Article(id=1240730058864775777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773742697682, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773742697682, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773742697682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742697682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240730050669113883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773742695728, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742807836, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1469, endPage=1475, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240730059590390436, articleId=1240730058864775777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Sequencing analysis of gene mutation sites of fluoroquinolone-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) drugs at the genetic level, the whole genome sequencing of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mtb induced in vitro and clinical isolates was conducted.

Methods

Mtb standard strain H37Rv was induced into standard levofloxacin (LFX) resistant strain and high-level drug-resistant strain in LJ medium by concentration gradient induction method in vitro. The induced strains and drug-free control strains of each generation were collected and preserved. FQs-resistant strains in clinical isolates were screened, and the sensitivity of the induced strains and clinical isolates to 14 anti-tuberculosis drugs was detected by liquid microplate method, and then the whole genome was sequenced and analyzed.

Results

The analysis of LFX-resistant Mtb model found that the resistance of Mtb to FQs drugs may be related to gene mutations, gyrB (Ala504Thr, Asp461Asn), gyrA (Ala90Val), PE_PGRS31 (Ala395fs), panB (Asp184_Ala187del), aroD (Asp61Asn), devS (Gly348Arg) and rv3446c (Ala178Thr). GWAS analysis of clinical isolates detected 17 new mutation sites that may be related to FQs drug resistance, namely gyrA(p.Glu21Gln, p.Gly668Asp, p.Ser95Thr, p.Glu213Asp, p.His280Arg, p.Ala384Val), gyrB(er132Ala, p.Met291Ile), PE_PGRS31(p.Ser365Phe, p.Pro254Leu, p.Thr252Ile, p.Val352Ile), rv3446c(p.Arg284Pro, p.Leu389Phe, p.Ala164Val) anddevS(p.Val307Ala, p.Ile283Thr).

Conclusion

The LFX-resistant Mtb model constructed in this study provides an ideal biological model for exploring the mechanism of Mtb drug resistance to FQs. Whole genome sequencing has analyzed the mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to fluoroquinolones from the gene level, and the obtained new mutation sites related to fluoroquinolone resistance still need to be further studied and verified.

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目的

通过对体外诱导产生和临床分离的氟喹诺酮类耐药结核分枝杆菌进行全基因组测序,从基因水平上探索结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。

方法

在体外采用药物浓度梯度诱导法,在罗氏培养基上将结核分枝杆菌标准菌株H37Rv诱导成标准耐左氧氟沙星的菌株及高水平耐药菌株,收集并保存各代的诱导菌株及无药对照菌株。筛选临床分离株中的氟喹诺酮类耐药菌株,并用液体微孔板法对上述诱导菌株和临床分离菌株进行14种抗结核药物敏感性检测,然后进行全基因组测序及分析。

结果

对左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌模型进行分析发现,结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性可能与gyrB(Ala504Thr,Asp461Asn)、gyrA(Ala90Val)、PE_PGRS31(Ala395fs)、panB(Asp184_Ala187del)、aroD(Asp61Asn)、devS(Gly348Arg)和rv3446c(Ala178Thr)基因突变有关;临床分离菌株全基因组关联分析检测到17个可能与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药相关的新突变位点,分别为gyrA(p.Glu21Gln,p.Gly668Asp,p.Ser95Thr,p.Glu213Asp,p.His280Arg,p.Ala384Val)、gyrB(er132Ala,p.Met291Ile)、PE_PGRS31(p.Ser365Phe,p.Pro254Leu,p.Thr252Ile,p.Val352Ile)、rv3446c(p.Arg284Pro,p.Leu389Phe,p.Ala164Val)和devS(p.Val307Ala,p.Ile283Thr)。

结论

本研究构建的左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌模型为探索结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制提供了理想的生物模型;全基因组测序从基因水平上分析了结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制,所得与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药相关的新突变位点仍需进一步的研究与验证。

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魏文静,E-mail:
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张晨晨(1987—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:结核分枝杆菌的耐药性检测

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张晨晨(1987—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:结核分枝杆菌的耐药性检测

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Journal of Infection, 2010, 61(2): 150-154., articleTitle=Mutation characterization of gyrA and gyrB genes in levofloxacin-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Guangdong Province in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070737356804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=11, pageStart=1422, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Uddin M, Ather MF, Nasrin R, journalName=Pathogens, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Uddin M, Ather MF, Nasrin R, et al. Correlation of gyr mutations with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones amongmultidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Bangladesh[J]. Pathogens, 2021, 10(11): 1422., articleTitle=Correlation of gyr mutations with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones amongmultidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Bangladesh, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070737444884952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=58, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Chaiyachat P, Chaiprasert A, Nonghanphithak D, journalName=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chaiyachat P, Chaiprasert A, Nonghanphithak D, et al. Whole-genome analysis of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals novel mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance[J]. 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注:①2-4、2-3、2-2、2-1、20倍临界MIC,②临界MIC,③21倍临界MIC,④22倍临界MIC,⑤23倍临界MIC。

, figureFileSmall=kE9UmEyZmJA5RPIV5uyXQw==, figureFileBig=MP/APWkKVX0S/7/WTUFU2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241070730708832467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Susceptibility of induced LFX-resistant Mtb to 14 anti-tuberculosis drugs (mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株INHSMEMBOFXMFXAKMKMCAPPTOPASRBURIFLFXPZA
MIC=0.2MIC=2MIC=5MIC=2MIC=0.5MIC=1MIC=5MIC=2MIC=2.5MIC=1MIC=0.5MIC=1MIC=2MIC=100
P1<0.02521.2510.2512.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25<0.5<50
P2<0.025<0.250.62<0.25<0.06<0.251.25<0.5<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25<0.5<50
P30.212.520.5152<0.62<0.50.250.52<50
P40.20.52.54112.52<0.621<0.12<0.254<50
P50.10.51.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P60.10.51.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P70.111.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P8<0.025<0.25<0.3181<0.25<0.62<0.5<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.254<50
P90.111.251620.552<0.62<0.5<0.120.58<50
P100.112.51620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P110.111.2516212.52<0.621<0.120.58<50
P120.512.5162152<0.622<0.1218<50
P130.11>20>16>4152<0.6220.2518<50
P140.111.258112.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.254<50
P15<0.02511.25162152<0.62<0.50.2518<50
P160.121.25>162152<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.2516<50
P170.111.25>16>4152<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P180.212.5>16>40.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.120.5>16<50
P190.10.51.25>16>4<0.252.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P20<0.025<0.251.25>16>40.51.251<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P210.222.51620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.120.58<50
P220.522.5>16>412.51<0.621<0.120.5>16<50
P230.0511.25>16>412.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P240.522.5>16>412.51<0.62<0.5<0.121>16<50
P250.111.25>16>40.51.252<0.621<0.12<0.25>16<50
), ArticleFig(id=1241070730864021723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

诱导的左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌对14种抗结核药物的敏感性(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株INHSMEMBOFXMFXAKMKMCAPPTOPASRBURIFLFXPZA
MIC=0.2MIC=2MIC=5MIC=2MIC=0.5MIC=1MIC=5MIC=2MIC=2.5MIC=1MIC=0.5MIC=1MIC=2MIC=100
P1<0.02521.2510.2512.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25<0.5<50
P2<0.025<0.250.62<0.25<0.06<0.251.25<0.5<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25<0.5<50
P30.212.520.5152<0.62<0.50.250.52<50
P40.20.52.54112.52<0.621<0.12<0.254<50
P50.10.51.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P60.10.51.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P70.111.251620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P8<0.025<0.25<0.3181<0.25<0.62<0.5<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.254<50
P90.111.251620.552<0.62<0.5<0.120.58<50
P100.112.51620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.258<50
P110.111.2516212.52<0.621<0.120.58<50
P120.512.5162152<0.622<0.1218<50
P130.11>20>16>4152<0.6220.2518<50
P140.111.258112.52<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.254<50
P15<0.02511.25162152<0.62<0.50.2518<50
P160.121.25>162152<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.2516<50
P170.111.25>16>4152<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P180.212.5>16>40.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.120.5>16<50
P190.10.51.25>16>4<0.252.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P20<0.025<0.251.25>16>40.51.251<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P210.222.51620.52.52<0.62<0.5<0.120.58<50
P220.522.5>16>412.51<0.621<0.120.5>16<50
P230.0511.25>16>412.51<0.62<0.5<0.12<0.25>16<50
P240.522.5>16>412.51<0.62<0.5<0.121>16<50
P250.111.25>16>40.51.252<0.621<0.12<0.25>16<50
), ArticleFig(id=1241070730964685027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gene mutations associated with drug resistance in LFX-resistant Mtb models obtained by whole genome sequencing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Rv0005Rv0005Rv0006Rv1768
gyrBgyrBgyrAPE_PGRS31
核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸
P1
P2
P3G1510AAla504Thr
P4G1510AAla504Thr
P5G1510AAla504Thr
P6G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P7G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P8G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P9G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P10G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P11G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P12G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P13G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P14G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P15G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P16G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P17G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P18G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P19G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P20G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P21G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC1184CGAla395fs
P22G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P23G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P24G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P25G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
菌株Rv2225Rv2537cRv3132cRv3446c
panBaroDdevS
核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸
P1
P2
P3CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P4CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P5CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P6CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P7CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P8CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P9CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P10CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P11CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P12CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P13CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P14CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P15CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P16CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P17CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P18CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P19CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P20CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P21CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P22CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P23CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P24CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P25CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
), ArticleFig(id=1241070732483023082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

全基因组测序所得左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌模型中与耐药性相关的基因突变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Rv0005Rv0005Rv0006Rv1768
gyrBgyrBgyrAPE_PGRS31
核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸
P1
P2
P3G1510AAla504Thr
P4G1510AAla504Thr
P5G1510AAla504Thr
P6G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P7G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P8G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P9G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P10G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P11G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P12G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P13G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P14G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P15G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P16G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504Thr
P17G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P18G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P19G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P20G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P21G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC1184CGAla395fs
P22G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P23G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P24G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
P25G1381AAsp461AsnG1510AAla504ThrC269TAla90ValC1184CGAla395fs
菌株Rv2225Rv2537cRv3132cRv3446c
panBaroDdevS
核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸核苷酸氨基酸
P1
P2
P3CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P4CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P5CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P6CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P7CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P8CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P9CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P10CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P11CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P12CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P13CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P14CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P15CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P16CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P17CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P18CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P19CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P20CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P21CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187del
P22CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P23CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P24CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
P25CATCGCCGACGCG551CAsp184_Ala187delC181TAsp61AsnC1042GGly348ArgC532TAla178Thr
), ArticleFig(id=1241070732562714866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mutations of genes associated with FQs resistance in clinically isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型基因突变突变菌株数量(n百分比(%)
经典突变gyrA p.Asp94Asn37.32
gyrA p.Asp94Gly1229.27
gyrA p.Asp94Ala37.32
gyrA p.Asp94Tyr24.88
gyrA p.Ala90Val717.07
katG p.Thr380Ile12.44
katG p.Ser315Thr12.44
embB p.Asp354Ala12.44
rrs r.462c>t12.44
rrs r.799c>t12.44
新发突变gyrA p.Glu21Gln41100.00
gyrA p.Gly668Asp41100.00
gyrA p.Ser95Thr1946.34
gyrA p.Glu213Asp12.44
gyrA p.His280Arg12.44
gyrA p.Ala384Val12.44
gyrB er132Ala12.44
gyrB p.Met291Ile12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Ser365Phe717.07
PE_PGRS31 p.Pro254Leu12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Thr252Ile12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Val352Ile12.44
rv3446c p.Arg284Pro2253.66
rv3446c p.Leu389Phe12.44
rv3446c p.Ala164Val12.44
devS p.Val307Ala24.88
devS p.Ile283Thr12.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241070732650795257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730058864775777, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

临床分离结核分枝杆菌中与氟喹诺酮类耐药相关基因突变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型基因突变突变菌株数量(n百分比(%)
经典突变gyrA p.Asp94Asn37.32
gyrA p.Asp94Gly1229.27
gyrA p.Asp94Ala37.32
gyrA p.Asp94Tyr24.88
gyrA p.Ala90Val717.07
katG p.Thr380Ile12.44
katG p.Ser315Thr12.44
embB p.Asp354Ala12.44
rrs r.462c>t12.44
rrs r.799c>t12.44
新发突变gyrA p.Glu21Gln41100.00
gyrA p.Gly668Asp41100.00
gyrA p.Ser95Thr1946.34
gyrA p.Glu213Asp12.44
gyrA p.His280Arg12.44
gyrA p.Ala384Val12.44
gyrB er132Ala12.44
gyrB p.Met291Ile12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Ser365Phe717.07
PE_PGRS31 p.Pro254Leu12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Thr252Ile12.44
PE_PGRS31 p.Val352Ile12.44
rv3446c p.Arg284Pro2253.66
rv3446c p.Leu389Phe12.44
rv3446c p.Ala164Val12.44
devS p.Val307Ala24.88
devS p.Ile283Thr12.44
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氟喹诺酮类药物耐结核分枝杆菌基因突变位点的测序分析
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张晨晨 , 郭卉欣 , 赵雨川 , 彭柯皓 , 徐镠粤 , 余美玲 , 魏文静
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(8): 1469-1475
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(8): 1469-1475
氟喹诺酮类药物耐结核分枝杆菌基因突变位点的测序分析
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张晨晨, 郭卉欣, 赵雨川, 彭柯皓, 徐镠粤, 余美玲, 魏文静
作者信息
  • 广东省结核病控制中心结核病研究所,广东 广州 510630
  • 张晨晨(1987—),女,硕士,主管技师,研究方向:结核分枝杆菌的耐药性检测

通讯作者:

魏文静,E-mail:
Sequencing analysis of gene mutation sites of fluoroquinolone-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis
Chen-chen ZHANG, Hui-xin GUO, Yu-chuan ZHAO, Ke-hao PENG, Liu-yue XU, Mei-ling YU, Wen-jing WEI
Affiliations
  • Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205
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目的

通过对体外诱导产生和临床分离的氟喹诺酮类耐药结核分枝杆菌进行全基因组测序,从基因水平上探索结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。

方法

在体外采用药物浓度梯度诱导法,在罗氏培养基上将结核分枝杆菌标准菌株H37Rv诱导成标准耐左氧氟沙星的菌株及高水平耐药菌株,收集并保存各代的诱导菌株及无药对照菌株。筛选临床分离株中的氟喹诺酮类耐药菌株,并用液体微孔板法对上述诱导菌株和临床分离菌株进行14种抗结核药物敏感性检测,然后进行全基因组测序及分析。

结果

对左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌模型进行分析发现,结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性可能与gyrB(Ala504Thr,Asp461Asn)、gyrA(Ala90Val)、PE_PGRS31(Ala395fs)、panB(Asp184_Ala187del)、aroD(Asp61Asn)、devS(Gly348Arg)和rv3446c(Ala178Thr)基因突变有关;临床分离菌株全基因组关联分析检测到17个可能与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药相关的新突变位点,分别为gyrA(p.Glu21Gln,p.Gly668Asp,p.Ser95Thr,p.Glu213Asp,p.His280Arg,p.Ala384Val)、gyrB(er132Ala,p.Met291Ile)、PE_PGRS31(p.Ser365Phe,p.Pro254Leu,p.Thr252Ile,p.Val352Ile)、rv3446c(p.Arg284Pro,p.Leu389Phe,p.Ala164Val)和devS(p.Val307Ala,p.Ile283Thr)。

结论

本研究构建的左氧氟沙星耐药结核分枝杆菌模型为探索结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制提供了理想的生物模型;全基因组测序从基因水平上分析了结核分枝杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制,所得与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药相关的新突变位点仍需进一步的研究与验证。

结核分枝杆菌  /  左氧氟沙星  /  氟喹诺酮类药物  /  耐药  /  基因突变
Objective

To explore the mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) drugs at the genetic level, the whole genome sequencing of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mtb induced in vitro and clinical isolates was conducted.

Methods

Mtb standard strain H37Rv was induced into standard levofloxacin (LFX) resistant strain and high-level drug-resistant strain in LJ medium by concentration gradient induction method in vitro. The induced strains and drug-free control strains of each generation were collected and preserved. FQs-resistant strains in clinical isolates were screened, and the sensitivity of the induced strains and clinical isolates to 14 anti-tuberculosis drugs was detected by liquid microplate method, and then the whole genome was sequenced and analyzed.

Results

The analysis of LFX-resistant Mtb model found that the resistance of Mtb to FQs drugs may be related to gene mutations, gyrB (Ala504Thr, Asp461Asn), gyrA (Ala90Val), PE_PGRS31 (Ala395fs), panB (Asp184_Ala187del), aroD (Asp61Asn), devS (Gly348Arg) and rv3446c (Ala178Thr). GWAS analysis of clinical isolates detected 17 new mutation sites that may be related to FQs drug resistance, namely gyrA(p.Glu21Gln, p.Gly668Asp, p.Ser95Thr, p.Glu213Asp, p.His280Arg, p.Ala384Val), gyrB(er132Ala, p.Met291Ile), PE_PGRS31(p.Ser365Phe, p.Pro254Leu, p.Thr252Ile, p.Val352Ile), rv3446c(p.Arg284Pro, p.Leu389Phe, p.Ala164Val) anddevS(p.Val307Ala, p.Ile283Thr).

Conclusion

The LFX-resistant Mtb model constructed in this study provides an ideal biological model for exploring the mechanism of Mtb drug resistance to FQs. Whole genome sequencing has analyzed the mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to fluoroquinolones from the gene level, and the obtained new mutation sites related to fluoroquinolone resistance still need to be further studied and verified.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis  /  Levofloxacin  /  Fluoroquinolones  /  Drug resistance  /  Gene mutation
张晨晨, 郭卉欣, 赵雨川, 彭柯皓, 徐镠粤, 余美玲, 魏文静. 氟喹诺酮类药物耐结核分枝杆菌基因突变位点的测序分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1469 -1475 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205
Chen-chen ZHANG, Hui-xin GUO, Yu-chuan ZHAO, Ke-hao PENG, Liu-yue XU, Mei-ling YU, Wen-jing WEI. Sequencing analysis of gene mutation sites of fluoroquinolone-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1469 -1475 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205
结核病(Tuberculosis,TB)是因感染结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)而引起的一种慢性传染病,结核病可侵袭机体多组织、器官,其中以肺部结核病最为常见。临床治疗肺结核以西药为主,近年来,随着耐药结核病,尤其是耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant TB,MDR-TB)的流行,给全球结核病防治工作提出了巨大的挑战。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)公布的《2023年全球结核病报告》显示,2022年全球有1 060万新发结核病患者,其中利福平耐药/耐多药结核病(RR-/MDR-TB)患者41万(3.9%),新患者中RR-/MDR-TB患者的比例为3.3%、复治患者中的比例为17%[1]
氟喹诺酮类(Fluoroquinolones,FQs)药物是一类广谱强活性抗菌药物,尤其是左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LFX)和莫西沙星(Moxifloxacin,MFX),因其较于其他一线抗结核药物耐药率更低、副作用更少、吸收快和组织透过率高而被广泛应用于治疗结核病,同时也是WHO推荐的用于治疗RR-/MDR-TB的首选A组化疗抗结核药物[2]。但Mtb对FQs药物的耐药性也随之不断增加,尽管Mtb对FQs产生临床耐药性的主要原因是gyrA、gyrB基因突变,其在FQs临床耐药株中占比60%~90%[3],但仍有一部分FQs临床耐药株的这两个基因没有发生突变,这表明Mtb中存在其他与FQs耐药相关的基因和机制。由于不同来源的Mtb的遗传背景[4]和环境因素会对Mtb的基因型和耐药性产生影响,所以目前不同国家和地区关于Mtb的FQs耐药基因突变位点、突变类型及突变频率的报道存在较大差异[3, 5-7]。为了克服上述不足并明确结核分枝杆菌在体外耐药变化的系统进化过程,本研究以LFX作为诱导剂,在体外采用药物浓度梯度诱导法构建了Mtb对LFX耐药模型并从临床样本中分离获得了氟喹诺酮类耐药结核分枝杆菌菌株,结合全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing, WGS)技术,期望能发现更多新的Mtb对FQs耐药相关基因,深入探索Mtb对FQs药物的耐药机制,以促进耐药性分子诊断产品的研发与药物更新换代。
本研究所用Mtb标准菌株H37Rv为广东省结核病控制中心参比实验室保藏菌株;FQs耐药临床分离菌株均从本中心生物样本信息库中筛选获得,并用液体微孔板法进行药物敏感性试验复核。
挑取H37Rv单克隆菌株用于实验室条件下诱导耐LFX的Mtb菌株,该菌株视为初代菌株P0代。即将P0代菌株接种于中性罗氏培养基上进行扩大培养,采用WHO推荐的改良罗氏固体药敏试验中LFX的临界浓度(2.0 mg/L),进行连续的浓度梯度稀释,即得到不同的药浓度20、2-1、2-2、2-3、2-4。同时用无药罗氏中性培养基作为对照。随后将P0代菌株分别接种在不同浓度的LFX培养基上,37 ℃培养4周,记录各浓度培养基上菌株的生长状况;挑选生长状态较好的菌株进行下一轮传代,所有药物浓度梯度提高1倍。依此类推,筛选出每一代生长良好的菌株,连续传代,直至筛选的阳性克隆株的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)达到WHO推荐的LFX耐药临界浓度。为进一步探索Mtb获得高水平LFX耐药的机制,继续给予上述诱导成功的标准菌株21、22、23倍药物浓度压力刺激,从而建立LFX连续诱导的Mtb耐药动态变化模型,这有助于分析Mtb在LFX药物压力下的遗传进化和耐药机制。在-80 ℃条件下,保留每一代产生的诱导菌株及对照菌株用于后续实验分析。
用结核分枝杆菌药敏试剂盒(广东珠海,贝索,货号:BC8001)对本研究中的所有诱导菌株和临床分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,检测其MIC及交叉耐药情况。试剂盒所含14种抗结核药物及MIC值分别为利福平(rifampicin,RIF,1.0 mg/L)、异烟肼(isoniazid,INH,0.2 mg/L)、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol,EMB,5.0 mg/L)、吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide,PZA,100 mg/L)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFX,2.0 mg/L)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LFX,2.0 mg/L)、链霉素(streptomycin,SM,2.0 mg/L)、莫西沙星(moxifloxacin,MFX,0.5 mg/L)、卡那霉素(kanamycin,KM,5.0 mg/L)、阿米卡星(amikacin,AKM,1.0 mg/L)、对氨基水杨酸(para-aminosalicylic acid,PAS,2.0 mg/L)、丙硫异烟胺(prothionamide,PTO,2.5 mg/L)、卷曲霉素(capreomycin,CAP,2.0 mg/L)和利福布丁(rifabutin,RBU,0.5 mg/L)。所有实验操作严格按照试剂盒说明书执行,37 ℃,静置培养10 d后读取试验结果。
参考已有研究,用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)法提取并纯化结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA[8]。为了保证测序数据的准确性和可靠性,使用TruSeq DNA试剂盒(Illumina,Inc.)对菌株的基因组DNA进行处理,构建用于全基因组测序的PCR-free DNA文库,所有操作步骤严格按照说明书执行,随后使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台进行测序。
①测序原始数据质控:原始序列的平均Q20 rate为98.0%。采用FASTP软件(V0.20.0)对原始数据(Raw data)进行过滤,得到有效数据(clean data)的平均长度为142 bp,Q20 rate为98.9%。
②基因组比对分析:用Snippy软件(v4.4.3)将clean data比对到H37Rv参考基因组(NC_000962.3),然后进行突变分析。每个样本平均生成520Mb的数据,平均测序深度230×,Mtb基因组覆盖度为99.5%。
③遗传距离分析:经Snippy分析获得目的基因组的所有的核苷酸突变,包含单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)、短的核苷酸插入或缺失突变等,所用参数均为默认参数。除去基因组上的重复区域(包括PE-PPE、PE-PGRS和转座子序列等),通过IQ-Tree(http://www.iqtree.org)对全基因组的SNP比对进行系统发育分析。
所有测序原始数据已上传至Sequence Read Archive(SRA)公共数据库,BioProject编号为PRJNA883019 和PRJNA866200。
体外诱导耐LFX菌株耐药进化分析步骤如下:①背景去除:利用BCF工具将第一株菌株的突变列表(VCF文件)合并到两组样本中,提取两组样本中的突变位点作为背景位点。然后使用bedtool从剩余菌株的原始突变列表中去除这些位点的突变,即获得去除背景的突变列表。②对于每株耐药菌株,从已去除背景的突变列表中提取突变频率≥1%且突变序列数(read number)≥5的位点,并对所有菌株的突变位点进行合并,用freebayes(参数设置:-p2-P --min-coverage 10 --min-repeat-entropy 1.0 -q13-m60 --strict-vcf --report-monomorphic-C5-F 0.05)从BAM文件中提取每个样本在每个位点的基因型、测序深度、野生型序列数和突变序列数。
本研究采用全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide association study,GWAS)方法成功鉴定了结核分枝杆菌在药物压力下产生的核苷酸变异和基因座[9-10]。使用Pyseer(v1.3.9)对临床分离的Mtb进行GWAS分析,输入文件包括:包含所有临床样本基因组变异(包括SNPs和短的缺失突变)的VCF文件、记录所有临床分离株耐药表型的文本文件和由嵌入脚本phylogeny_distance计算的成对距离矩阵。所采用的两种检测方法分别为:对单个位点(locus test)进行检测,参数设置为--max-dimensions 6 --min-af 0.01,lrt-pvalue阈值为4.49e-5;对单个基因(burden test)进行检测,参数设置为--max-dimensions 6 --min-af 0.001,lrt-pvalue阈值为9.44e-6,最后通过R语言的qqman(v3.2.3)软件包绘制分析结果。
为了进一步分析和验证基因突变与Mtb对LFX耐药之间的关系,随着LFX浓度的增加,在体外诱导产生了不同耐药水平的LFX耐药菌株。在诱导过程中,保留每一代诱导菌株的阳性克隆及其无药罗氏培养基上的对照菌株,建立Mtb对LFX耐药的动态模型(图1),有助于分析在药物压力下基因进化和Mtb菌株的耐药机制。P3代Mtb对LFX产生耐药性,但菌落生长状态较差,继续在罗氏含药培养基上进行连续培养至P6代,直至菌落生长状态与无药对照组相似。为稳定LFX耐药性状,继续培养四代,至P10代获得LFX临界耐药的Mtb菌株。为进一步研究Mtb获得高水平LFX耐药的机制,继续对P10代菌株进行高浓度LFX的诱导培养,最终获得了对应耐高浓度LFX的Mtb菌株,分别为P17、P20和P25代。
用结核分枝杆菌药敏试剂盒对体外诱导产生的所有耐LFX的Mtb菌株进行药物敏感性试验,结果显示,在LFX诱导作用下,Mtb菌株在P3代时即出现LFX耐药,且在P5代就产生高浓度耐药(>4倍)。此外,本研究还发现在LFX药物压力下,从P3代开始,所有诱导的Mtb菌株都发生了LFX、OFX和MFX交叉耐药,而且随着培养代次的增加,耐药浓度由低到高依次增加(表1)。
为了确定Mtb进化过程中出现的与LFX性相关的遗传修饰,本研究对所有诱导菌株及其无药培养基上的对照菌株进行了WGS和生物信息学分析。结果发现,当剔除对照菌株中的突变后,随着药物浓度的增加基因突变出现逐渐累积的效应。P3代时,gyrB(Ala504Thr)和panB(Asp184_Ala187del)基因发生突变,Mtb即出现LFX耐药现象;P6代时,gyrB基因的另一个位点(Asp461Asn)也发生突变,此时,Mtb产生高浓度LFX耐药(>4倍);至P17代,gyrA(Ala90Val)、PE_PGRS31(Ala395fs)、aroD(Asp61Asn)、devS(Gly348Arg)和rv3446c(Ala178Thr)均发生突变,Mtb对LFX耐药浓度进一步提高(>8倍);至P25代,Mtb未再出现其他基因突变(表2)。
为进一步了解FQs耐药结核分枝杆菌及其基因突变之间的关系,本研究对本中心生物样本信息库中保存的2016—2018年广东省32个结核病耐药监测点纳入的活动性肺结核患者的阳性样本进行了筛选,并用液体微孔板法进行药物敏感性试验复核,最终获得41例FQs耐药的临床分离Mtb菌株,药敏结果显示该临床分离株同时对LFX、OFX和MFX产生交叉耐药。全基因组测序及GWAS分析发现,临床分离菌株中,与FQs耐药相关的经典突变包含gyrA(p.Asp94Asn,p.Asp94Gly,p.Asp94Ala,p.Asp94Tyr,p.Ala90Val)、katG(p.Thr380Ile,p.Ser315Thr)、embB(p.Asp354Ala)和rrs(r.462c>t,r.799c>t),其中突变率最高的是gyrA p.Asp94Gly和gyrA p.Ala90Val,分别占29.27%和17.07%;此外,本研究还发现了17个可能与FQs耐药相关的新突变点,其中gyrA(p.Glu21Gln和p.Gly668Asp)在41株临床分离株中均发生了突变,rv3446c p.Arg284Pro、gyrA p.Ser95Thr和PE_PGRS31 p.Ser365Phe的突变率较高,分别为53.66%、46.34%和17.07%(表3)。
FQs常被用于治疗各种细菌性感染,因其具有稳定高效的抗TB作用,FQs药物逐渐成为治疗MDR-TB的核心药物。随着FQs药物应用的普及,Mtb对其耐药情况也日益严峻,但利用已知FQs耐药相关目的基因进行Mtb快速分子耐药检测时,仍有部分对FQs耐药Mtb菌株无法检出,严重影响了耐药结核病的诊断和治疗进程。本研究在体外用药物浓度梯度诱导法构建了耐LFX的Mtb模型,对诱导菌株及临床分离Mtb菌株进行全基因组测序及分析,本研究确定了与FQs耐药相关的目的基因,并发现了一些新的基因突变位点。
全基因组测序及分析表明,诱导菌株中由LFX单一因素作用产生的基因突变包含gyrB(Asp461Asn,Ala504Thr)、gyrA(Ala90Val)、PE_PGRS31(Ala395fs)、panB(Asp184_Ala187del)、aroD(Asp61Asn)、devS(Gly348Arg)和rv3446c(Ala178Thr)。Mtb中的DNA解旋酶是由4个亚基组成的II型拓扑异构酶,其中gyrAgyrB基因分别编码2个A亚基和2个B亚基,当前公认gyrAgyrB基因中喹诺酮耐药决定区(Quinolone resistance determining region,QRDR)发生突变会影响DNA解旋酶的亚基结构,进而导致FQs耐药无法通过抑制DNA解旋酶进行修复和重组干扰Mtb的DNA复制、转录过程[11-13]。大部分研究认为,gyrA的QRDR区突变是Mtb对FQs产生耐药的主要原因,其中第88、90、91和94为氨基酸突变是与FQs耐药相关的最常见的基因突变位点[11, 14-16]。还有一些研究发现,Mtb不用位点的基因发生突变,对FQs产生耐药的程度也不同,gyrA 91氨基酸突变可能与低水平的FQs耐药相关,而gyrA 94氨基酸突变则与较高水平的FQs相关[17-19]。本研究中,GWAS分析所得临床菌株经典突变中存在4种gyrA 94氨基酸突变(p.Asp94Asn,p.Asp94Gly,p.Asp94Ala,p.Asp94Tyr)和1种gyrA 90氨基酸突变(p.Ala90Val),但是未观察到gyrA第88和91位氨基酸突变。另有研究表明,Mtb的gyrB基因QRDR区突变类型较少,检出频率低且常伴随gyrA的QRDR区突变[20],这与本研究的结果一致,在临床分离菌株中,本研究未检测到gyrB基因的经典突变,但是GWAS分析所得gyrB基因的2个新发突变位点(Ser132Ala、p.Met291Ile)都伴随gyrA p.Glu21Gln和gyrA p.Gly668Asp突变。
因目前已知的喹诺酮类药物耐药区突变不能完全解释Mtb对FQs药物的表型耐药,寻找与FQs药物耐药相关的Mtb新突变及其耐药机制的研究扔在不断进行。近年来,泰国一项研究[21]对214例FQs表型耐药菌株和445例Mtb敏感菌株进行全基因组测序分析发现了3个与FQs药物耐药相关的新基因recCrv2005cPPE59。本研究中,除gyrAgyrB基因外,本研究还另外检测到3个可能与FQs药物耐药相关的新基因及其突变位点,分别为PE_PGRS31(p.Ser365Phe,p.Pro254Leu,p.Thr252Ile,p.Val352Ile)、rv3446c(p.Arg284Pro,p.Leu389Phe,p.Ala164Val)和devS(p.Val307Ala,p.Ile283Thr),但未发现recCrv2005cPPE59基因及相关突变,这可能与各地流行的Mtb菌株的遗传背景及环境差异有关。
综上所述,本研究在体外对H37Rv进行诱导,构建了LFX耐药的Mtb模型,并通过全基因组测序技术及分析,发现了17个可能与FQs药物耐药相关的新的基因突变位点,这为更好的理解Mtb对FQs药物的耐药机制提供了理论依据,同时也有助于新型耐药分子诊断技术的开发和抗结核新药物的研制,但是本研究所得与FQs药物耐药相关的新的基因突变位点仍需进一步的实验验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82202562)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515030056)
  • 广州市科技计划项目(202201010785)
  • 广东省医学科学技术研究基金(B2022243)
  • 广东省结核病临床研究中心(2020B1111170014)
  • 广东省科技计划专项(2021B1212030003)
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2025年第52卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
基金
国家自然科学基金(82202562)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515030056)
广州市科技计划项目(202201010785)
广东省医学科学技术研究基金(B2022243)
广东省结核病临床研究中心(2020B1111170014)
广东省科技计划专项(2021B1212030003)
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    广东省结核病控制中心结核病研究所,广东 广州 510630

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魏文静,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406205
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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