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Article(id=1240738486991515818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731168000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773744707105, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773744707105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773744707105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744707105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240738480549065614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773744705569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744787657, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240738824918192654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240738824922386959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1656, endPage=1662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240738487322865868, articleId=1240738486991515818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A Study on the gender differences in the status and influencing factors of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients in Beijing, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the status of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients and further explore the related influencing factors and their gender differences.

Methods

A total of 224 first-episode schizophrenia patients admitted to Beijing Anding Hospital from December 2019 to September 2022 were consecutively selected as study subjects.The Revised Hostility Scale was used to assess the occurrence of aggressive behavior in patients. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to explore the influencing factors of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients of different genders.

Results

The detection rate of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients was 34.13%, with detection rates of 24.49% for male patients and 27.27% for female patients. For female first-episode schizophrenia patients, independent predictors of aggressive behavior included ethnicity (OR=0.009, 95%CI: 0.001-0.154),history of suicide attempts (OR=57.347, 95%CI: 5.152-638.353), lack of crisis coping (OR=1.113, 95%CI: 1.001-1.238),temperament (OR=3.059, 95%CI: 1.373-6.813), and hopelessness (OR=0.891, 95%CI: 0.796-0.998). For male patients, independent predictors included age (OR=0.951, 95%CI: 0.908-0.996), living alone (OR=6.130, 95%CI: 1.935-19.420), value conflict (OR=0.912, 95%CI: 0.843-0.987), disparity between desires and reality (OR=1.108, 95%CI: 1.044-1.177),temperament (OR=1.599, 95%CI: 1.062-2.408), and hopelessness (OR=1.101, 95%CI: 1.032-1.175).

Conclusion

The detection rate of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients is relatively high, and the influencing factors exhibit gender differences. During clinical screening and treatment, personalized intervention measures should be developed based on the characteristics of the patients to more effectively prevent and manage the occurrence of aggressive behavior.

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目的

调查首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的现状，并进一步探讨相关的影响因素及其性别差异。

方法

连续选择北京安定医院2019年12月—2022年9月入院的224例首发精神分裂症患者为研究对象。使用修订版外显攻击行为量表调查患者的攻击行为发生情况，使用单因素分析和二元logistic回归分析探究不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的影响因素。

结果

首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为检出率为34.13%，男性和女性患者的检出率分别为24.49%和27.27%。对于女性首发精神分裂症患者，民族（OR=0.009，95%CI：0.001～0.154）、自杀未遂史（OR=57.347，95%CI：5.152～638.353）、危机应对缺乏（OR=1.113，95%CI：1.001～1.238）、精神质（OR=3.059，95%CI：1.373～6.813）和绝望（OR=0.891，95%CI：0.796～0.998）为攻击行为的独立预测因子。对于男性患者，年龄（OR=0.951，95%CI：0.908～0.996）、独居（OR=6.130，95%CI：1.935～19.420）、价值观冲突（OR=0.912，95%CI：0.843～0.987）、愿望与现实背离（OR= 1.108，95%CI：1.044～1.177）、精神质（OR=1.599，95%CI：1.062～2.408）和绝望（OR=1.101，95%CI：1.032～1.175）为攻击行为的独立预测因素。

结论

首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为检出率较高且其影响因素具有性别差异，在临床筛查和治疗过程中，应根据患者的特点制定个性化的干预措施，以更有效地预防和管理攻击行为的发生。

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高琦，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=r82b/JIezliXl4aKHkjZSw==, magXml=Xab/4Z4u4BD1kDJ4QXrWVA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Bq9YS5lL1SXlAUjCgby6+g==, pdfFileSize=723868, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XyOR7mTf+ptHT9ST5nwn9Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨泽曦（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：伤害流行病学

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杨泽曦（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：伤害流行病学

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杨泽曦（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：伤害流行病学

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Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(6): 150-154.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Discussion on clinical situation and related influencing factors of accompanying aggressive behavior in schizophrenia patients, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241081878732657493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, awardId=81872688, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81872688), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241081871723975094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081871732363703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, companyId=1241081871723975094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081871736558008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, companyId=1241081871723975094, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，北京 100069)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241081871853998529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081871858192834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, companyId=1241081871853998529, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.首都医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241081871979827663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081871992410576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, companyId=1241081871979827663, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.首都医科大学遗传环境与生殖健康实验室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241081877373702919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sociodemographic information of first-episode schizophrenia patients（n=224）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量（$ \bar{x} \pm s$）/n（%）/M（IQR）
年龄 (岁)33.50±11.65
性别
男147(65.63)
女77(34.38)
民族
汉族210(93.75)
其他14(6.25)
教育程度
高中及以下97(43.30)
大学及以上127(56.70)
独生子女
是107(47.77)
否117(52.23)
独居
是50(22.32)
否174(77.68)
与父母的关系
一般及以下50(22.32)
好174(77.68)
宗教信仰情况
不信教172(76.79)
信教52(23.21)
既往患病情况
是28(12.50)
否196(87.50)
自杀未遂史
是51(22.77)
否173(77.23)
入院方式
自行入院102(45.54)
强制入院78(34.82)
被哄骗入院44(19.64)
家族精神病史
有49(21.88)
无175(78.13)
社会支持
主观支持17.00(7.00)
客观支持8.00(4.00)
支持利用度7.00(3.00)
应对方式
积极应对24.00(6.00)
消极应对11.00(6,00)
心理扭力
价值观冲突20.00(12.00)
愿望与现实背离23.34(15.00)
相对剥夺20.00(14.00)
危机应对缺乏21.00(14.00)
人格特质
精神质53.31(1.64)
内外向52.33(1.63)
神经质51.16(1.98)
掩饰性52.47(1,38)
冲动63.00(8.00)
绝望58.00(8.00)
焦虑45.00(10.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1241081877528892179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

首发精神分裂症患者的一般人口学信息（n=224）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量（$ \bar{x} \pm s$）/n（%）/M（IQR）
年龄 (岁)33.50±11.65
性别
男147(65.63)
女77(34.38)
民族
汉族210(93.75)
其他14(6.25)
教育程度
高中及以下97(43.30)
大学及以上127(56.70)
独生子女
是107(47.77)
否117(52.23)
独居
是50(22.32)
否174(77.68)
与父母的关系
一般及以下50(22.32)
好174(77.68)
宗教信仰情况
不信教172(76.79)
信教52(23.21)
既往患病情况
是28(12.50)
否196(87.50)
自杀未遂史
是51(22.77)
否173(77.23)
入院方式
自行入院102(45.54)
强制入院78(34.82)
被哄骗入院44(19.64)
家族精神病史
有49(21.88)
无175(78.13)
社会支持
主观支持17.00(7.00)
客观支持8.00(4.00)
支持利用度7.00(3.00)
应对方式
积极应对24.00(6.00)
消极应对11.00(6,00)
心理扭力
价值观冲突20.00(12.00)
愿望与现实背离23.34(15.00)
相对剥夺20.00(14.00)
危机应对缺乏21.00(14.00)
人格特质
精神质53.31(1.64)
内外向52.33(1.63)
神经质51.16(1.98)
掩饰性52.47(1,38)
冲动63.00(8.00)
绝望58.00(8.00)
焦虑45.00(10.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1241081877767967515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gender differences in factors influencing aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients ［（$ \bar{x} \pm s$），n（%），M（IQR）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量男性女性
无攻击行为（n=111）有攻击行为（n=36）P值无攻击行为（n=56）有攻击行为（n=21）P值
年龄（岁）33.04±12.1631.08±9.400.38034.75±11.4636.76±12.480.505
民族
汉族106(95.5)34(94.44)0.79753(94.64)17(80.95)0.063
其他5(4.50)2(5.56)3(5.36)4(19.05)
教育程度
高中及以下46(41.44)18(50.00)0.36821(37.50)12(57.14)0.121
大学及以上65(58.56)18(50.00)35(62.50)9(42.86)
独生子女
是52(46.85)19(52.78)0.53625(44.64)11(52.38)0.544
否59(53.15)17(47.22)31(55.36)10(47.62)
独居
是22(19.82)13(36.11)0.04613(23.21)2(9.52)0.177
否89(80.18)23(63.89)43(76.79)19(90.48)
与父母的关系
一般及以下19(17.12)8(22.22)0.49218(32.14)5(23.81)0.477
好92(82.88)28(77.78)38(67.86)16(76.19)
宗教信仰情况
不信教94(84.68)24(66.67)0.01841(73.21)13(61.9)0.334
信教17(15.32)12(33.33)15(26.79)8(38.10)
既往患病情况
是13(11.71)4(11.11)0.9229(16.07)2(9.52)0.465
否98(88.29)32(88.89)47(83.93)19(90.48)
自杀未遂史
有19(17.12)12(33.33)0.03810(17.86)10(47.62)0.080
无92(82.88)24(66.67)46(82.14)11(52.38)
入院方式
自行入院53(47.75)18(50.00)0.57024(42.86)7(33.33)0.651
强制入院37(33.33)9(25.00)23(41.07)9(42.86)
被哄骗入院21(18.92)9(25.00)9(16.07)5(23.81)
家族精神病史
有22(19.82)9(25.00)0.50812(21.43)6(28.57)0.510
无89(80.18)27(75.00)44(78.57)15(71.43)
社会支持
主观支持17.00(7.00)15.50(6.00)0.36119.00(7.50)15.00(6.00)0.052
客观支持8.00(3.00)8.40(4.00)0.8638.40(4.00)8.40(4.00)0.778
支持利用度7.00(3.00)7.00(3.00)0.1047.00(2.50)6.00(2.13)0.058
应对方式
积极应对24.00(5.00)24.00(9.50)0.61524.00(6.50)24.00(13.00)0.651
消极应对11.00(6.00)12.00(5.00)0.06811.00(4.00)11.00(7.00)0.191
心理扭力
价值观冲突20.00(12.00)23.00(11.50)0.62619.00(11.00)23.00(13.00)0.018
愿望与现实背离23.00(15.00)28.50(15.50)0.03021.00(12.50)24.00(10.00)0.075
相对剥夺19.00(14.00)22.00(11.50)0.00117.50(15.00)25.00(12.00)0.016
危机应对缺乏20.00(14.00)24.00(13.00)0.01919.00(11.50)25.00(13.00)0.006
人格特质
精神质53.06(1.24)53.54(1.41)0.03653.36(1.55)54.09 (2.11)0.050
内外向52.33(1.94)52.11(1.41)0.90052.69(1.35)52.08(1.09)0.044
神经质50.97(2.18)52.01(1.89)0.00850.97(1.26)51.54(1.50)0.143
掩饰性52.69(1.47)52.16(1.59)0.03452.38(1.38)52.67(0.87)0.977
冲动63.00(9.00)64.50(11.50)0.41361.00(8.00)65.00(7.00)0.049
绝望57.87(7.00)59.00(9.00)0.07260.00(7.50)56.00(5.00)0.079
焦虑47.00(12.00)47.00(6.50)0.08742.00(15.00)47.00(8.00)0.049
), ArticleFig(id=1241081877881213729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为影响因素的性别差异［（$ \bar{x} \pm s$），n（%），M（IQR）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量男性女性
无攻击行为（n=111）有攻击行为（n=36）P值无攻击行为（n=56）有攻击行为（n=21）P值
年龄（岁）33.04±12.1631.08±9.400.38034.75±11.4636.76±12.480.505
民族
汉族106(95.5)34(94.44)0.79753(94.64)17(80.95)0.063
其他5(4.50)2(5.56)3(5.36)4(19.05)
教育程度
高中及以下46(41.44)18(50.00)0.36821(37.50)12(57.14)0.121
大学及以上65(58.56)18(50.00)35(62.50)9(42.86)
独生子女
是52(46.85)19(52.78)0.53625(44.64)11(52.38)0.544
否59(53.15)17(47.22)31(55.36)10(47.62)
独居
是22(19.82)13(36.11)0.04613(23.21)2(9.52)0.177
否89(80.18)23(63.89)43(76.79)19(90.48)
与父母的关系
一般及以下19(17.12)8(22.22)0.49218(32.14)5(23.81)0.477
好92(82.88)28(77.78)38(67.86)16(76.19)
宗教信仰情况
不信教94(84.68)24(66.67)0.01841(73.21)13(61.9)0.334
信教17(15.32)12(33.33)15(26.79)8(38.10)
既往患病情况
是13(11.71)4(11.11)0.9229(16.07)2(9.52)0.465
否98(88.29)32(88.89)47(83.93)19(90.48)
自杀未遂史
有19(17.12)12(33.33)0.03810(17.86)10(47.62)0.080
无92(82.88)24(66.67)46(82.14)11(52.38)
入院方式
自行入院53(47.75)18(50.00)0.57024(42.86)7(33.33)0.651
强制入院37(33.33)9(25.00)23(41.07)9(42.86)
被哄骗入院21(18.92)9(25.00)9(16.07)5(23.81)
家族精神病史
有22(19.82)9(25.00)0.50812(21.43)6(28.57)0.510
无89(80.18)27(75.00)44(78.57)15(71.43)
社会支持
主观支持17.00(7.00)15.50(6.00)0.36119.00(7.50)15.00(6.00)0.052
客观支持8.00(3.00)8.40(4.00)0.8638.40(4.00)8.40(4.00)0.778
支持利用度7.00(3.00)7.00(3.00)0.1047.00(2.50)6.00(2.13)0.058
应对方式
积极应对24.00(5.00)24.00(9.50)0.61524.00(6.50)24.00(13.00)0.651
消极应对11.00(6.00)12.00(5.00)0.06811.00(4.00)11.00(7.00)0.191
心理扭力
价值观冲突20.00(12.00)23.00(11.50)0.62619.00(11.00)23.00(13.00)0.018
愿望与现实背离23.00(15.00)28.50(15.50)0.03021.00(12.50)24.00(10.00)0.075
相对剥夺19.00(14.00)22.00(11.50)0.00117.50(15.00)25.00(12.00)0.016
危机应对缺乏20.00(14.00)24.00(13.00)0.01919.00(11.50)25.00(13.00)0.006
人格特质
精神质53.06(1.24)53.54(1.41)0.03653.36(1.55)54.09 (2.11)0.050
内外向52.33(1.94)52.11(1.41)0.90052.69(1.35)52.08(1.09)0.044
神经质50.97(2.18)52.01(1.89)0.00850.97(1.26)51.54(1.50)0.143
掩饰性52.69(1.47)52.16(1.59)0.03452.38(1.38)52.67(0.87)0.977
冲动63.00(9.00)64.50(11.50)0.41361.00(8.00)65.00(7.00)0.049
绝望57.87(7.00)59.00(9.00)0.07260.00(7.50)56.00(5.00)0.079
焦虑47.00(12.00)47.00(6.50)0.08742.00(15.00)47.00(8.00)0.049
), ArticleFig(id=1241081878023820074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variable names and assignment description

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变量名称变量赋值
因变量
攻击行为无=0，有=1
协变量
民族其他=0，汉族=1
教育程度高中及以下=0，大学及以上=1
独生子女否=0，是=1
独居否=0，是=1
与父母的关系一般及以下=0，好=1
宗教信仰情况不信教=0，信教=1
既往患病情况否=0，是=1
自杀未遂史无=0，有=1
入院方式自行入院=0，强制入院=1，被哄骗入院=2
家族精神病史无=0，有=1
), ArticleFig(id=1241081878220952371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变量名称和赋值说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称变量赋值
因变量
攻击行为无=0，有=1
协变量
民族其他=0，汉族=1
教育程度高中及以下=0，大学及以上=1
独生子女否=0，是=1
独居否=0，是=1
与父母的关系一般及以下=0，好=1
宗教信仰情况不信教=0，信教=1
既往患病情况否=0，是=1
自杀未遂史无=0，有=1
入院方式自行入院=0，强制入院=1，被哄骗入院=2
家族精神病史无=0，有=1
), ArticleFig(id=1241081878426473278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Binary logistic regression analysis of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients by gender

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β OR (95%CI)P值
男性
年龄-0.0500.0240.951(0.908～0.996)0.032
独居1.8130.5886.130(1.935～19.420)0.002
价值观冲突-0.0920.0400.912(0.843～0.987)0.023
愿望与现实背离0.1030.0311.108(1.044～1.177)0.001
精神质0.4700.2091.599(1.062～2.408)0.025
绝望0.0970.0331.101(1.032～1.175)0.003
女性
民族-4.7021.4450.009(0.001～0.154)0.001
自杀未遂史4.0491.22957.347(5.152～638.353)0.001
危机应对缺乏0.1070.0541.113(1.001～1.238)0.048
精神质1.1180.4093.059(1.373～6.813)0.006
绝望-0.1150.0580.891(0.796～0.998)0.047
), ArticleFig(id=1241081878535525191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738486991515818, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的二元logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β OR (95%CI)P值
男性
年龄-0.0500.0240.951(0.908～0.996)0.032
独居1.8130.5886.130(1.935～19.420)0.002
价值观冲突-0.0920.0400.912(0.843～0.987)0.023
愿望与现实背离0.1030.0311.108(1.044～1.177)0.001
精神质0.4700.2091.599(1.062～2.408)0.025
绝望0.0970.0331.101(1.032～1.175)0.003
女性
民族-4.7021.4450.009(0.001～0.154)0.001
自杀未遂史4.0491.22957.347(5.152～638.353)0.001
危机应对缺乏0.1070.0541.113(1.001～1.238)0.048
精神质1.1180.4093.059(1.373～6.813)0.006
绝望-0.1150.0580.891(0.796～0.998)0.047
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北京市首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为现状及影响因素的性别差异研究
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杨泽曦 1 , 虞新伊 1 , 成佩霞 2, 3 , 王肖南 1 , 祝慧萍 2, 3 , 高琦 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(9): 1656-1662
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(9): 1656-1662
北京市首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为现状及影响因素的性别差异研究
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杨泽曦1, 虞新伊1, 成佩霞2, 3, 王肖南1, 祝慧萍2, 3, 高琦1
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，北京 100069
  • 2.首都医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系
  • 3.首都医科大学遗传环境与生殖健康实验室

    • 杨泽曦（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：伤害流行病学

通讯作者:

高琦，E-mail:
A Study on the gender differences in the status and influencing factors of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients in Beijing
Ze-xi YANG1, Xin-yi YU1, Pei-xia CHENG2, 3, Xiao-nan WANG1, Hui-ping ZHU2, 3, Qi GAO1
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411110
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摘要
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目的

调查首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的现状，并进一步探讨相关的影响因素及其性别差异。

方法

连续选择北京安定医院2019年12月—2022年9月入院的224例首发精神分裂症患者为研究对象。使用修订版外显攻击行为量表调查患者的攻击行为发生情况，使用单因素分析和二元logistic回归分析探究不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的影响因素。

结果

首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为检出率为34.13%，男性和女性患者的检出率分别为24.49%和27.27%。对于女性首发精神分裂症患者，民族（OR=0.009，95%CI：0.001～0.154）、自杀未遂史（OR=57.347，95%CI：5.152～638.353）、危机应对缺乏（OR=1.113，95%CI：1.001～1.238）、精神质（OR=3.059，95%CI：1.373～6.813）和绝望（OR=0.891，95%CI：0.796～0.998）为攻击行为的独立预测因子。对于男性患者，年龄（OR=0.951，95%CI：0.908～0.996）、独居（OR=6.130，95%CI：1.935～19.420）、价值观冲突（OR=0.912，95%CI：0.843～0.987）、愿望与现实背离（OR= 1.108，95%CI：1.044～1.177）、精神质（OR=1.599，95%CI：1.062～2.408）和绝望（OR=1.101，95%CI：1.032～1.175）为攻击行为的独立预测因素。

结论

首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为检出率较高且其影响因素具有性别差异，在临床筛查和治疗过程中，应根据患者的特点制定个性化的干预措施，以更有效地预防和管理攻击行为的发生。

精神分裂症  /  攻击  /  性别差异  /  影响因素
Objective

To investigate the status of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients and further explore the related influencing factors and their gender differences.

Methods

A total of 224 first-episode schizophrenia patients admitted to Beijing Anding Hospital from December 2019 to September 2022 were consecutively selected as study subjects.The Revised Hostility Scale was used to assess the occurrence of aggressive behavior in patients. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to explore the influencing factors of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients of different genders.

Results

The detection rate of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients was 34.13%, with detection rates of 24.49% for male patients and 27.27% for female patients. For female first-episode schizophrenia patients, independent predictors of aggressive behavior included ethnicity (OR=0.009, 95%CI: 0.001-0.154),history of suicide attempts (OR=57.347, 95%CI: 5.152-638.353), lack of crisis coping (OR=1.113, 95%CI: 1.001-1.238),temperament (OR=3.059, 95%CI: 1.373-6.813), and hopelessness (OR=0.891, 95%CI: 0.796-0.998). For male patients, independent predictors included age (OR=0.951, 95%CI: 0.908-0.996), living alone (OR=6.130, 95%CI: 1.935-19.420), value conflict (OR=0.912, 95%CI: 0.843-0.987), disparity between desires and reality (OR=1.108, 95%CI: 1.044-1.177),temperament (OR=1.599, 95%CI: 1.062-2.408), and hopelessness (OR=1.101, 95%CI: 1.032-1.175).

Conclusion

The detection rate of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients is relatively high, and the influencing factors exhibit gender differences. During clinical screening and treatment, personalized intervention measures should be developed based on the characteristics of the patients to more effectively prevent and manage the occurrence of aggressive behavior.

Schizophrenia  /  Aggression  /  Gender differences  /  Influencing factors
杨泽曦, 虞新伊, 成佩霞, 王肖南, 祝慧萍, 高琦. 北京市首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为现状及影响因素的性别差异研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1656 -1662 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411110
Ze-xi YANG, Xin-yi YU, Pei-xia CHENG, Xiao-nan WANG, Hui-ping ZHU, Qi GAO. A Study on the gender differences in the status and influencing factors of aggressive behavior in first-episode schizophrenia patients in Beijing[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1656 -1662 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411110
正文
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精神分裂症（schizophrenia）被认为是所有精神疾病中最严重的疾病之一，是一种慢性、异质性、多面性和衰弱性的疾病[1]。WHO指出精神分裂症已经影响到全球约2 400万人[2]。全球疾病负担（Global Burden of Diseases, GBD）研究显示，1990—2019年，精神分裂症的患病人数从1 420万增加到2 360万[3]，中国患病人数从309万上升到716万，增幅高达122.7%[4]。
攻击行为（aggressive behavior）是精神分裂症患者的主要特征之一[5]。与一般人群相比，精神分裂症患者发生攻击行为的风险增加了49%～68%[6]。住院精神分裂症患者的攻击行为发生率为15.3%～53.2%，汇总患病率为35.4%[7]。患者的攻击行为与许多不良的生理和心理后果有关，如加重疾病污名化[8]和影响社会安定[9]等。
目前，临床研究主要集中在首发精神分裂症患者的激素水平和药物治疗对攻击行为的影响，此类患者的攻击行为可能更容易受到的个人心理和社会因素的影响。以往研究显示，相较于女性，男性精神分裂症患者更容易出现攻击行为[10]。然而目前对于不同性别患者攻击行为的影响因素的异同尚不明确，特别是在首次发作的患者中，这一问题未得到充分的研究。因此本研究旨在探索影响首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为影响因素的性别差异，为早期识别及预防攻击行为的发生提供理论依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
本研究选择首都医科大学附属北京安定医院为研究现场，连续选择2019年12月—2022年9月入院的首发精神分裂症患者。纳入标准：（1）入院时年龄为18～64周岁；（2）经专业的精神障碍诊断程序确定患有精神分裂症；（3）新发精神分裂症患者；（4）尚未采取任何治疗措施。本研究收回问卷226份，排除两位基线信息缺失的患者后，最终纳入224名首发精神分裂症患者，有效应答率为99.12%。本研究已获得首都医科大学机构审查委员会的批准（Z2019SY006）
1.2　研究工具
1.2.1　一般人口学资料
采用自行设计的问卷收集社会人口学变量，包括年龄、性别、民族、教育程度、是否为独生子女、是否独居、与父母的关系、宗教信仰情况、躯体疾病史、自杀未遂史、入院方式和家族精神疾病史。
1.2.2　社会支持量表（social support rate scale，SSRS）
由我国学者肖水源编制[11]，用于测量个体的社会支持度，共10个条目，分为三个维度：主观支持、客观支持和对支持的利用度。得分越高，感知到的社会支持水平越高，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.83。
1.2.3　简易应对方式问卷（simplified coping style questionnaire，SCSQ）
该问卷由积极应对和消极应对组成[12]，共20个条目。采用4级评分，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.88。
1.2.4　心理扭力量表（psychological strain scale，PSS）
由张杰学者编制[13]，用来衡量研究对象心理扭力大小，包括价值观冲突、愿望与现实背离、相对剥夺和危机应对缺乏四部分，采用5级评分，总分及各维度分值越大，表示心理扭力越大，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.97。
1.2.5　 艾森克人格问卷（Eysenck personality questionnaire, EPQ）
用于评估个体的人格特征[14]，包括外倾性、神经质、精神质和掩饰性四个方面。问卷包含88道题，采用二级强迫作答方式。每个维度的得分越高，表明相应的人格特征越显著，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.91。
1.2.6　 Dickman冲动性量表（Dickman impulsivity-inventory，DII）
用于测量目标人的冲动性人格特征[15]。该量表共31个条目，使用前23个条目，包括功能性冲动和非功能性冲动两个维度。得分越高，表示冲动人格特征越明显，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.84。
1.2.7　Beck绝望量表（Beck hopelessness scale，BHS）
用于量化个体对未来负面态度的程度[16]，该表包括三个维度：未来的绝望、动机丧失和未来的期望。BHS采用5级评分，总分越高，绝望感越强烈，总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.75。
1.2.8　特质焦虑分量表（trait anxiety inventory，STAI）
由Spielberger等编制[17]，共有20个条目，每个条目都按照4级评分。总分越高则代表焦虑程度越高，量表的Cronbach α系数为0.81。
1.3　研究结局
研究对象发生攻击行为作为结局事件。采用修订版外显攻击行为量表（modified overt aggression scale, MOAS）来判断结局是否发生[18]。MOAS量表共有四个问题，包括言语攻击、财产攻击、身体攻击和自身攻击四个方面，每个问题采用0～4级评分，总分大于0分即“有攻击行为”。本研究攻击行为不包括有攻击企图或计划的患者由于多种原因并未实际实施攻击手段的行为。
1.4　质量控制
在收集精神分裂症患者电子病历时，每个病人通过病案号进行区分，确保身份信息得到保护。病历资料由专业精神科医生整理，并对参与医护人员和调查员进行严格培训，以提高数据收集的准确性。在使用EpiData进行数据录入和导出过程中，采用双人录入和第三人核查的方法，确保数据的可靠性。
1.5　统计分析
分类变量使用频数和率或构成比进行描述，对于符合正态分布的连续变量用（均数±标准差）表示，并采用t检验进行比较，不符合正态分布的连续变量使用中位数和四分位数间距进行表示，使用Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较，通过χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法对分类变量进行比较。采用二分类logistic回归模型分析不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05，分析过程均使用SPSS 26.0完成。
2　结果
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2.1　首发精神分裂症患者的一般人口学资料
如表1所示，本研究纳入的224名首发精神分裂症患者中有57名出现攻击行为，患病率为34.13%，平均年龄为33.50岁。研究对象包括147名男性患者（65.63%）和77名女性患者（34.38%）。
2.2　不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的单因素分析
如表2所示，男性患者的攻击行为发生率为24.49%，女性为27.27%。在男性患者中，独居、宗教信仰、自杀未遂史、愿望与现实背离、相对剥夺、危机应对缺乏、神经质、精神质和掩饰性在有无攻击组之间的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在女性患者中，价值观冲突、危机应对缺乏、相对剥夺、精神质、内外向、冲动和焦虑在有无攻击组之间的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
2.3　不同性别首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的多因素分析
以攻击行为为因变量，为控制潜在的混杂因素并增强模型的可比性，将全部自变量纳入进行logistic回归，各变量赋值情况见表3。如表4所示，对于男性患者，年龄、独居、价值观冲突、愿望与现实背离、精神质和绝望为攻击行为的预测因素（P<0.05）。对于女性患者，民族、自杀未遂史、危机应对缺乏、精神质和绝望为攻击行为的独立预测因素（P<0.05）。
3　讨论
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本研究结果显示北京市首发精神分裂症患者攻击行为的发生率为34.13%，这与之前一项涉及4 855名中国精神分裂症患者的meta分析结果相似（33.3%）[19]，提示精神分裂症患者的攻击行为问题不容忽视。此外，本研究按照性别分组分析后发现，女性患者的攻击行为发生率高于男性，这与传统上的观点不同，原因可能是与男性相比，女性的外向攻击相对较少，更倾向于言语等隐蔽的攻击形式[20]，因此，可能存在低估女性患者攻击行为发生率的情况。此外，女性由于生理和心理上的特点，通常更为敏感，情感反应更强烈，这可能使她们在面对压力或情感困境时更容易表现出攻击性行为。
本研究结果显示，对于女性来说，汉族为攻击行为的保护因素，这与既往部分研究结论不一致[21]，可能因为本研究中女性样本量相对较小，结果的稳定性受到一定影响，尚需进一步研究验证。同时，国内外已有研究证实，自杀企图是预测精神分裂症患者攻击行为的重要因素[22-23]。女性由于其生理和心理原因，更容易出现自杀未遂和非自杀性自伤，并且与女性的冲动攻击有关[24]，本研究结果与既往研究一致。
本研究首次将心理扭力理论应用于精神分裂症患者，结果显示危机应对缺乏维度与女性的攻击行为显著相关。危机应对缺乏指个体在困境中因缺乏有效策略而无法解决问题，导致心理失衡[13]。尤其对于女性精神分裂症患者，由于其认知功能受损[25]和情绪调节能力较弱[26]，在压力下更容易情绪失控，表现出危机应对缺乏。这种应对不足导致患者无法有效处理压力，最终可能以攻击行为的形式释放积压的情绪和心理压力。
对于男性精神分裂症患者，其心理扭力的价值观冲突维度与攻击行为呈负相关，价值观冲突指的是当两种相互抵触的价值观在日常生活中持续出现冲突[13]。既往研究显示，价值观的冲突会导致精神病理性压力，且价值观差异越大，抑郁程度越显著[27]，从而表现出情绪低落、无力感等症状，抑制个体的行动力和外向行为。同时，本研究发现，愿望与现实背离维度正向预测男性患者的攻击行为。当理想目标与现实之间的差距明显，个体意识到难以缩小这种差距时，就会体验到愿望与现实背离扭力，男性相较于女性更容易经历这种扭力[28]，社会文化和性别角色的期望往往促使男性更关注自我实现和外部成就，这种压力会加剧愿望与现实之间的背离感，进而表现出攻击行为[28]。
本研究结果显示，独居男性患者更容易出现攻击行为，这可能是因为社会联系的缺失导致孤独感[29]，从而加重心理压力，增加情绪失控及攻击行为风险。年龄已被广泛证实与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为相关，本研究结果显示年龄与男性精神分裂症患者的攻击行为呈现负相关关系，年龄较小的患者更容易出现攻击行为，与既往研究结果一致[10]。
既往研究已证实，绝望是精神分裂症患者自我攻击的重要危险因素[30]，但针对绝望与外部攻击行为之间关联的研究仍较为缺乏。本研究发现，在男性和女性患者中，绝望程度与攻击行为均呈正相关，可能因为绝望与内化耻辱感呈正相关[31]，患者的内在负面情绪可能转化为对外界的攻击行为。精神质人格同样与男性和女性精神分裂症患者的攻击行为显著相关，赵建军的研究显示精神质为精神分裂症患者伴发攻击行为的独立危险因素，本研究结果与既往研究一致[32]。
本研究存在一定的局限性，一方面，本研究样本量相对较小，这可能会导致分类结果的不稳定性；另一方面，本研究为单中心横断面研究，这限制了研究结果的普遍性，并且无法确定变量与结局之间的因果关系。未来的研究可以考虑更大和更具代表性的样本，并使用队列研究或随机对照试验来进一步探讨变量之间的关联。
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2025年第52卷第9期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411110
  • 接收时间：2024-11-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-10
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国家自然科学基金(81872688)
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    1.首都医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系，北京 100069
    2.首都医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系
    3.首都医科大学遗传环境与生殖健康实验室

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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