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Article(id=1240738483996783557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773744706390, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773744706390, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773744706390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744706390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240738480549065614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773744705569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744787657, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240738824918192654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240738824922386959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1612, endPage=1616, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240738484307162075, articleId=1240738483996783557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Cohort study on the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children leading to elevated blood pressure, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure, providing a basis for better prevention of hypertension in children.

Methods

Data were derived from the “Zigong School-Based Cardiovascular Metabolic Risk Cohort Study” conducted from 2012 to 2018. The survey included a questionnaire and physical examinations. The “overweight and obesity years” metric was calculated to assess the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity, blood pressure levels and their changes, and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure.

Results

The study included 1 637 children who were not hypertensive at baseline and had undergone at least four surveys, with an average age of 6.43 years, of which 50.00% were male. After an average follow-up of 4.57 years, 447 children developed elevated blood pressure, resulting in a cumulative incidence rate of 27.31%. During the follow-up, 381 children exhibited a cumulative effect of overweight and obesity (non-zero cumulative overweight and obesity years). The cumulative overweight and obesity years were positively correlated with endpoint systolic blood pressure, endpoint diastolic blood pressure, the difference between endpoint and baseline systolic blood pressure, and the difference between endpoint and baseline diastolic blood pressure (β1=0.25, β2=0.19, β3=0.19, β4=0.11, all P<0.05). Additionally, cumulative overweight and obesity years (OR=1.05, P<0.001),the degree of cumulative overweight and obesity (OR=1.04, P<0.001), and the duration of cumulative overweight and obesity (OR=1.14, P=0.014) were all positively correlated with the occurrence of elevated blood pressure in children.

Conclusion

The cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children increases the risk of developing elevated blood pressure. Dynamic monitoring and timely intervention for overweight and obese children are crucial for preventing hypertension.

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目的

本研究旨在探明儿童超重肥胖累积效应与血压偏高发生之间的关系，为更好预防儿童血压偏高提供依据。

方法

数据来源2012—2018年开展的“自贡基于学校的心血管代谢风险队列研究”。调查内容包括问卷调查和体格检测。计算“超重肥胖年”指标以评估儿童超重肥胖累积效应。分别采用多变量调整的线性回归和logistic回归模型分析儿童超重肥胖累积效应与血压水平及其变化和血压偏高发生的关系。

结果

本研究包括基线时未患血压偏高且接受至少四次调查的1 637名儿童，其平均年龄6.43岁，男性占50.00%。平均随访4.57年后，共447名儿童出现血压偏高，其累积发病率为27.31%。随访期间381名儿童出现超重肥胖累积效应（累积超重肥胖年值不为0）。累积超重肥胖年分别与终点收缩压、终点舒张压、终点和基线收缩压差值以及终点和基线舒张压差值呈正相关（β1=0.25, β2=0.19, β3=0.19,β4= 0.11, 均P<0.05）。此外，累积超重肥胖年（OR=1.05, P<0.001）、累积超重肥胖程度（OR=1.04, P<0.001）以及累积超重肥胖持续时间（OR=1.14, P=0.014）均与儿童血压偏高发生呈正相关。

结论

儿童超重肥胖的累积效应增加儿童血压偏高的发生风险。对超重肥胖儿童的动态监测和及时干预是防控血压偏高出现的关键。

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范晖，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/4dIHN6uVX7ruJS5xOJY0g==, magXml=6xAON8FhaO1CWfLYUMadUw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0OMsbShB8g/AYFBaoYd/FA==, pdfFileSize=504407, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5QX9T/9jnnFCiYzAD6dImw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陶益锋（1999-），男，硕士在读，研究方向：生命全程心血管流行病学

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Clinical Kidney Journal, 2024, 17(1): sfad282., articleTitle=Mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension-Part 1: Mechanisms, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241081871925301704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, awardId=CBY18-QD02, language=CN, fundingSource=川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY18-QD02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241081872084685275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, awardId=CBY22-ZDB02, language=CN, fundingSource=川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY22-ZDB02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241081865541570753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081865566736580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, companyId=1241081865541570753, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081865575125191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, companyId=1241081865541570753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.川北医学院公共卫生学院，四川 南充 637000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241081867001188555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081867030548686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, companyId=1241081867001188555, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.川北医学院公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学教研室，四川 南充 637000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241081867160572119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241081867168960728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, companyId=1241081867160572119, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.川北医学院疾病监测与数智健康治理重点实验室，四川 南充 637000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241081869014454617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The calculation of the cumulative effect value of overweight and obesity taking a six-year-old girl as an example

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查次数年龄
（岁）		BMI
（kg/m2）		超重界值超重肥胖
程度		累积超重
肥胖程度		超重肥胖
持续时间		累积超重肥胖
持续时间		超重肥胖年
（年）		累积超重肥胖年
（年）
1619.3316.203.233.230000
2719.8816.803.186.41113.233.23
3821.8317.604.3310.74123.186.41
4922.8518.504.4515.19134.3310.74
51024.2019.504.8019.99144.4515.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869144478049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

以一名基线时6岁的女性儿童为例计算超重肥胖累积效应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查次数年龄
（岁）		BMI
（kg/m2）		超重界值超重肥胖
程度		累积超重
肥胖程度		超重肥胖
持续时间		累积超重肥胖
持续时间		超重肥胖年
（年）		累积超重肥胖年
（年）
1619.3316.203.233.230000
2719.8816.803.186.41113.233.23
3821.8317.604.3310.74123.186.41
4922.8518.504.4515.19134.3310.74
51024.2019.504.8019.99144.4515.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869261918572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic characteristics of study participants［($ \bar{x} \pm s$），n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入合格样本 (n=1 637)
基线年龄（岁）6.43±0.67
基线性别
男818 (50.00)
女819 (50.00)
基线学校
A328 (20.00)
B524 (32.00)
C785 (48.00)
基线身高（cm）121.07±5.72
基线BMI（kg/m2）15.29±1.78
基线血压状况
SBP（mm Hg）89.16±4.59
DBP（mm Hg）57.14±4.21
测量次数（次）4.53±1.01
随访时间（年）4.57±1.03
非0值累积超重肥胖年（人）381 (23.27)
出现血压偏高（人）447 (27.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869379359092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究对象的基本特征［($ \bar{x} \pm s$），n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入合格样本 (n=1 637)
基线年龄（岁）6.43±0.67
基线性别
男818 (50.00)
女819 (50.00)
基线学校
A328 (20.00)
B524 (32.00)
C785 (48.00)
基线身高（cm）121.07±5.72
基线BMI（kg/m2）15.29±1.78
基线血压状况
SBP（mm Hg）89.16±4.59
DBP（mm Hg）57.14±4.21
测量次数（次）4.53±1.01
随访时间（年）4.57±1.03
非0值累积超重肥胖年（人）381 (23.27)
出现血压偏高（人）447 (27.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869551325568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The association between cumulative overweight/obesity-years and blood pressure level and its variations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结局β()P值
模型 1随访终点SBP0.25 (0.03)<0.001
模型 2随访终点DBP0.19 (0.03)<0.001
模型 3随访终点与基线SBP差值0.19 (0.04)<0.001
模型 4随访终点与基线DBP差值0.11 (0.04)0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869668766094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

累积超重肥胖年与血压水平及其变化的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结局β()P值
模型 1随访终点SBP0.25 (0.03)<0.001
模型 2随访终点DBP0.19 (0.03)<0.001
模型 3随访终点与基线SBP差值0.19 (0.04)<0.001
模型 4随访终点与基线DBP差值0.11 (0.04)0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869790400919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The association between the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure in children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型暴露因素OR (95%CI)P值
模型 1累积超重肥胖年1.05 (1.02～1.08)<0.001
模型 2累积超重肥胖程度1.04 (1.02～1.07)<0.001
模型 3累积超重肥胖持续时间1.14 (1.03～1.27)0.014
), ArticleFig(id=1241081869937201566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

超重肥胖累积效应与儿童血压偏高发生的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型暴露因素OR (95%CI)P值
模型 1累积超重肥胖年1.05 (1.02～1.08)<0.001
模型 2累积超重肥胖程度1.04 (1.02～1.07)<0.001
模型 3累积超重肥胖持续时间1.14 (1.03～1.27)0.014
), ArticleFig(id=1241081871489094058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The association between 4 groups of cumulative overweight and obesity years and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure in children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
累积超重肥胖年组别总体 (n=1 637)男 (n=818)女 (n=819)
nOR (95%CI)nOR (95%CI)nOR(95%CI)
累积值为0且所有时点体重均正常1 0881.004841.006041.00
累积值为0且有时点出现超重肥胖1681.36 (0.87～2.12)1031.32 (0.75～2.34)651.59 (0.77～3.28)
大于0且小于等于累积值中位数1911.28 (0.84～1.93)1160.99 (0.57～1.72)752.03 (1.08～3.82)*
大于累积值中位数1901.66 (1.11～2.49)*1151.86 (1.09～3.16)*751.32 (0.70～2.48)
), ArticleFig(id=1241081871677837742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738483996783557, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

四组累积超重肥胖年与儿童血压偏高发生的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
累积超重肥胖年组别总体 (n=1 637)男 (n=818)女 (n=819)
nOR (95%CI)nOR (95%CI)nOR(95%CI)
累积值为0且所有时点体重均正常1 0881.004841.006041.00
累积值为0且有时点出现超重肥胖1681.36 (0.87～2.12)1031.32 (0.75～2.34)651.59 (0.77～3.28)
大于0且小于等于累积值中位数1911.28 (0.84～1.93)1160.99 (0.57～1.72)752.03 (1.08～3.82)*
大于累积值中位数1901.66 (1.11～2.49)*1151.86 (1.09～3.16)*751.32 (0.70～2.48)
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儿童超重肥胖累积效应致血压偏高发生的队列研究
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陶益锋 1 , 范晖 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(9): 1612-1616
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(9): 1612-1616
儿童超重肥胖累积效应致血压偏高发生的队列研究
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陶益锋1, 范晖2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.川北医学院公共卫生学院，四川 南充 637000
  • 2.川北医学院公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学教研室，四川 南充 637000
  • 3.川北医学院疾病监测与数智健康治理重点实验室，四川 南充 637000

    • 陶益锋（1999-），男，硕士在读，研究方向：生命全程心血管流行病学

通讯作者:

范晖，E-mail:
Cohort study on the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children leading to elevated blood pressure
Yi-feng TAO1, Hui FAN2, 3
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410178
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摘要
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目的

本研究旨在探明儿童超重肥胖累积效应与血压偏高发生之间的关系，为更好预防儿童血压偏高提供依据。

方法

数据来源2012—2018年开展的“自贡基于学校的心血管代谢风险队列研究”。调查内容包括问卷调查和体格检测。计算“超重肥胖年”指标以评估儿童超重肥胖累积效应。分别采用多变量调整的线性回归和logistic回归模型分析儿童超重肥胖累积效应与血压水平及其变化和血压偏高发生的关系。

结果

本研究包括基线时未患血压偏高且接受至少四次调查的1 637名儿童，其平均年龄6.43岁，男性占50.00%。平均随访4.57年后，共447名儿童出现血压偏高，其累积发病率为27.31%。随访期间381名儿童出现超重肥胖累积效应（累积超重肥胖年值不为0）。累积超重肥胖年分别与终点收缩压、终点舒张压、终点和基线收缩压差值以及终点和基线舒张压差值呈正相关（β1=0.25, β2=0.19, β3=0.19,β4= 0.11, 均P<0.05）。此外，累积超重肥胖年（OR=1.05, P<0.001）、累积超重肥胖程度（OR=1.04, P<0.001）以及累积超重肥胖持续时间（OR=1.14, P=0.014）均与儿童血压偏高发生呈正相关。

结论

儿童超重肥胖的累积效应增加儿童血压偏高的发生风险。对超重肥胖儿童的动态监测和及时干预是防控血压偏高出现的关键。

儿童  /  超重  /  肥胖  /  血压偏高
Objective

To explore the relationship between the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure, providing a basis for better prevention of hypertension in children.

Methods

Data were derived from the “Zigong School-Based Cardiovascular Metabolic Risk Cohort Study” conducted from 2012 to 2018. The survey included a questionnaire and physical examinations. The “overweight and obesity years” metric was calculated to assess the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity, blood pressure levels and their changes, and the occurrence of elevated blood pressure.

Results

The study included 1 637 children who were not hypertensive at baseline and had undergone at least four surveys, with an average age of 6.43 years, of which 50.00% were male. After an average follow-up of 4.57 years, 447 children developed elevated blood pressure, resulting in a cumulative incidence rate of 27.31%. During the follow-up, 381 children exhibited a cumulative effect of overweight and obesity (non-zero cumulative overweight and obesity years). The cumulative overweight and obesity years were positively correlated with endpoint systolic blood pressure, endpoint diastolic blood pressure, the difference between endpoint and baseline systolic blood pressure, and the difference between endpoint and baseline diastolic blood pressure (β1=0.25, β2=0.19, β3=0.19, β4=0.11, all P<0.05). Additionally, cumulative overweight and obesity years (OR=1.05, P<0.001),the degree of cumulative overweight and obesity (OR=1.04, P<0.001), and the duration of cumulative overweight and obesity (OR=1.14, P=0.014) were all positively correlated with the occurrence of elevated blood pressure in children.

Conclusion

The cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children increases the risk of developing elevated blood pressure. Dynamic monitoring and timely intervention for overweight and obese children are crucial for preventing hypertension.

Children  /  Overweight  /  Obesity  /  Elevated blood pressure
陶益锋, 范晖. 儿童超重肥胖累积效应致血压偏高发生的队列研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1612 -1616 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410178
Yi-feng TAO, Hui FAN. Cohort study on the cumulative effect of overweight and obesity in children leading to elevated blood pressure[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1612 -1616 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410178
正文
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成年时期出现的高血压是公认的慢性心血管疾病、肾脏疾病等多种慢性病的危险因素[1-2]。儿童时期出现血压偏高不仅造成心脏、血管和代谢系统的早期损害，还与成年后出现的高血压紧密相关[3-4]。一项综述研究显示2000—2015年全球儿童青少年血压偏高患病率相对上升了75%～79%[5]。2019年我国儿童青少年血压偏高总检出率达13.0%[6]。因此，探索儿童时期血压偏高的危险因素是全生命周期防控高血压及其损害的关键。
已有诸多研究表明超重肥胖是高血压最主要的危险因素，儿童超重肥胖与高血压之间存在明显的正相关关系[7-9]。然而，有的横断面研究仅考虑单一时点上的超重肥胖状态[10-11]。没有考虑到儿童时期是个体生长发育较快的阶段，儿童体重状态也在不断发生变化。超重肥胖年是超重肥胖程度和超重肥胖持续时间的乘积，是综合衡量二者影响的指标，用于探讨超重肥胖随时间变化的情况[12-13]。在本研究中，我们使用超重肥胖年指标来评估超重肥胖累积暴露效应，探索儿童超重肥胖的累积效应与血压偏高的关系，为更好预防儿童血压偏高的发生提供依据。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　研究人群
本研究人群来源于“自贡基于学校的心血管代谢风险队列研究”。研究开展于2012—2018年，对自贡市三所九年制学校（涵盖小学和初中）的全部在校学生每年进行调查[14-15]。调查内容包括问卷调查和体格检测。1 711名儿童至少完成四次测量，具有完整信息，包括年龄、性别、身高、体重和血压值等关键数据。为探讨该研究群体超重肥胖累积效应与血压偏高的关系，对研究对象进行筛选。排除基线测量时判定为血压偏高34人、终点事件血压偏高出现在暴露因素超重肥胖之前21人、信息填写有误19人，最后至少完成四次测量的1 637名儿童纳入本次研究。该研究已获得川北医学院伦理委员会批准（批准号：202123），且每次调查时均获研究对象和其监护人的知情同意。
1.2　测量和定义
使用研究团队自拟问卷收集儿童年龄、性别和就读学校等信息。研究终点指若研究对象出现血压偏高，则出现血压偏高的那次调查视为研究终点；若一直未出现血压偏高，则最后一次随访视为研究终点。随访时间指研究终点时间与基线调查时间之差。
受过培训的专业人员使用经过校准的仪器测量儿童的身高和体重，并计算身体质量指数（BMI），BMI=体重(kg) /身高的二次方(m2)。若BMI≥中国儿童超重肥胖行业标准中性别、年龄别的相应超重切点，则属于超重肥胖儿童[16]。在安静的环境中，待儿童休息10 min后，由接受过培训的专业人员使用水银血压计测量儿童坐位右臂肱动脉血压，血压测量至少连续测量三次，取三次平均值用于分析；若相邻两次读数之差超过10 mm Hg，再次测量，取后三次测量的平均值用于分析[17]。使用中国儿童血压参照标准判定儿童血压状态，若儿童收缩压和舒张压任一血压值≥相应的中国儿童血压参照标准中性别、年龄别、身高别第90百分位血压值，则判定为血压偏高[18]。
本研究通过构建“超重肥胖年”值评估儿童超重肥胖的累积效应。超重肥胖年是综合考虑超重肥胖程度和超重肥胖持续时间的综合指标[12-13]。若随访期间BMI值≥超重界值判断为超重肥胖，此时超重肥胖程度=BMI值-（对应性别年龄别超重界值-0.1），减去0.1 的理由是考虑到正好处于超重界值的儿童青少年，方便衡量这些儿童青少年的超重肥胖程度[12-13]。连续两次测量出现超重的时间间隔表示超重肥胖持续时间[12-13]。在至少连续两次出现超重基础上，由前一次超重肥胖程度和超重肥胖持续时间（两次测量的时间间隔）相乘构成的复合值表示超重肥胖年[12-13]。以一名基线时6岁的女性儿童为例，展示具体的计算过程。（1）基线BMI为19.33 kg/m2（高于6岁时BMI超重界值16.20 kg/m2），超重肥胖程度为19.33-16.10= 3.23，超重肥胖持续时间计为0（基线和首次出现超重的时间间隔均为0）；（2）第二年BMI为19.88 kg/m2（高于7岁时BMI超重界值16.80 kg/m2），超重肥胖程度为19.88-16.70=3.18，超重肥胖持续时间计为1（两次测量的时间间隔）；（3）超重肥胖年为6岁时的超重肥胖程度与到7岁时的超重肥胖持续时间相乘，算得3.23×1=3.23，以此类推，至少连续2次出现超重可计算超重肥胖年；（4）累积超重肥胖程度、累积超重肥胖持续时间和累积超重肥胖年分别为超重肥胖程度、超重肥胖持续时间和超重肥胖年的总和。见表1。
1.3　统计分析
使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料使用（均数±标准差）表示。计数资料使用例数和百分率表示。控制基线年龄、性别、学校、随访时间，使用4个单独的多重线性回归模型，分别分析累积超重肥胖年和随访终点收缩压（SBP）、随访终点舒张压（DBP）、随访终点与基线SBP差值（D1）、随访终点与基线DBP差值（D2）的关系。控制上述相同变量，利用3个单独的二元logistic回归模型，分别分析累积超重肥胖年、累积超重肥胖程度、累积超重肥胖持续时间与儿童血压偏高发生的关系。进一步将累积超重肥胖年分为4组（累积值为0且所有时点体重均正常、累积值为0且有时点出现超重肥胖、大于0且小于等于累积值中位数、大于累积值中位数），分析其与儿童血压偏高发生的关系，并进一步进行性别分层分析。对文章中所有回归模型进行多重共线性探索，发现自变量（基线年龄、性别、学校、随访时间、超重肥胖累积效应值）的方差膨胀因子均<5，说明不存在多重共线性问题。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　一般人口学特征
表2为研究对象的人口学基本特征。基线时总共纳入1 637名儿童，男性占50.00%，平均年龄（6.43±0.67）岁，平均BMI（15.29±1.78）kg/m2；平均随访（4.57±1.03）年；非0值累积超重肥胖年共381（23.27%）人；随访期间共447（27.31%）人出现血压偏高。
2.2　累积超重肥胖年与血压水平及其变化的关系
表3中模型1、2、3、4分别以随访终点SBP、随访终点DBP、随访终点与基线SBP差值（D1）、随访终点与基线DBP差值（D2）为结局，均以累积超重肥胖年为暴露因素。均控制基线年龄、性别、学校、随访时间后，结果显示累积超重肥胖年分别与终点SBP（β1=0.25，P<0.001）、终点DBP（β2=0.19，P<0.001）、D1（β3= 0.19，P<0.001）、D2（β4=0.11，P=0.002）呈正相关。
2.3　超重肥胖累积效应与儿童血压偏高发生的关系
表4中的模型1、2、3分别以累积超重肥胖年、累积超重肥胖程度、累积超重肥胖持续时间为暴露因素，均以儿童血压偏高发生为结局，均控制基线年龄、性别、学校、随访时间。模型1显示累积超重肥胖年每提高1个单位，儿童血压偏高发生的风险提高5%（OR=1.05, P<0.001）。模型2显示累积超重肥胖程度每提升1个单位，儿童血压偏高发生的风险提高4%（OR=1.04, P<0.001）。模型3显示累积超重肥胖持续时间每提升1个单位，儿童血压偏高发生的风险提高14%（OR=1.14, P=0.014）。
表5为四组累积超重肥胖年与儿童血压偏高发生的关系。结果显示与累积值为0且所有时点体重均正常的儿童相比，累积值大于0的儿童发生血压偏高的风险更高（P<0.05）；但累积值为0且有时点出现超重肥胖的儿童没有增加血压偏高的风险（P>0.05）。
3　讨论
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本研究发现累积超重肥胖年与儿童血压水平及其变化均呈正相关。累积超重肥胖年，累积超重肥胖程度，累积超重肥胖持续时间均与儿童血压偏高发生呈正相关。
本研究基线时5～13岁儿童平均随访4.57年血压偏高累积发病率为27.31%。一项北京市6～16岁儿童青少年代谢综合征队列研究随访6年的血压偏高累积发病率为19.9%[19]。一项广州市6～8岁儿童BMI与高血压队列研究随访4年的血压偏高累积发病率为38.5%[20]。本研究与上述两项研究结果一致，均表明儿童血压偏高的发生率较高，值得关注。
在我们以往的研究结论中表明儿童血压明显受到体重变化的影响[14]。并且，随访期间超重肥胖出现的次数越多，越容易使儿童血压发育轨迹发生偏移，最终血压偏高的风险会随着年龄的增长而持续增加[15]。本次研究进一步发现：儿童超重肥胖累积效应与其血压偏高之间存在正相关。此外，有研究表明随时间变化的超重肥胖年比单独的超重肥胖指标更能预测心血管疾病风险[21]。但目前在儿童青少年中评估超重肥胖累积效应的研究还较少。鉴于儿童时期是个体生长发育较快的阶段，儿童体重状态也在不断发生变化，因此评估超重肥胖的累积效应是必要的。
本研究结果还指出相对于累积超重肥胖程度，累积超重肥胖持续时间对儿童血压偏高发生的影响更大。这可能是由于儿童超重肥胖程度较小引起的。有相关研究表明青年期出现的总体和腹部肥胖持续时间越长，中年期相关心血管疾病风险越高，且独立于肥胖程度[22]。本研究显示累积超重肥胖年大于0的儿童更容易出现血压偏高，这说明对儿童进行动态体重管理的重要性；而累积值为0且有时点出现超重肥胖的儿童并未发现其血压偏高增加的风险，这说明对超重肥胖儿童，若能逆转其超重肥胖状态，可以减少其血压偏高的发生风险。在生物学机制上，长期持续的超重肥胖可导致交感神经系统持续处于过度活跃的状态，或通过胰岛素抵抗和肾钠重吸收增加等多种途径增加血压偏高的发生风险[23]。此外，儿童出现血压偏高还可能与家族基因遗传、不健康生活方式、特殊药物使用、环境暴露和精神压力等因素有关[4]。未来需要控制上述因素的影响后，继续探索超重肥胖累积效应对血压偏高的影响。
本研究的优点包括：第一，使用超重肥胖年指标综合考虑了超重肥胖程度和超重肥胖持续时间，与传统单一时点上评估超重肥胖程度相比，超重肥胖年能更好刻画随时间变化的体重指标的特点，尤其可以反映个体在多个时间点上体重变化的累积情况，这对于指导超重肥胖个体今后动态体重管理具有重要的意义；第二，本研究基于队列研究的设计模式，报告的儿童超重肥胖累积效应致血压偏高发生的因果关系更可靠。
本研究的局限性：第一，缺少有关儿童运动、饮食和睡眠等资料，混杂因素的调整还不够全面；第二，基线时95%的儿童年龄主要集中在5～7岁，其他年龄段的儿童和青少年较少，不能进行年龄亚组分析；第三，BMI值并不能够区分肌肉和脂肪组织，基于其构建的超重肥胖年仍存在问题，未来可通过腰围等指标重新构建超重肥胖年，并进一步解释儿童超重肥胖累积效应与血压偏高的关系；第四，本研究对象仅来自于自贡市三所学校的儿童，具有一定的地区局限性。
本研究建议在学校定期开展常规的体重和血压监测，以早期发现并预防超重肥胖和血压偏高的发生。尤其要重视超重肥胖累积效应，对于动态监测中发现的长期超重肥胖儿童，要及时采取措施，减少超重肥胖的累积效应，从而降低儿童血压偏高发生的风险。
总之，本研究发现儿童超重肥胖的累积效应增加了儿童血压偏高的发生风险。对超重肥胖儿童的动态监测和及时干预是防控血压偏高出现的关键。
基金
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  • 川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY18-QD02)
  • 川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY22-ZDB02)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第52卷第9期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410178
  • 接收时间：2024-10-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-12
基金
川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY18-QD02)
川北医学院博士科研启动基金项目和重点培育项目(CBY22-ZDB02)
作者信息
    1.川北医学院公共卫生学院，四川 南充 637000
    2.川北医学院公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学教研室，四川 南充 637000
    3.川北医学院疾病监测与数智健康治理重点实验室，四川 南充 637000

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