Article(id=1240738482994336165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412525, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773744706152, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773744706152, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773744706152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744706152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240738480549065614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773744705569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773744787657, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240738824918192654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240738824922386959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240738480549065614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1544, endPage=1549, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240738483275354539, articleId=1240738482994336165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends and risk factor analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis burden in China from 1990 to 2021, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the trends in the burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in China and its associated risk factors based on the Global Burden of Disease database (GBD).

Methods

Data on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to MDR-TB in China from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the GBD 2021 database. The trends in disease burden and risk factors were assessed using the rate of change and annual estimated percentage change.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of MDR-TB in China decreased from 3.4 504(95%UI: 0.9 415 to 9.4 455) per 100 000 to 1.4 932 (95%UI: 0.2 544 to 4.6 586) per 100 000, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -6.6 (95%CI: -7.8 to -5.38). The age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) fell from 40.455 (95%UI:9.522 to 116.1805) per 100 000 to 5.1077 (95%UI: 0.8967 to 15.0293) per 100 000, with an EAPC of -10.07 (95%CI: -11.24 to -8.89). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 1.176 (95%UI: 0.2691 to 3.4253) per 100 000 to 0.1469(95%UI: 0.0246 to 0.4272) per 100 000, with an EAPC of -10.03 (95%CI: -11.23 to -8.82). During the same period, the number of new cases decreased by 30.07%, the number of DALYs decreased by 77.44%, and the number of deaths decreased by 71.3%. Additionally, significant age and gender disparities were observed in the burden of MDR-TB in China. From 1990 to 2021, the declines in age-standardized incidence, DALY rates, and mortality rates were more pronounced in females than in males. Furthermore, smoking, alcohol consumption, high fasting blood glucose, and high body mass index were significant contributors to DALYs and mortality related to MDR-TB, with their contributions increasing over time.

Conclusion

There has been a significant downward trend in the burden of MDR-TB in China from 1990 to 2021. Attention should be given to the trends in MDR-TB burden among individuals aged 60 and above and males. Tailored prevention and control policies and measures should be developed based on the characteristics of different age groups and genders, along with the primary risk factors, to effectively reduce the overall disease burden of MDR-TB in China.

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目的

基于全球疾病负担数据库(GBD),探究中国耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)负担变化趋势及其危险因素。

方法

从GBD 2021数据库提取1990—2021年中国MDR-TB的发病、死亡和DALYs负担相关数据,并通过变化率和年估计变化百分比衡量其疾病负担变化趋势及危险因素。

结果

1990—2021年,中国MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率(ASIR)从1990年的3.450 4 (95%UI:0.941 5 ~ 9.445 5)/10万下降至1.493 2 (95%UI:0.254 4~4.658 6)/10万,年估计变化百分比(EAPC)为-6.6% (95%CI:-7.8%~-5.38%);年龄标准化DALYs率(ASDR)从1990年的40.455 (95%UI:9.522~116.180 5)/10万下降至5.107 7(95%UI:0.896 7~15.029 3) /10万,EAPC为-10.07% (95%CI:-11.24%~-8.89%); 年龄标准化死亡率(ASMR)从1990年的1.176(95%UI:0.269 1~3.425 3) /10万下降至0.146 9 (95%UI:0.024 6~0.427 2)/10万,EAPC为-10.03% (95%CI:-11.23%~-8.82%)。同期,发病病例数降幅为30.07%,DALYs数降幅为77.44%,死亡病例数降幅为71.3%。此外,中国MDR-TB存在显著的年龄和性别差异。1990—2021年,女性MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率、DALYs率和死亡率下降幅度均高于男性。1990—2021年,吸烟、饮酒、高空腹血糖和高体重指数对MDR-TB的DALYs和死亡贡献均较大,并且随着时间的推移,这些指标的贡献逐渐增加。

结论

1990—2021年,中国MDR-TB相关疾病负担呈显著下降趋势。需要关注≥60高龄人群和男性MDR-TB相关负担变化趋势,根据不同年龄和性别的特点结合主要危险因素,制定精准防控政策和措施,以有效降低我国MDR-TB的整体疾病负担。

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熊丽蓉,E-mail:
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张馨月(1984—),女,大学本科,主管药师,研究方向:医院药学

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Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021, 9(7): 407., articleTitle=Obesity in China: time to act, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241083717012222766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, awardId=82102448, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82102448), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241083713052799750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083713061188359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, companyId=1241083713052799750, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083713069576968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, companyId=1241083713052799750, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=陆军军医大学第一附属医院药剂科,重庆 400038)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241083716139807522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Trends in the incidence, DALYs, and Deaths of MDR-TB among different age groups in China from 1990 to 2021, figureFileSmall=+36q81veDfgAaTjs3+L/vA==, figureFileBig=2SAw8idu0nBFlOZLzZnpPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083716206916387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2021中国不同年龄组MDR-TB发病、DALYs和死亡负担的趋势变化, figureFileSmall=+36q81veDfgAaTjs3+L/vA==, figureFileBig=2SAw8idu0nBFlOZLzZnpPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083716307579684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Incidence, DALYs and deaths burden of MDR-TB by age group in China, 2021, figureFileSmall=vYjeiJmxlp9GMJFCbAeydA==, figureFileBig=lODkqkc1S6r68Lf4dOm/og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083716366299941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021年中国不同年龄组MDR-TB的发病、DALYs和死亡负担分布, figureFileSmall=vYjeiJmxlp9GMJFCbAeydA==, figureFileBig=lODkqkc1S6r68Lf4dOm/og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083716425020198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Incidence of MDR-TB in China, stratified by gender, and trends from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别发病人数(95%UI百分比变化 (95%CI)
(%)
年龄标准化发病率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计36 36825 431-30.073.450 41.493 2-6.6
(9 803~99 333)(4 308~78 864)(-90.96~237)(0.941 5~9.445 5)(0.254 4~4.658 6)(-7.8~-5.38)a
女性15 1868 670-42.912.850 31.077 5-7.09
(4 113~41 853)(1 408~26 972)(-93.15~180.45)(0.764 8~7.802 5)(0.178 4~3.451 7)(-8.3~-5.87)a
男性21 18216 761-20.874.110 11.927 3-6.3
(5 801~57 875)(2 907~52 083)(-89.51~285.84)(1.126 3~11.25)(0.331 5~6.021 3)(-7.5~-5.08)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716492129063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年中国不同性别MDR-TB发病负担情况及变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别发病人数(95%UI百分比变化 (95%CI)
(%)
年龄标准化发病率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计36 36825 431-30.073.450 41.493 2-6.6
(9 803~99 333)(4 308~78 864)(-90.96~237)(0.941 5~9.445 5)(0.254 4~4.658 6)(-7.8~-5.38)a
女性15 1868 670-42.912.850 31.077 5-7.09
(4 113~41 853)(1 408~26 972)(-93.15~180.45)(0.764 8~7.802 5)(0.178 4~3.451 7)(-8.3~-5.87)a
男性21 18216 761-20.874.110 11.927 3-6.3
(5 801~57 875)(2 907~52 083)(-89.51~285.84)(1.126 3~11.25)(0.331 5~6.021 3)(-7.5~-5.08)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716550849320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

DALYs of MDR-TB in China stratified by gender and trends from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别DALYs人数(95%UI)(人年)百分比变化 (95%CI))
(%)
年龄标准化DALYs率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计411 83192 929-77.4440.4555.107 7-10.07
(96 960~1 180 946)(16 209~274 724)(-96.49~5.2)(9.522~116.180 5)(0.896 7~15.029 3)(-11.24~-8.89)a
女性170 32825 491-85.0333.707 22.934 4-11.32
(37 350~492 958)(4 263~79 310)(-97.88~-26.24)(7.514 8~97.302 7)(0.483 9~9.110 9)(-12.51~-10.12)a
男性241 50367 438-72.0847.709 47.358 5-9.39
(57 457~704 829)(11 606~203 687)(-95.78~35.82)(11.414~139.01)(1.275 8~22.036 3)(-10.56~-8.21)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716626346793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国不同性别MDR-TB的DALYs负担情况及变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别DALYs人数(95%UI)(人年)百分比变化 (95%CI))
(%)
年龄标准化DALYs率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计411 83192 929-77.4440.4555.107 7-10.07
(96 960~1 180 946)(16 209~274 724)(-96.49~5.2)(9.522~116.180 5)(0.896 7~15.029 3)(-11.24~-8.89)a
女性170 32825 491-85.0333.707 22.934 4-11.32
(37 350~492 958)(4 263~79 310)(-97.88~-26.24)(7.514 8~97.302 7)(0.483 9~9.110 9)(-12.51~-10.12)a
男性241 50367 438-72.0847.709 47.358 5-9.39
(57 457~704 829)(11 606~203 687)(-95.78~35.82)(11.414~139.01)(1.275 8~22.036 3)(-10.56~-8.21)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716689261354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Deaths from MDR-TB in China by gender and trends from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别死亡人数(95%UI百分比变化 (95%CI)
(%)
年龄标准化死亡率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计10 0242 876-71.31.1760.146 9-10.03
(2 298~29 392)(480~8 389)(-95.53~29)(0.269 1~3.425 3)(0.024 6~0.427 2)(-11.23~-8.82)a
女性3 965790-80.090.911 80.078 5-11.24
(875~11 293)(123~2 388)(-97.24~-1.27)(0.203 2~2.563 2)(0.012 1~0.237 8)(-12.44~-10.02)a
男性6 0582 087-65.561.486 70.223 9-9.43
(1 471~17 528)(346~6 234)(-94.73~64.42)(0.363 4~4.38 4)(0.037 5~0.674 7)(-10.64~-8.2)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716752175915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1990—2021年中国不同性别MDR-TB死亡负担情况及变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别死亡人数(95%UI百分比变化 (95%CI)
(%)
年龄标准化死亡率(95%UI)(1/10万)EAPC (95%CI)(%)
1990年2021年1990年2021年
合计10 0242 876-71.31.1760.146 9-10.03
(2 298~29 392)(480~8 389)(-95.53~29)(0.269 1~3.425 3)(0.024 6~0.427 2)(-11.23~-8.82)a
女性3 965790-80.090.911 80.078 5-11.24
(875~11 293)(123~2 388)(-97.24~-1.27)(0.203 2~2.563 2)(0.012 1~0.237 8)(-12.44~-10.02)a
男性6 0582 087-65.561.486 70.223 9-9.43
(1 471~17 528)(346~6 234)(-94.73~64.42)(0.363 4~4.38 4)(0.037 5~0.674 7)(-10.64~-8.2)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716815090476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Percentage distribution of DALYs and deaths related to MDR-TB attributable to key risk factors in China from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
归因于DALYs风险因素的百分比(%)归因于死亡风险因素的百分比(%)
时间
(年)
吸烟饮酒高空腹
血糖
高体重
指数
身体活动
不足
高红肉
饮食
吸烟饮酒高空腹
血糖
高体重
指数
身体活动
不足
高红肉
饮食
199020.411.95.02.00.40.225.614.18.12.60.70.3
199120.812.24.92.10.40.225.814.38.02.70.70.3
199221.112.55.02.10.40.226.014.58.12.80.70.3
199321.512.75.02.20.40.226.114.68.12.90.70.3
199421.612.95.12.30.50.226.114.88.23.00.70.3
199521.913.15.12.40.50.326.314.98.23.00.70.3
199622.313.35.42.50.50.326.415.08.63.10.70.3
199722.613.35.92.60.50.326.514.99.33.20.80.4
199822.813.36.42.70.50.326.414.810.13.30.80.4
199923.113.47.02.90.50.326.414.710.93.40.80.4
200023.513.67.43.10.50.326.414.711.43.60.80.4
200123.813.77.53.20.60.326.514.711.53.70.80.4
200224.414.07.73.50.60.426.714.811.43.90.80.4
200325.114.47.73.70.60.426.915.011.34.10.90.5
200425.714.77.84.00.60.427.315.111.14.40.90.5
200526.315.07.84.20.60.527.715.411.14.60.90.5
200626.815.37.94.40.70.528.115.711.14.80.90.5
200727.315.88.14.60.70.528.616.111.35.00.90.6
200827.916.48.34.90.70.529.116.611.65.20.90.6
200928.116.88.65.10.70.629.417.011.95.41.00.6
201028.517.28.95.30.70.629.617.312.25.51.00.7
201128.817.59.25.50.70.629.817.612.65.71.00.7
201229.017.89.55.80.70.730.017.713.05.91.00.7
201329.117.99.95.90.80.729.917.913.36.11.00.7
201429.318.210.26.20.80.729.918.013.76.21.00.7
201529.318.310.46.40.80.729.718.113.96.41.00.7
201629.118.210.66.60.80.729.418.014.06.61.00.8
201729.018.310.76.90.80.829.218.014.16.91.00.8
201829.018.410.97.10.80.829.118.014.17.11.10.8
201929.118.611.07.40.90.82918.214.17.41.10.8
202029.218.711.27.70.90.828.918.214.27.61.10.8
202129.418.910.58.10.90.828.918.413.08.11.20.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241083716890587949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240738482994336165, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1990—2021年中国主要危险因素导致的MDR-TB相关DALYs和死亡的百分比分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
归因于DALYs风险因素的百分比(%)归因于死亡风险因素的百分比(%)
时间
(年)
吸烟饮酒高空腹
血糖
高体重
指数
身体活动
不足
高红肉
饮食
吸烟饮酒高空腹
血糖
高体重
指数
身体活动
不足
高红肉
饮食
199020.411.95.02.00.40.225.614.18.12.60.70.3
199120.812.24.92.10.40.225.814.38.02.70.70.3
199221.112.55.02.10.40.226.014.58.12.80.70.3
199321.512.75.02.20.40.226.114.68.12.90.70.3
199421.612.95.12.30.50.226.114.88.23.00.70.3
199521.913.15.12.40.50.326.314.98.23.00.70.3
199622.313.35.42.50.50.326.415.08.63.10.70.3
199722.613.35.92.60.50.326.514.99.33.20.80.4
199822.813.36.42.70.50.326.414.810.13.30.80.4
199923.113.47.02.90.50.326.414.710.93.40.80.4
200023.513.67.43.10.50.326.414.711.43.60.80.4
200123.813.77.53.20.60.326.514.711.53.70.80.4
200224.414.07.73.50.60.426.714.811.43.90.80.4
200325.114.47.73.70.60.426.915.011.34.10.90.5
200425.714.77.84.00.60.427.315.111.14.40.90.5
200526.315.07.84.20.60.527.715.411.14.60.90.5
200626.815.37.94.40.70.528.115.711.14.80.90.5
200727.315.88.14.60.70.528.616.111.35.00.90.6
200827.916.48.34.90.70.529.116.611.65.20.90.6
200928.116.88.65.10.70.629.417.011.95.41.00.6
201028.517.28.95.30.70.629.617.312.25.51.00.7
201128.817.59.25.50.70.629.817.612.65.71.00.7
201229.017.89.55.80.70.730.017.713.05.91.00.7
201329.117.99.95.90.80.729.917.913.36.11.00.7
201429.318.210.26.20.80.729.918.013.76.21.00.7
201529.318.310.46.40.80.729.718.113.96.41.00.7
201629.118.210.66.60.80.729.418.014.06.61.00.8
201729.018.310.76.90.80.829.218.014.16.91.00.8
201829.018.410.97.10.80.829.118.014.17.11.10.8
201929.118.611.07.40.90.82918.214.17.41.10.8
202029.218.711.27.70.90.828.918.214.27.61.10.8
202129.418.910.58.10.90.828.918.413.08.11.20.8
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1990—2021年中国耐多药结核病负担趋势及其危险因素分析
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张馨月 , 王瑜 , 熊丽蓉
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(9): 1544-1549
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(9): 1544-1549
1990—2021年中国耐多药结核病负担趋势及其危险因素分析
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张馨月, 王瑜, 熊丽蓉
作者信息
  • 陆军军医大学第一附属医院药剂科,重庆 400038
  • 张馨月(1984—),女,大学本科,主管药师,研究方向:医院药学

通讯作者:

熊丽蓉,E-mail:
Trends and risk factor analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis burden in China from 1990 to 2021
Xin-yue ZHANG, Yu WANG, Li-rong XIONG
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412525
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目的

基于全球疾病负担数据库(GBD),探究中国耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)负担变化趋势及其危险因素。

方法

从GBD 2021数据库提取1990—2021年中国MDR-TB的发病、死亡和DALYs负担相关数据,并通过变化率和年估计变化百分比衡量其疾病负担变化趋势及危险因素。

结果

1990—2021年,中国MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率(ASIR)从1990年的3.450 4 (95%UI:0.941 5 ~ 9.445 5)/10万下降至1.493 2 (95%UI:0.254 4~4.658 6)/10万,年估计变化百分比(EAPC)为-6.6% (95%CI:-7.8%~-5.38%);年龄标准化DALYs率(ASDR)从1990年的40.455 (95%UI:9.522~116.180 5)/10万下降至5.107 7(95%UI:0.896 7~15.029 3) /10万,EAPC为-10.07% (95%CI:-11.24%~-8.89%); 年龄标准化死亡率(ASMR)从1990年的1.176(95%UI:0.269 1~3.425 3) /10万下降至0.146 9 (95%UI:0.024 6~0.427 2)/10万,EAPC为-10.03% (95%CI:-11.23%~-8.82%)。同期,发病病例数降幅为30.07%,DALYs数降幅为77.44%,死亡病例数降幅为71.3%。此外,中国MDR-TB存在显著的年龄和性别差异。1990—2021年,女性MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率、DALYs率和死亡率下降幅度均高于男性。1990—2021年,吸烟、饮酒、高空腹血糖和高体重指数对MDR-TB的DALYs和死亡贡献均较大,并且随着时间的推移,这些指标的贡献逐渐增加。

结论

1990—2021年,中国MDR-TB相关疾病负担呈显著下降趋势。需要关注≥60高龄人群和男性MDR-TB相关负担变化趋势,根据不同年龄和性别的特点结合主要危险因素,制定精准防控政策和措施,以有效降低我国MDR-TB的整体疾病负担。

耐多药结核病  /  疾病负担  /  变化趋势  /  老龄人群  /  EAPC模型
Objective

To explore the trends in the burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in China and its associated risk factors based on the Global Burden of Disease database (GBD).

Methods

Data on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to MDR-TB in China from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the GBD 2021 database. The trends in disease burden and risk factors were assessed using the rate of change and annual estimated percentage change.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of MDR-TB in China decreased from 3.4 504(95%UI: 0.9 415 to 9.4 455) per 100 000 to 1.4 932 (95%UI: 0.2 544 to 4.6 586) per 100 000, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -6.6 (95%CI: -7.8 to -5.38). The age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) fell from 40.455 (95%UI:9.522 to 116.1805) per 100 000 to 5.1077 (95%UI: 0.8967 to 15.0293) per 100 000, with an EAPC of -10.07 (95%CI: -11.24 to -8.89). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 1.176 (95%UI: 0.2691 to 3.4253) per 100 000 to 0.1469(95%UI: 0.0246 to 0.4272) per 100 000, with an EAPC of -10.03 (95%CI: -11.23 to -8.82). During the same period, the number of new cases decreased by 30.07%, the number of DALYs decreased by 77.44%, and the number of deaths decreased by 71.3%. Additionally, significant age and gender disparities were observed in the burden of MDR-TB in China. From 1990 to 2021, the declines in age-standardized incidence, DALY rates, and mortality rates were more pronounced in females than in males. Furthermore, smoking, alcohol consumption, high fasting blood glucose, and high body mass index were significant contributors to DALYs and mortality related to MDR-TB, with their contributions increasing over time.

Conclusion

There has been a significant downward trend in the burden of MDR-TB in China from 1990 to 2021. Attention should be given to the trends in MDR-TB burden among individuals aged 60 and above and males. Tailored prevention and control policies and measures should be developed based on the characteristics of different age groups and genders, along with the primary risk factors, to effectively reduce the overall disease burden of MDR-TB in China.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis  /  Disease burden  /  Trend analysis  /  Elderly population  /  EAPC model
张馨月, 王瑜, 熊丽蓉. 1990—2021年中国耐多药结核病负担趋势及其危险因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1544 -1549 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412525
Xin-yue ZHANG, Yu WANG, Li-rong XIONG. Trends and risk factor analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis burden in China from 1990 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (9) : 1544 -1549 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412525
近年来,抗结核药物耐药性问题已经成为全球结核病控制所面临的重大挑战[1]。耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)指感染的结核分枝杆菌至少同时对两种最有效的抗结核药物(异烟肼和利福平)耐药的结核病,其治疗周期长,治疗成本高,治愈率相对较低,且病死率较高[2-3]。据估计,MDR-TB的流行消耗了全球应对结核病项目费用的47%,其导致的死亡占全球所有抗菌药物耐药性相关死亡的13%[4]。MDR-TB作为耐药结核病的主要类型,其发展趋势对于制定结核病控制和防治策略具有重要的参考价值[5-6]。研究指出,大约有1 900万人存在潜伏性MDR-TB感染,并面临激活的风险[7]。此外,吸烟、饮酒、高空腹血糖(HFPG)等风险因素已被确认为对MDR-TB不良结果有影响,尤其是在MDR-TB负担较重的国家[8]
我国作为全球结核病及耐药结核病高负担国家之一,面临着严峻的MDR-TB挑战。据估计,2023年我国耐药结核病病例数将位居全球第五[4]。因此,对我国MDR-TB负担和流行病学趋势的评估有助于调整这一群体结核病防控策略和政策措施。本研究基于2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden Disease 2021,GBD 2021)数据库,分析1990—2021年中国MDR-TB的疾病负担、变化趋势以及危险因素,为制定MDR-TB精准防治策略和措施提供科学依据。
本研究数据来源于GBD 2021数据库[9-10],MDR-TB用代码U84.3表示[9]。本研究提取我国1990—2021年不同性别、年龄人群MDR-TB的发病、死亡和伤残调整寿命年(disability adjusted life years,DALYs)指标进行疾病负担分析[9]
MDR-TB疾病分析指标包括发病病例数、死亡病例数、DALYs病例数及其95%不确定区间(uncertainty intervals,UI),以及对应的年龄标准化发病率、年龄标准化死亡率和年龄标准化DALYs率,其中年龄标准化率采用GBD 2021世界标准人口进行标准化。
GBD 2021危险因素分析使用了来自54 561个不同来源的数据,生成了88个危险因素及其相关健康结果的疾病负担评估[10]。已知的MDR-TB死亡危险因素包括吸烟、饮酒、高空腹血糖、高体重指数、身体活动不足和高加工肉类,本研究采用年龄标准化死亡率和年龄标准化DALYs评估其对MDR-TB的归因负担。
计算年估计变化百分比(estimated annual percentage changes,EAPC)及其95% CI评估1990—2021年MDR-TB年龄标准化率的变化趋势。当EAPC及其95%CI的下限>0时,表示呈上升趋势;反之呈下降趋势;当95%CI包含0,则表示趋势变化无统计学上意义。同时,采用百分比变化来反映2021年MDR-TB发病、死亡和DALYs病例数相较于1990年的变化趋势。
本研究中数据的整理和图表绘制均在R软件(版本4.3.1)中完成,利用ggplot2包进行可视化展示,然后在Excel中完成数据的最终整理,并在Adobe Illustrator软件(版本CS5)和Adobe Photoshop (版本25.3.1)中进行编辑。检验水准α=0.05。
1990—2021年,中国MDR-TB发病病例数从1990年的36 368 (95%UI:9 803~99 333)例下降至2021年的25 431 (95%UI:4 308~78 864)例,降幅为30.07%(95%CI:-90.96%~237%);DALYs从1990年的411 831 (95%UI:96 960~1 180 946)人年下降至2021年的92 929 (95%UI:16 209~274 724)人年,降幅为77.44% (95%CI:-96.49%~5.2%);死亡病例数从1990年的10 024 (95%UI:2 298~29 392)例下降至2021年的2 876 (95%UI:480~8 389)例,降幅为71.3%(95%CI:-95.53%~29%)。同一时期,中国MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率从1990年的3.450 4(95%UI:0.941 5~9.445 5) /10万下降至1.493 2(95%UI:0.254 4~4.658 6) /10万,EAPC为-6.6% (95%CI:-7.8%~-5.38%);年龄标准化DALYs率从1990年的40.455(95%UI:9.522~116.180 5)/10万下降至5.1077(95%UI:0.896 7~15.029 3)/10万,EAPC为-10.07%(95%CI:-11.24%~-8.89%)。年龄标准化死亡率从1990年的1.176 (95%UI:0.269 1~3.425 3)/10万下降至0.146 9 (95%UI:0.024 6~0.427 2)/10万,EAPC为-10.03%(95%CI:-11.23%~-8.82%)。见表13
1990—2021年,中国女性发病人数降幅为42.91%,男性的降幅为20.87 %;女性DALYs降幅为85.03%,男性的降幅为72.08%;女性死亡人数降幅为80.09%,男性的降幅为65.56%。同一时期,中国女性MDR-TB的年龄标准化发病率呈下降趋势,EAPC为-7.09 %(95%CI:-8.3%~-5.87%),而男性的EAPC为-6.3 %(95%CI:-7.5%~-5.08%);年龄标准化DALYs率呈下降趋势,EAPC为-11.32 %(95%CI:-12.51%~-10.12%),而男性的EAPC为-9.39 %(95%CI:-10.56%~-8.21%); 年龄标准化死亡率呈下降趋势,EAPC为-11.24% (95%CI:-12.44%~-10.02%),而男性的EAPC为-9.43% (95%CI:-10.64%~-8.2%)。见表13
1990—2021年,发病病例数的变化范围为-85.26%~59.64%;DALYs数变化范围为-98.11%~-21.41%;死亡病例数的变化范围为-98.46 %~-27.34%。中国MDR-TB大多数年龄段的病例数均呈下降趋势,见图1。然而,45~49、50~54、55~59、65~69、70~74、75~79和≥80岁这几个年龄段的发病病例数呈上升趋势,增幅分别为2.27 %、9.79%、2.02% 、36.95 %、27.01 %、9.92 %、59.64 %,见图1A。1990—2021年,MDR-TB不同年龄段相关的发病率、DALYs率和死亡率均呈下降趋势,见图1B,其中<5岁年龄段的下降趋势最为显著,发病率、DALYs率和死亡率的EAPC分别为-8.81%、-14.3%、-14.76%。2021年,中国各年龄段的发病率、DALYs率和死亡率呈现出相似的模式,随着年龄的增长呈“√型”趋势,即先下降后上升趋势,并在80+时达峰值,见图2
本研究分析了1990—2021年,吸烟、饮酒、高空腹血糖、高体重指数、身体活动不足和高红肉饮食对MDR-TB的DALYs和死亡的影响。结果显示,吸烟和饮酒是主要的危险因素,而高空腹血糖和高体重指数是贡献程度上升最快的危险因素。吸烟和饮酒导致的MDR-TB的DALYs百分比从1990年的20.4%、11.9%上升至2021年的29.4%、18.9%;高空腹血糖、高体重指数导致的MDR-TB的DALYs百分比从1990年的5%、2%分别上升至2021年的10.5%、8.1%。吸烟、饮酒导致的MDR-TB的死亡百分比从1990年的25.6%、14.1%上升至2021年的28.9%、18.4%;高空腹血糖、高体重指数导致的MDR-TB的死亡百分比从1990年的8.1%、2.6%上升至2021年的13%、8.1%。见表4
MDR-TB的长期传染性、低治愈率给患者及其家庭带来了沉重的负担,并对社会造成了显著的负面影响,已成为当前结核病防治领域面临的主要挑战[3,11]。据统计,2022年我国MDR-TB/利福平耐药结核病估算发病数达到3万例,而治疗成功率仅为52.00% ~59.04%[12]。因此,深入了解我国MDR-TB的疾病负担以及可归因危险因素的现状、演变趋势,对于卫生行政部门制定更加精准的防控策略具有至关重要的意义。
本研究发现,1990—2021年,我国MDR-TB发病率、DALY率和死亡率均呈明显下降趋势,下降趋势均高于世界不同收入地区[13]。这可能归因于自上世纪90年代起我国实施的现代结核病控制策略,以及持续构建较为完善的结核病防治服务体系。此外,政府推行的多项国家级举措,包括减贫、改善营养、吸烟问题、加强卫生基础设施建设,特别是在农村地区建立了新的医疗保健系统[14],对遏制MDR-TB的传播也产生了积极影响。
我国MDR-TB相关负担存在明显的性别差异。与现有研究结果[25-6]一致。1990—2021年女性的年龄标准化发病率、DALYs率和死亡率下降趋势均高于男性,有必要加强男性MDR-TB筛查比例及健康宣讲。
本研究还显示,1990—2021年,我国≥45岁以上人群的年龄标准化发病率呈上升趋势,而≥65岁以上人群上升趋势增幅更为明显。2023年WHO报告显示,减轻≥50岁人群的疾病负担对于实现结核病终结目标至关重要,因为这一人群占全球结核病负担比例大,而取得的进展甚微[2]。我国现有研究显示,老年MDR-TB治疗成功率为23.6%~38.3%,远低于全人群的总体治愈率[15]。随着我国老龄化进程的进一步加剧,老年人口比重将持续增加,老年MDR-TB的负担不容忽视[16]。应加强这一群体的精细化患者管理,包括重视规范治疗流程;加强疑似病例的筛查与诊断,及时识别耐药患者,阻断其传播链条;确保充足的药物供给、以及为更多的耐药结核病患者提供医疗保障等措施,从而实现对老年MDR-TB患者的精准防控。
研究结果显示,吸烟和饮酒是导致MDR-TB DALYs率和死亡率的主要因素。我国是烟草和酒精消耗大国,如何实施有效的烟草和酒精控制措施将是减少MDR-TB负担的最有效的长期战略[17]。此外,高空腹血糖和高体重指数对MDR-TB的DALYs率和死亡率贡献程度增长速度最快。这可能与生活方式的改变导致代谢相关危险因素的暴露增加有关。不健康的生活方式,如高盐、高糖和高脂肪的饮食习惯会显著增加糖尿病和肥胖的发病率。研究显示[18-19],我国糖尿病和肥胖患者分别达到1.41亿人和0.85亿人,这两种疾病均是MDR-TB的重要危险因素,可明显增加MDR-TB的DALYs和死亡风险。因此,在代谢风险高的区域,应强调常规双向筛查和综合管理的重要性。此外,体力运动不足和高红肉饮食也加剧了上述风险,可通过加强健康教育水平,改善居民不良生活方式,适当加强运动等方式有效降低MDR-TB的疾病负担。
本研究存在一定局限性。首先,本研究中GBD 2021数据库的数据主要来源于疾病报告和医疗机构,这可能导致数据不完整或不准确,对负担评估产生偏差。其次,全面评估疾病负担需要更广泛地考虑经济、家庭和社会因素。最后,GBD数据具有滞后性,建议整合其他数据源和实地调查,更准确和全面评估当前的疾病负担。
综上,1990—2021年我国MDR-TB的发病、DALYs和死亡的年龄标准化率总体呈明显下降趋势,性别和年龄之间存在较大差异。吸烟和饮酒是MDR-TB DALYs率和死亡率最主要的危险因素,而高空腹血糖和高体重指数是以上疾病负担贡献程度上升趋势最快的危险因素。因此,为实现我国MDR-TB的有效防控,亟需在男性及老年人群中制定更有针对性的防控策略。应不断完善MDR-TB防治服务体系,并有效控制可归因危险因素,减少我国MDR-TB疾病负担,以帮助实现长期控制和最终消除结核病的目标。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82102448)
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2025年第52卷第9期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412525
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82102448)
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    陆军军医大学第一附属医院药剂科,重庆 400038

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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