Article(id=1240730054951489897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412493, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773742696749, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773742696749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773742696749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742696749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240730050669113883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773742695728, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742807836, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1412, endPage=1417, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240730055211536758, articleId=1240730054951489897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of birth defects in perinatal infants, Hainnan Province, 2016-2021, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the frequency and distribution patterns of birth defects in Hainan Province between 2016 and 2021, in order to offer insights for the improvement of maternal and child health services in the region.

Methods

Data on perinatal birth defect surveillance were gathered and analyzed from 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days postpartum in all monitored hospitals across Hainan Province between January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021.

Results

The comprehensive dataset revealed a total of 346 425 births recorded in Hainan Province from 2016 to 2021. Of these, 11 000 cases were identified with birth defects, translating to an average incidence rate of 317.53 per 10 000 births. Notably, the incidence of birth defects varied significantly across different demographics. Rural areas exhibited a lower rate (297.90 per 10 000) compared to urban areas (338.88 per 10 000), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=67.977, P<0.001). Additionally, male neonates showed a higher incidence (346.22 per 10 000) than female neonates (281.32 per 10 000), also with a statistically significant difference (χ2=164.878, P<0.001). Maternal age played a crucial role as well, with the 35-year-old and older age group demonstrating the highest incidence (364.81 per 10 000).The five most prevalent birth defects included congenital heart disease (180.99 per 10 000), polydactyly (20.24 per 10 000), talipes equinovarus (12.04 per 10 000), other external ear malformations (10.74 per 10 000), and syndactyly (5.05 per 10 000).Regarding prenatal diagnosis, only 11.72% of birth defects were confirmed prenatally, with clinical and ultrasonic diagnosis accounting for 98.87% of the total diagnoses. In terms of prognosis, a promising 91.92% of fetuses with congenital disorders were live births.

Conclusion

Suggest an increase in the prevalence of perinatal birth abnormalities in Hainan Province from 2016 to 2021. In response to these findings, it is imperative to strengthen the three-level preventive measures of birth defects, aiming to reduce incidence rates.

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目的

探究近年来海南省围产儿出生缺陷的现状及其变化趋势,为海南省实现妇幼健康工作高质量发展提供参考依据。

方法

对海南省2016年1月1日至2021年12月31日346 425例围产儿监测数据进行统计分析,

结果

2016—2021年海南省346 425例围产儿中,有11 000例围产儿被确诊为出生缺陷,出生缺陷发生率为317.53/万。城市地区的出生缺陷率(338.88/万)比农村地区高(297.90/万)(χ2=67.977,P<0.001)。男性围产儿的出生缺陷发生率(346.22/万)高于女性(281.32/万)(χ2=117.689,P<0.001)。随着年龄的增长,产妇分娩的围产儿出生缺陷发生率呈现出逐渐上升的趋势, ≥35岁母亲的出生缺陷发生率为364.81/万。先天性心脏疾病、多指(趾)、马蹄状内翻足、外耳其他畸形和并指(趾)是海南省2016—2021年出现缺陷最常见类型。海南省的出生缺陷诊断主要依赖于临床和超声诊断(92.80%),产前确诊的比例仅为11.72%。

结论

海南省在2016—2021年间的出生缺陷发生率低于全国同期水平,但呈逐年上升的趋势。必须加强出生缺陷的三级预防措施,从源头上降低出生缺陷的发病率。

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卜威振,E-mail:
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李晓华(1993—),女,硕士,主管护师,研究方向:新生儿学研究

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Nature Reviews Cardiology, 2011, 8(1): 50-60., articleTitle=The changing epidemiology of congenital heart disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241070739407827751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, awardId=824QN395, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金(824QN395), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241070739588182834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, awardId=QWYH202175, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省临床医学中心建设项目(QWYH202175), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241070732994736507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241070733003125117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, companyId=1241070732994736507, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Neonatology, Hainan Women and Children’sMedical Center, Haikou, Hainan 570206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241070733338669467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, companyId=1241070732994736507, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南省妇女儿童医学中心新生儿科,海南 海口 570312)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241070733439332773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241070733447721382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, companyId=1241070733439332773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南省妇女儿童医学中心护理部)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241070733544190387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241070733556773300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, companyId=1241070733544190387, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南省妇女儿童医学中心儿童泌尿外科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241070737822380745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Incidence of perinatal birth defects in Hainan from 2016 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份围产儿数(名)出生缺陷数(例)出生缺陷率(/万)
201659 792950158.88
201762 2711 024164.44
201858 9031 235209.67
201959 9682 407401.38
202055 5302 660479.02
202149 9612 724545.23
合计346 42511 000317.53
χ22 438.254
P<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070737964987091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷发生情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份围产儿数(名)出生缺陷数(例)出生缺陷率(/万)
201659 792950158.88
201762 2711 024164.44
201858 9031 235209.67
201959 9682 407401.38
202055 5302 660479.02
202149 9612 724545.23
合计346 42511 000317.53
χ22 438.254
P<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738065650398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Incidence of birth defects in different gender and residence of Hainan from 2016 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份城镇农村男性女性
出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)
2016432142.37518179.05552166.34392147.51
2017477144.53547190.46618177.40402146.55
2018681208.63554215.51732228.69500185.93
20191 591435.03816361.381 399429.181 005367.22
20201 700494.86960474.851 622533.551 035411.89
20211 805594.14919492.441 664611.141 058465.44
合计6 686338.884 314297.906 587346.224 392281.32
χ267.977117.689
P<0. 001<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738195673827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海南省2016—2021年出生缺陷的城乡与性别分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份城镇农村男性女性
出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)
2016432142.37518179.05552166.34392147.51
2017477144.53547190.46618177.40402146.55
2018681208.63554215.51732228.69500185.93
20191 591435.03816361.381 399429.181 005367.22
20201 700494.86960474.851 622533.551 035411.89
20211 805594.14919492.441 664611.141 058465.44
合计6 686338.884 314297.906 587346.224 392281.32
χ267.977117.689
P<0. 001<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738350863085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Incidence of birth defects in maternal age of Hainan from 2016 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份0~<20岁20~<25岁25~<30岁30~<35岁≥35岁
出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)
201652161.99214165.24337154.76222151.72125173.03
201745157.01187156.37341156.84284178.32167170.79
201844159.48203184.86451217.52337217.25200224.29
201971292.54401357.68797380.61706431.43432478.62
202067314.55379389.48912483.69804500.00498570.19
202178405.62329401.86933568.73907601.82477569.55
合计357233.101 713263.463 771313.073 260348.351 899364.81
χ2164.678
P<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738434749171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷母亲年龄分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份0~<20岁20~<25岁25~<30岁30~<35岁≥35岁
出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)出生缺陷(例)发生率(/万)
201652161.99214165.24337154.76222151.72125173.03
201745157.01187156.37341156.84284178.32167170.79
201844159.48203184.86451217.52337217.25200224.29
201971292.54401357.68797380.61706431.43432478.62
202067314.55379389.48912483.69804500.00498570.19
202178405.62329401.86933568.73907601.82477569.55
合计357233.101 713263.463 771313.073 260348.351 899364.81
χ2164.678
P<0. 001
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738514440953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Incidence of birth defects in the top five in HainanProvince from 2016 to 2021 (1/10 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份第1顺位第2顺位第3顺位第4顺位第5顺位
2016先天性心脏病(49.34)多指(趾)(19.90)马蹄内翻足(14.72)外耳其他畸形(9.03)并指(趾)(5.35)
2017先天性心脏病(65.52)多指(趾)(16.22)马蹄内翻足(15.26)外耳其他畸形(8.83)唇裂合并腭裂(4.01)
2018先天性心脏病(101.86)多指(趾)(20.20)马蹄内翻足(8.32)外耳其他畸形(7.64)并指(趾)(6.96)
2019先天性心脏病(255.97)多指(趾)(20.68)外耳其他畸形(13.01)马蹄内翻足(12.51)并指(趾)(6.17)
2020先天性心脏病(299.12)多指(趾)(22.33)外耳其他畸形(13.87)马蹄内翻足(11.35)并指(趾)(5.94)
2021先天性心脏病(354.48)多指(趾)(22.82 )外耳其他畸形(12.61)马蹄内翻足(9.41)并指(趾)(6.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738749321991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

海南省2016—2021年出生缺陷前五顺位疾病及发生率(/万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份第1顺位第2顺位第3顺位第4顺位第5顺位
2016先天性心脏病(49.34)多指(趾)(19.90)马蹄内翻足(14.72)外耳其他畸形(9.03)并指(趾)(5.35)
2017先天性心脏病(65.52)多指(趾)(16.22)马蹄内翻足(15.26)外耳其他畸形(8.83)唇裂合并腭裂(4.01)
2018先天性心脏病(101.86)多指(趾)(20.20)马蹄内翻足(8.32)外耳其他畸形(7.64)并指(趾)(6.96)
2019先天性心脏病(255.97)多指(趾)(20.68)外耳其他畸形(13.01)马蹄内翻足(12.51)并指(趾)(6.17)
2020先天性心脏病(299.12)多指(趾)(22.33)外耳其他畸形(13.87)马蹄内翻足(11.35)并指(趾)(5.94)
2021先天性心脏病(354.48)多指(趾)(22.82 )外耳其他畸形(12.61)马蹄内翻足(9.41)并指(趾)(6.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738879345420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Diagnosis of perinatal defects in Hainan from 2016 to 2021

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年份出生缺陷确诊时间诊断依据
产前产后7 d内临床超声临床+超声染色体临床或超声+染色体生化检查临床或超声+生化检查其他
2016200 (21.05)750(78.95)507(53.37)363(38.21)66(6.95)10(1.05)4(0.42)0(0.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
2017173(16.89)851(83.11)478(46.68)421(41.11)101(9.86)17(1.66)6(0.59)0(0.00)0(0.00)1(0.10)
2018223(18.06)1 012(81.94)478(38.70)647(52.39)54(4.37)28(2.27)12(0.97)0(0.00)1(0.08)15(1.21)
2019226(9.39)2 181(90.61)1 580(65.64)594(24.68)83(3.45)25(1.04)9(0.37)80(3.32)17(0.71)19(0.79)
2020252(9.47)2 408(90.53)1 711(64.32)490(18.42)127(4.77)36(1.35)6(0.23)229(8.61)44(1.65)17(0.64)
2021191(7.01)2 533(92.99)469(17.22)1 780(65.35)84(3.08)24(0.88)8(0.29)246(9.03)68(2.50)45(1.65)
合计1 265(11.50)9 735(88.50)5 223(47.48)4 295(39.05)515(4.68)140(1.27)45(0.41)555(5.05)130(1.18)97(0.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241070738980008720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷的诊断情况 [例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份出生缺陷确诊时间诊断依据
产前产后7 d内临床超声临床+超声染色体临床或超声+染色体生化检查临床或超声+生化检查其他
2016200 (21.05)750(78.95)507(53.37)363(38.21)66(6.95)10(1.05)4(0.42)0(0.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
2017173(16.89)851(83.11)478(46.68)421(41.11)101(9.86)17(1.66)6(0.59)0(0.00)0(0.00)1(0.10)
2018223(18.06)1 012(81.94)478(38.70)647(52.39)54(4.37)28(2.27)12(0.97)0(0.00)1(0.08)15(1.21)
2019226(9.39)2 181(90.61)1 580(65.64)594(24.68)83(3.45)25(1.04)9(0.37)80(3.32)17(0.71)19(0.79)
2020252(9.47)2 408(90.53)1 711(64.32)490(18.42)127(4.77)36(1.35)6(0.23)229(8.61)44(1.65)17(0.64)
2021191(7.01)2 533(92.99)469(17.22)1 780(65.35)84(3.08)24(0.88)8(0.29)246(9.03)68(2.50)45(1.65)
合计1 265(11.50)9 735(88.50)5 223(47.48)4 295(39.05)515(4.68)140(1.27)45(0.41)555(5.05)130(1.18)97(0.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241070739084866325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Outcome of perinatal defects in Hainan from 2016 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份转归情况
存活死胎死产0~6 d死亡
2016775(81.58)154(16.21)21(2.21)
2017859(83.89)145(14.16)20(1.95)
20181 082(87.61)144(11.66)9(0.73)
20192 271(94.35)116(4.82)20(0.83)
20202 515(94.55)130(4.89)15(0.56)
20212 609(95.78)98(3.60)17(0.62)
合计10 111(91.92)787(7.15)102(0.93)
), ArticleFig(id=1241070739172946713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730054951489897, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷转归情况 [例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份转归情况
存活死胎死产0~6 d死亡
2016775(81.58)154(16.21)21(2.21)
2017859(83.89)145(14.16)20(1.95)
20181 082(87.61)144(11.66)9(0.73)
20192 271(94.35)116(4.82)20(0.83)
20202 515(94.55)130(4.89)15(0.56)
20212 609(95.78)98(3.60)17(0.62)
合计10 111(91.92)787(7.15)102(0.93)
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海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷分析
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李晓华 1 , 轩妍 2 , 郭朝金 1 , 吉紫菱 2 , 卜威振 3
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(8): 1412-1417
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(8): 1412-1417
海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷分析
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李晓华1, 轩妍2, 郭朝金1, 吉紫菱2, 卜威振3
作者信息
  • 1.海南省妇女儿童医学中心新生儿科,海南 海口 570312
  • 2.海南省妇女儿童医学中心护理部
  • 3.海南省妇女儿童医学中心儿童泌尿外科
  • 李晓华(1993—),女,硕士,主管护师,研究方向:新生儿学研究

通讯作者:

卜威振,E-mail:
Analysis of birth defects in perinatal infants, Hainnan Province, 2016-2021
Xiao-hua LI1, Yan XUAN2, Chao-jin GUO1, Zi-ling JI2, Wei-Zhen BU3
Affiliations
  • Department of Neonatology, Hainan Women and Children’sMedical Center, Haikou, Hainan 570206, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412493
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目的

探究近年来海南省围产儿出生缺陷的现状及其变化趋势,为海南省实现妇幼健康工作高质量发展提供参考依据。

方法

对海南省2016年1月1日至2021年12月31日346 425例围产儿监测数据进行统计分析,

结果

2016—2021年海南省346 425例围产儿中,有11 000例围产儿被确诊为出生缺陷,出生缺陷发生率为317.53/万。城市地区的出生缺陷率(338.88/万)比农村地区高(297.90/万)(χ2=67.977,P<0.001)。男性围产儿的出生缺陷发生率(346.22/万)高于女性(281.32/万)(χ2=117.689,P<0.001)。随着年龄的增长,产妇分娩的围产儿出生缺陷发生率呈现出逐渐上升的趋势, ≥35岁母亲的出生缺陷发生率为364.81/万。先天性心脏疾病、多指(趾)、马蹄状内翻足、外耳其他畸形和并指(趾)是海南省2016—2021年出现缺陷最常见类型。海南省的出生缺陷诊断主要依赖于临床和超声诊断(92.80%),产前确诊的比例仅为11.72%。

结论

海南省在2016—2021年间的出生缺陷发生率低于全国同期水平,但呈逐年上升的趋势。必须加强出生缺陷的三级预防措施,从源头上降低出生缺陷的发病率。

围产儿  /  出生缺陷  /  发生率  /  监测
Objective

To examine the frequency and distribution patterns of birth defects in Hainan Province between 2016 and 2021, in order to offer insights for the improvement of maternal and child health services in the region.

Methods

Data on perinatal birth defect surveillance were gathered and analyzed from 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days postpartum in all monitored hospitals across Hainan Province between January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021.

Results

The comprehensive dataset revealed a total of 346 425 births recorded in Hainan Province from 2016 to 2021. Of these, 11 000 cases were identified with birth defects, translating to an average incidence rate of 317.53 per 10 000 births. Notably, the incidence of birth defects varied significantly across different demographics. Rural areas exhibited a lower rate (297.90 per 10 000) compared to urban areas (338.88 per 10 000), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=67.977, P<0.001). Additionally, male neonates showed a higher incidence (346.22 per 10 000) than female neonates (281.32 per 10 000), also with a statistically significant difference (χ2=164.878, P<0.001). Maternal age played a crucial role as well, with the 35-year-old and older age group demonstrating the highest incidence (364.81 per 10 000).The five most prevalent birth defects included congenital heart disease (180.99 per 10 000), polydactyly (20.24 per 10 000), talipes equinovarus (12.04 per 10 000), other external ear malformations (10.74 per 10 000), and syndactyly (5.05 per 10 000).Regarding prenatal diagnosis, only 11.72% of birth defects were confirmed prenatally, with clinical and ultrasonic diagnosis accounting for 98.87% of the total diagnoses. In terms of prognosis, a promising 91.92% of fetuses with congenital disorders were live births.

Conclusion

Suggest an increase in the prevalence of perinatal birth abnormalities in Hainan Province from 2016 to 2021. In response to these findings, it is imperative to strengthen the three-level preventive measures of birth defects, aiming to reduce incidence rates.

Perinatal  /  Birth defects  /  Incidence  /  Monitoring
李晓华, 轩妍, 郭朝金, 吉紫菱, 卜威振. 海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1412 -1417 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412493
Xiao-hua LI, Yan XUAN, Chao-jin GUO, Zi-ling JI, Wei-Zhen BU. Analysis of birth defects in perinatal infants, Hainnan Province, 2016-2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1412 -1417 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412493
出生缺陷(Birth defects,BD)指的是在孕期和新生儿成长阶段出现的生理结构、功能或者新陈代谢上的异常,包括各种类型的先天性畸形、基因变异和代谢类疾病等多个领域[1]。BD不仅可能导致早期的流产、婴儿夭折或是儿童残障的发生,还会对患者及其家属带来深远的心理和生活压力[2-3]。BD的致病原因错综复杂,与遗传因素和环境因素密切关联[4-5]。鉴于出生缺陷已成为不容忽视的公共卫生问题,其有效防治成为了实现优生优育的关键所在[6-7]。本研究对2016—2021年海南省346 425例围产儿的出生缺陷监测数据进行分析,探讨海南省出生缺陷的现状及其发展趋势,为制定出生缺陷综合防控策略提供详实可靠的基础资料。
数据来源于海南省出生缺陷监测信息系统中的《出生缺陷儿登记卡》和《围产儿数季报表》,涵盖时间从2016年1月1日至2021年12月31日。数据收录了海南省所有监测医院中孕期满28周至出生后7天的所有围产儿信息,包括活产、死胎和死产。
基于各监测医院提交的《围产儿数季报表》和《出生缺陷儿登记卡》资料建立数据库用于分析。为确保数据的准确性和规范性,医务人员接受了统一的培训,并严格按照《中国妇幼卫生监测工作手册》(2013版)的相关要求,将围产儿出生缺陷的个案信息准确填报至妇幼信息系统。本研究经海南省妇女儿童医学中心伦理委员会审查批准通过(HNWCMC伦审2024年第[208]号)。
本研究采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,采用频数、构成比(%)、率进行描述。用χ2检验来对比城乡、性别及产妇年龄组间出生缺陷发生率的差异,趋势分析采用χ2趋势检验,检验水准α=0.05。
2016年1月—2021年12月,海南省共监测346 425例围产儿,其中有11 000例存在出生缺陷。出生缺陷的发生率在158.88/万至545.23/万间波动,总体呈上升趋势(χ2=2 438.254,P<0.001),见表1
海南省2016年1月—2021年12月,城市地区出生缺陷发生率为338.88/万,而乡村则为297.90/万(χ2=67.977,P<0.001),见表2
2016年1月—2021年12月,海南省男性出生缺陷发生率为346.22/万,高于女性的281.32/万(χ2=117.689,P<0.001),见表2
≥35岁母亲群体的子代出生缺陷发生率为364.81/万,≤20岁母亲群体的子代出生缺陷发生率为233.10/万,不同母亲年龄段间子代出生缺陷发生率差异存在统计学意义 (χ2=164.678,P<0.001),详见表3
海南省2016—2021年围产儿出生缺陷前五顺位发病率的疾病包括先天性心脏病(180.99/万)、多指(20.24/万)、马蹄内翻足(12.04/万)、外耳其他畸形(10.74/万)和并指(5.05/万)。先天性心脏病一直位居出生缺陷首位,并且呈逐年上升的趋势,2021年发病率是2016年的7.18倍,见表4
海南省出生缺陷儿产前确诊者占总数的11.50%,产后7 d内确诊者9735例(88.50 %)。临床和超声(92.80 %)为出生缺陷的主要诊断依据,见表5。10 111例(91.92 %)出生缺陷儿存活;787例(7.15 %)死胎死产儿 ;102例(0.93 %)0~6d死亡。
海南省2016年1月—2021年12月围产儿出生缺陷的发病率为317.53 /万,低于中国平均水平[8],这种差异主要受当地居民的人口特质、检验设备的技术水准、监控系统的完善程度以及统计方法等诸多因素的影响。2016—2021年海南省的新生儿先天缺陷发生率呈现出逐年递增的现象,其变化模式与我国其它地区的报告结果相符[9-14],这个情况一方面是由于孕期筛查和诊断技术的进步,如使用基因测序和生物免疫疗法等手段,使得医师能更快速地识别并处理潜在的问题[15]。另一方面是通过推行健康扶贫计划,各层次医疗单位的服务质量得到了显著改善,特别是对于胎儿疾病筛查和诊断技术的应用也得以加强;最后,伴随着三胎政策在全国范围内的推广,高龄孕妇和生育过孩子的女性人数有所增长,进而增加了新生儿患有先天缺陷的可能性[16-17]
2016—2021年,海南省城市地区出生缺陷的发病率超过了农村地区。这一结果与其他城市的监测结果一致[18-20]。原因主要与下列有关:一是城市人口流动性大,导致孕妇难以定期进行检查,缺乏诊断或出生缺陷被漏报至医院出生缺陷监测系统[21-22];二是城市地区的医疗监测机构在产前筛查和诊断技术方面具备优势,使得孕产妇能够定期接受检查,从而降低出生缺陷的漏诊率[18];三是城市地区的污染指数偏高,导致孕妇更容易受到致畸因素的影响,增加了出生缺陷的风险[23-25]
2016—2021年,海南省的男性出生缺陷总发生率高于女性,这一现象与国内大部分地区的报告结果一致[11-14],造成这一性别比例失衡的原因可能是:由于男女之间的遗传特性及X-性连锁等方面存在着生物学的区别,这使得男性无法获得与之相对应的基因补偿[26];受到遗传因素的影响,男童的Y染色体的脆弱性要高于女孩[27];相比于女孩,男孩生殖器官异常的情况更容易被发现[5]
在2016—2021年期间,与其它年龄段相比,35岁以上孕妇群体子代出现先天畸形的比例显著偏高。这种现象的主要原因是随着年龄增长,人体生理机制逐步衰弱,尤其是女性生殖系统中的卵巢功能会逐级降低,进而影响到卵子的品质和基因稳定性,使得胎儿患上先天缺陷的几率上升[28-29]。因此,预防和控制出生缺陷需要重点关注高龄孕产妇。
近些年来,海南省的先天性心脏疾病的发病情况持续位于高水平且呈现逐年增长的态势,这一状况与全国各地区的相关研究成果相吻合[30-32]此种现象可以从以下几方面来解释:一随着四维彩色多普勒超声及新生儿心脏彩色多普勒超声技术的广泛应用,对提高先天性心脏疾病筛查效率起到了关键性的推动作用[33];二研究指出,多种遗传因子和外部环境要素共同影响着先天性心脏疾病的产生,例如女性生育年龄延后、烟草使用、酒精摄入、药品滥用以及大气污染等都可能是引发胎儿心脏畸形风险增高的原因[34-37];三由于医学科技的发展使得先天性心脏疾病患者的生活质量得到明显改善,但这也相应地增加了子代罹患该类疾病的可能性,从而间接促使了先天性心脏疾病新生儿数量的增多[38]。此外,多指(趾)、并指(趾)、外耳其他畸形和马蹄内翻足始终保持在各年度出生缺陷疾病发生率的前5位。这表明,在海南省,体表畸形仍然占据了出生缺陷相当大的比例,需要进一步提高出生缺陷的产前筛查和诊断水平。
海南省围产儿出生缺陷确诊时间主要集中在产后七天内,占比高达88.50%;而产前确诊的比例仅为11.50%,表明海南省在出生缺陷产前筛查与诊断技术方面仍有较大的发展空间。当前,对出生缺陷的识别主要是通过临床及超声检测完成的,占92.80%。相比之下,使用染色体核型分析、生物化学方法等其它手段的情况较少见。因此,有必要强化多层次诊断技术的综合运用,以此来提升出生缺陷的识别效率[13]。在出生缺陷儿的结局中,存活者占91.92%,揭示了海南省在近些年里持续强化了出生缺陷的预防和治疗机构建设,通过专业的新生儿疾病救治网络的不断优化和完善,使得出生缺陷的预防和治疗能力日益提高。
  • 海南省自然科学基金(824QN395)
  • 海南省临床医学中心建设项目(QWYH202175)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412493
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
基金
海南省自然科学基金(824QN395)
海南省临床医学中心建设项目(QWYH202175)
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    1.海南省妇女儿童医学中心新生儿科,海南 海口 570312
    2.海南省妇女儿童医学中心护理部
    3.海南省妇女儿童医学中心儿童泌尿外科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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