40284.88
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929395761512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal component analysis of heavy metals in ambient air PM2.5 in Huai’an city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素主因子1主因子2主因子3
Pb0.878-0.0600.356
Se0.860-0.0230.131
Tl0.812-0.1450.298
Cd0.7820.2410.070
Sb0.769-0.0440.262
As0.7640.127-0.033
Mn0.5860.0620.653
Cr0.0380.9870.000
Ni0.0180.9830.030
Al0.1280.0130.933
特征值4.9192.0401.010
方差贡献(%)49.19020.40410.098
累积方差贡献率(%)49.19069.59379.691
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929479647600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属主成分分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素主因子1主因子2主因子3
Pb0.878-0.0600.356
Se0.860-0.0230.131
Tl0.812-0.1450.298
Cd0.7820.2410.070
Sb0.769-0.0440.262
As0.7640.127-0.033
Mn0.5860.0620.653
Cr0.0380.9870.000
Ni0.0180.9830.030
Al0.1280.0130.933
特征值4.9192.0401.010
方差贡献(%)49.19020.40410.098
累积方差贡献率(%)49.19069.59379.691
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929571922299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Health risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in ambient air PM2.5 in Huai’an city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素冬春季(n=126)夏秋季(n=126)全年(n=252)
As1.99×10-51.54×10-51.77×10-5
Cd1.67×10-60.77×10-61.37×10-6
Cr1.25×10-46.89×10-59.70×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1240929929668391299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240929922437411624, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

淮安市环境空气PM2.5中As、Cd、Cr健康风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素冬春季(n=126)夏秋季(n=126)全年(n=252)
As1.99×10-51.54×10-51.77×10-5
Cd1.67×10-60.77×10-61.37×10-6
Cr1.25×10-46.89×10-59.70×10-5
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淮安市2020—2022年PM2.5中重金属污染的来源解析和健康风险评估
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骆善彩 , 张雯 , 陈国才 , 蒋蔓 , 付瑞 , 葛恒康
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(11): 1962-1967
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(11): 1962-1967
淮安市2020—2022年PM2.5中重金属污染的来源解析和健康风险评估
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骆善彩, 张雯 , 陈国才, 蒋蔓, 付瑞, 葛恒康
作者信息
  • 江苏省淮安市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生科,江苏 淮安 223001
  • 骆善彩(1989—),男,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境流行病学

通讯作者:

张雯,E-mail:
Source analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in PM2.5 in Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022
Shan-cai LUO, Wen ZHANG , Guo-cai CHEN, Man JIANG, Rui FU, Heng-kang GE
Affiliations
  • Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an, Jiangsu 223001, China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403168
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目的 评估淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属浓度水平、来源解析及其吸入途径的健康风险。方法 于2020—2022年在淮安市某监测点每月定期开展环境空气PM2.5样品采集,通过ICP-MS法测定PM2.5中十种重金属含量,采用富集因子法与主成分分析法,进行重金属溯源性分析,并按照国家“大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范”方法,评估重金属对人群吸入途径的健康风险。结果 2020—2022年淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属Al、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se、Sb、Cd、Tl的年均值分别为131.11、28.52、20.61、8.09、5.95、4.11、2.62、1.84、0.76和0.18 ng/m3,以上金属冬春季浓度水平均高于夏春季(Z=2.390~7.182,均P<0.05);富集因子分析结果显示,Se、Cd、Sb、As、Pb、Tl六种元素EF>100;主成分分析显示,淮安市PM2.5中重金属主要来源于交通、工业生产、煤炭燃烧和自然排放的多种混合型污染;对于非致癌效应,Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Se八种元素低于筛选浓度,非致癌效应风险(HQ)<1;致癌效应,As、Cd、Cr的超额致癌风险分别为1.77×10-5、1.37×10-6和9.70×10-5,具有潜在的致癌风险。结论 淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属来源为多重复合型污染,Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Se八种重金属非致癌效应在可接受水平,但As、Cd、Cr三种金属元素具有潜在的致癌风险。

PM2.5  /  重金属  /  污染特征  /  来源解析  /  健康风险评估

Objective To evaluate the health risk of heavy metal concentration, source analysis and inhalation pathway of PM2.5 in ambient air of Huai’an city. Methods The ambient air PM2.5 samples were collected regularly at a monitoring site in Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022. The contents of 10 heavy metals in PM2.5 were determined by ICP-MS, and the traceability analysis of heavy metals was carried out by enrichment factor method and principal component analysis. According to the national“Technical Standard for Assessing Population Health Risk”, the health risk of heavy metals to the population was evaluated. Results The annual average values of Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Se, Sb, Cd and Tl in PM2.5 of Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022 were 131.11, 28.52, 20.61, 8.09, 5.95, 4.11, 2.62, 1.84, 0.76, and 0.18 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration levels of these metals in winter and spring were higher than those in summer and spring (Z=2.390-7.182, P < 0.05). The results of enrichment factor analysis showed that the elements EF of Se, Cd, Sb, As, Pb, and Tl 6 were more than 100. The principal component analysis showed that the heavy metals in PM2.5 in Huai’an city mainly came from mixed pollution of traffic, industrial production, coal combustion, and natural emission. For non-carcinogenic effects, Sb, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Se 8 were lower than the screening concentration, and the risk of non-carcinogenic effects (HQ) was less than 1. For carcinogenic effects, the excess carcinogenic risks of As, Cd, and Cr were 1.77 × 10-5,1.37 × 10-6, and 9.70 × 10-5, respectively. Conclusion The sources of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Huai’an city are multiple compound pollution. The non-carcinogenic effects of Sb, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn,Ni, and Se 8 are acceptable, but As, Cd and Cr have potential carcinogenic risk.

PM2.5  /  Heavy metals  /  Pollution characteristics  /  Source analysis  /  Health risk assessment
骆善彩, 张雯, 陈国才, 蒋蔓, 付瑞, 葛恒康. 淮安市2020—2022年PM2.5中重金属污染的来源解析和健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1962 -1967 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403168
Shan-cai LUO, Wen ZHANG, Guo-cai CHEN, Man JIANG, Rui FU, Heng-kang GE. Source analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in PM2.5 in Huai’an city from 2020 to 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (11) : 1962 -1967 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403168
大量流行病学研究发现空气污染与多种健康结局密切相关,并且PM2.5对人类健康影响最强[1-2],已成为严重影响人类健康的公共卫生问题。PM2.5粒径较小,比表面积大,能吸附多环芳烃、无机离子、重金属等有害物质且在空气中悬浮时间长,极易成为其他有害物质的载体与反应体[3]。相关研究发现随PM2.5进入人体的砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、锑(Sb)、硒(Se)等重金属污染物具有高毒性、不可自然降解性和生物富集性,可危害人体呼吸系统、循环系统和消化系统等功能[4],甚至对人体具有致畸、致癌、致突变的毒性作用[5]
淮安市连续多年环保公报显示,大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)年平均浓度均超过国家环境空气质量2级标准(PM2.5=35 μg/m3),为当地大气污染首要特征污染物,但尚缺乏PM2.5中重金属元素对居民健康效应研究,本研究通过分析2020—2022年淮安市大气PM2.5中重金属浓度水平和污染来源,并进行居民健康风险评估,为制定当地PM2.5综合污染防控措施提供科学依据。
选取淮安市某建筑楼顶为项目采样点,采样高度约为18 m,该采样点四周均无其他建筑物遮挡,也无其他重工业污染源。于每月10—16日和重污染天气(空气质量指数AQI>200)时连续在监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,每日采样20 h以上,2020—2022年共采集空气样品252份。
采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定PM2.5中十种金属元素Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Ni、Se、Tl的含量进行分析。
研究环境空气PM2.5中重金属的富集程度,分析来源于人为活动还是来源于自然环境,以及其污染的贡献水平。
Xr:为参考元素含量或土壤背景值,本研究以Al为参比元素,因为Al在环境中分布均匀,变异系数低,性质稳定[7]。Xi为PM2.5中重金属元素的含量或土壤背景值。(Xi/Xr)颗粒:PM2.5中重金属元素的相对含量;(Xi/Xr)背景:地壳中相应元素相对含量。依据Sutherland富集因子值分级[8],EF值>10,元素来源主要为人为活动影响;EF值≤10,元素来源于土壤等自然环境影响。
通过“降维”的原理从多个变量中筛选出具有代表性的主要因子,因子能够最大程度解释所有变量代表的信息[9]。本研究对淮安市PM2.5中十种金属元素进行主成分分析,基于方差计算,降维提取特征值大于1的主因子进行分析,用于评价PM2.5中重金属来源解析。
参照国家大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规(WS/T 666-2019)方法开展健康风险评估,包括致癌效应与非致癌效应。根据美国环境保护局IRIS网站查询各重金属经吸入途径体的毒理学参数推荐值[10],发现五种元素(As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni)具有致癌性参数,八种元素(Sb、Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Se)具有非致癌性参数。见表1
SCA为筛选浓度(μg/m3);AT为平均时间,等于预期寿命(y)×365(d/y)×24(h/d);Target Risk为致癌效应基准风险,为1.0×10-6;Target Risk HQ为非致癌效应基准风险,HQ=1.0;IUR为吸入单位风险(μg/m3)-1,Rfc为参考浓度(mg/m3);ET、EF、ED分别为暴露时间(h/d)、暴露频率(d/y)和暴露持续时间(y),本研究假设居民持续暴露在空气环境中,参考《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》[11],ET、EF、ED取值分别为24(h)、365(d/y)和预期寿命74.8(y)带入公式计算。通过筛选浓度计算致癌效应:Pb与Ni的暴露浓度低于筛选浓度,非致癌效应,八种元素均低于筛选浓度,以上情况终止下一步的健康风险评估,最终致癌效应中的As、Cd、Cr三种元素的暴露浓度高于筛选浓度,将进一步进行致癌性效应的健康风险评估。见表1
EC为暴露浓度(μg/m3),CA为PM2.5中重金属在空气中浓度(μg/m3),此处以年均值带入计算;Excess Cancer Risk为超额致癌发病风险,IUR、ET、EF、ED、AT的意义与取值同公式(2)。Excess Cancer Risk:<1.0×10-6,认为该污染物引起癌症风险较低;1.0×10-6~1.0×10-4,认为该污染物具有潜在的致癌风险;>1.0×10-4认为该污染物引起癌症风险较高[9]
运用SPSS 25.0对数据进行统计学分析,PM2.5中重金属分布特征采用(均数±标准差),中位数及四分位数[MP25P75)]进行统计学描述,由于重金属分布不服从正态分布,不同季节间比较采用非参数秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U),检验水准α=0.05。
2020—2022年,淮安市环境空气PM2.5中重金属Al、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se、Sb、Cd、Tl的年均值分别为131.11、28.52、20.61、8.09、5.95、4.11、2.62、1.84、0.76、和0.18 ng/m3;As、Cd、Pb年均值均低于《环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)》中给出的参考浓度限值[12]。冬春季十种元素浓度明显高于夏春季,并且比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。见表2
淮安市环境空气PM2.5中十种重金属元素年均总和为203.78 ng/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度构成比为0.39%,十种金属元素年均浓度由高到低为Al、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se、Sb、Cd、Tl,占金属总含量分别为64.34%、13.99%、10.12%、3.97%、2.92%、2.02%、1.29%、0.90%、0.37%和0.09%。富集因子结果显示,九种元素EF值均>10,说明以上元素均受人类活动污染影响,其中Se、Cd、Sb、As、Pb、Tl六种元素EF>100,说明严重富集,受人为活动影响更重。见表3
本研究将十种金属元素纳入因子分析,显示KMO=0.804,Bartlett球形度检验(χ2=2 116.457,P<0.001),适合做因子分析,显示结果特征根>1有3个主因子,说明PM2.5中重金属元素主要来源3种类型,主因子1方差贡献率为49.190%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Pb(0.878)、Se(0.860)、Tl(0.812)、Cd(0.782)、Sb(0.769)和As(0.764);主因子2方差贡献率为20.404%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Cr(0.987)和Ni(0.983);主因子3方差贡献率为10.098%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Al(0.933)。见表4
健康风险评估结果显示,As、Cd、Cr的全年超额致癌风险分别为1.77×10-5、1.37×10-6和9.70×10-5;对数据进行冬春季与夏春季分层分析,As、Cd、Cr的超额致癌风险值介于0.77×10-6~1.25×10-4之间,并且三种元素致癌风险值均冬春季>夏秋季,并且结果主要介于1.0×10-6~1.0×10-4之间,说明淮安市大气PM2.5中As、Cd、Cr对人群具有潜在的致癌风险。见表5
2020—2022年淮安市PM2.5中As、Cd、Pb年均值均低于国家限值标准,冬春季十种重金属浓度均明显高于夏春季,该现象可能与冬春季气温低存在逆温现象,污染物不容易扩散,并且淮安处于江苏北部,与京津冀鲁等华北地区接壤,冬春季是华北地区雾霾最严重时节,淮安冬春季为西北风主流风向,大量外来污染物输入,从而有利于雾霾天气持续形成。
主成分分析得出PM2.5中重金属元素主要来源于三种类型,主因子1方差贡献率为49.190%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Pb、Se、Tl、Cd、Sb、As、Mn (均>0.586),其中Se、Cd、Sb、As、Pb、Tl的EF值均大于100,与富集分析结果一致,说明以上元素严重富集,主要受到人类活动影响;有研究表明Pb作为汽车尾气排放的主要特征标志物[13],Se来源于石油或煤炭燃烧[14],Cd、Tl主要来源于有色金属的冶炼、煅烧,矿石的烧结[15-16],Sb、As主要来源于煤炭的燃烧[17-18]。淮安近年来经济快速持续发展,城镇化建设加快,大量重工业生产企业入驻,锅炉燃煤企业增多,汽车保有量持续增加,因此主因1可以认为淮安PM2.5中重金属主要受城镇化建设、交通运输及重工业生产等人为活动影响。主因子2方差贡献率为20.404%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Cr (0.987)、Ni (0.983),Cr主要来源于冶金、金属加工、电镀和皮革加工等;Ni主要来源于冶炼矿石及冶炼钢铁[19],淮安具有淮钢等大型钢铁厂,可能是空气中Ni元素的主要来源。主因子3方差贡献率10.098%,载荷绝对值较高的元素为Al (0.933),Al主要来源于自然来源,可以认为是自然地壳环境排放的影响[20]
健康风险评估结果显示淮安市PM2.5中八种重金属非致癌效应在可接受水平,As、Cd、Cr超额致癌发病风险分别为1.77×10-5、1.37×10-6和9.70×10-5,具有潜在的致癌风险。因此地方政府应引起关注,加强大气重金属污染物的监测,分析其来源并对重污染企业进一步监督检查,减少排放,对于预防肿瘤及关联疾病发生具有重要意义。
作为风险评估研究,本研究尚存在一定不确定性和局限性,首先,空气暴露浓度以室外监测PM2.5中重金属浓度纳入年度分析,直接以年均重金属浓度计算终身暴露量,未考虑到研究人群在室内污染物暴露浓度与室外差异,导致暴露量存在不确定性。其次,国内尚缺乏相关的暴露参数数据库,剂量-反应关系毒理学参数直接选取美国环境保护局IRIS网站推荐值,并且暴露参数仅参照中国成年人群参数,没有考虑不同年龄、性别的人群的个体差异,造成对环境空气中重金属的敏感性不同,可能导致研究结果存在不确定性。最后,本研究仅设置一个监测点,监测周期为三年,这可能与淮安市PM2.5中重金属真实分布情况存在一定差异。因此下一步需考虑增加监测点及延长监测周期,来进一步研究PM2.5中金属元素组分与人群健康的效应。
  • 江苏省卫健委预防医学课题(Ym2023023)
  • 淮安市自然科学研究计划(联合专项)卫生健康类科研项目(HABL202249)
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2024年第51卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403168
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
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江苏省卫健委预防医学课题(Ym2023023)
淮安市自然科学研究计划(联合专项)卫生健康类科研项目(HABL202249)
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    江苏省淮安市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生科,江苏 淮安 223001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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