Article(id=1240730051864490534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773742696014, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773742696014, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773742696014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742696014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240730050669113883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773742695728, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742807836, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1366, endPage=1371, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240730052057428521, articleId=1240730051864490534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Application of moving epidemic method in establishing epidemic intensity threshold of scarlet fever, Xinjiang, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the epidemic intensity of scarlet fever in Xinjiang using the Moving Epidemic Method (MEM), and to provide evidences for the classification of early warning of scarlet fever.

Methods

Monitoring data on scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023 were collected, with the weekly incidence rate serving as the research object. The δ value corresponding to the maximum Youden index was selected to establish the MEM model. The epidemic thresholds for the two epidemic seasons of scarlet fever were estimated separately. The effectiveness of the MEM was evaluated through a cross-validation procedure. The epidemic level of scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023 was assessed, and predictions were made for the spring epidemic season in 2024.

Results

The optimal δ value for the spring epidemic peak of scarlet fever in Xinjiang was 2.5. The sensitivity of the model fitting was 0.83, the specificity was 0.91, and the Youden index was 0.74. For the autumn epidemic peak model, the optimal δ value was 2.6, with a sensitivity of 0.90, a specificity of 0.93, and a Youden index of 0.83. In the spring of 2024, the epidemic season entered the low-epidemic level in the 13th week and rose to the medium-epidemic level in the 23rd week, after which it maintained the low-epidemic level. By the 28th week, the epidemic level had fallen below the epidemic threshold, and there were no high or very high epidemic levels observed.

Conclusion

For the bimodal epidemic characteristics of scarlet fever in Xinjiang, the MEM model can be used to determine the epidemic intensity thresholds of different epidemic seasons by splitting the epidemic season, which is proved to be feasible. The model can be used to establish a scarlet fever early warning system, which provides a scientific basis for guiding the classification and early warning of scarlet fever.

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目的

本研究应用移动流行区间法(MEM)建立新疆猩红热流行阈值,为新疆猩红热分级防控提供依据。

方法

收集2014—2023年新疆猩红热监测数据,以周发病率为研究对象,选择约登指数最大时所对应的δ值进行MEM模型建立,分别估计猩红热双流行季的流行阈值,通过交叉验证程序评估MEM的效果,对2014—2023年新疆猩红热流行水平进行评价,并对2024年春季流行季进行评价。

结果

新疆猩红热春季流行高峰最优δ值为2.5,模型拟合的灵敏度为0.83、特异度为0.91和约登指数为0.74;秋季流行高峰模型最优δ值为2.6,模型拟合的灵敏度为0.90、特异度为0.93和约登指数为0.83。2024年春季流行季第13周进入低流行水平,第23周进入中等流行水平,之后维持低流行水平,第28周开始低于流行水平,未出现高和极高流行水平。

结论

对于新疆猩红热双峰流行特征可使用MEM模型,通过拆分流行季的方法分别确定不同流行季流行强度阈值,经验证切实可行。可利用该模型建立猩红热预警系统,为指导猩红热的分级预警工作提供科学依据。

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甫尔哈提·吾守尔,Email:
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陈子涵(1996—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:传染病流行病学及预防控制策略研究

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陈子涵(1996—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:传染病流行病学及预防控制策略研究

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Spatiotemporal scan statistic of scarlet fever in China, 2010—2019, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070739995021870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=28, issue=4, pageStart=473, pageEnd=478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=24, authorNames=张婷瑜, 张晓, 李俊熹, journalName=中华疾病控制杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张婷瑜,张晓,李俊熹,等.基于移动流行区间法和综合指数法构建广州市手足口病流行分级预警阈值[J].中华疾病控制杂志2024, 28(4): 473-478., articleTitle=基于移动流行区间法和综合指数法构建广州市手足口病流行分级预警阈值, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070740074713647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=28, issue=4, pageStart=473, pageEnd=478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Zhang TY, Zhang X, Li JX, journalName=Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang TY, Zhang X, Li JX, et al. 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Application of moving epidemic method in early warning of influenza incidence intensity in winter-spring season in Ningbo city[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2023, 39(7): 817-822. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Application of moving epidemic method in early warning of influenza incidence intensity in winter-spring season in Ningbo city, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070740359926322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘艳, 木合亚提·胡塞英, 沙比拉·吐拉江, journalName=疾病预防控制通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘艳,木合亚提·胡塞英,沙比拉·吐拉江,等.2013-2022年新疆猩红热流行特征及A族链球菌基因组遗传进化分析[J].疾病预防控制通报2024, 39(2): 1-7., articleTitle=2013-2022年新疆猩红热流行特征及A族链球菌基因组遗传进化分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070740494144054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Liu Y, Mu He Ya Di - Hu Sai Ying, Sha Bi La - Tu La Jiang, journalName=Endemic Diseases Bulletin: China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Mu He Ya Di - Hu Sai YingSha Bi La - Tu La Jiang, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever and genomic genetic evolution of Group A Streptococcus in Xinjiang from 2013 to 2022[J]. Endemic Diseases Bulletin: China, 2024, 39(2): 1-7. 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Cross-validation results of seasonal incidence of scarlet fever in autumn epidemic season in Xinjiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份a灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值阳性似然比阴性似然比马修相关系数约登指数
2014/20150.931.001.000.91-0.070.920.93
2015/20160.980.830.860.985.750.020.820.81
2016/20170.950.880.940.917.850.050.840.83
2017/20181.000.710.891.003.500.000.800.71
2018/20190.940.900.950.889.700.070.830.84
2019/20201.000.950.961.0019.000.000.960.95
2023/20240.931.001.000.90-0.070.920.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241070735360315801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新疆猩红热秋季流行季周发病率交叉验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份a灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值阳性似然比阴性似然比马修相关系数约登指数
2014/20150.931.001.000.91-0.070.920.93
2015/20160.980.830.860.985.750.020.820.81
2016/20170.950.880.940.917.850.050.840.83
2017/20181.000.710.891.003.500.000.800.71
2018/20190.940.900.950.889.700.070.830.84
2019/20201.000.950.961.0019.000.000.960.95
2023/20240.931.001.000.90-0.070.920.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241070735444201891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cross-validation results of seasonal incidence of scarlet fever in spring epidemic season in Xinjiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值阳性似然比阴性似然比马修相关系数约登指数
20140.641.001.000.74-0.340.690.64
20151.000.860.851.006.910.000.850.86
20160.921.001.000.91-0.080.920.92
20170.950.880.920.927.880.060.840.83
20181.000.750.841.004.000.000.790.75
20190.771.001.000.65-0.230.700.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241070736534720938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新疆猩红热春季流行季周发病率交叉验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值阳性似然比阴性似然比马修相关系数约登指数
20140.641.001.000.74-0.340.690.64
20151.000.860.851.006.910.000.850.86
20160.921.001.000.91-0.080.920.92
20170.950.880.920.927.880.060.840.83
20181.000.750.841.004.000.000.790.75
20190.771.001.000.65-0.230.700.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241070736639578545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Autumn epidemic level of scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份a强度阈值(1/10万)流行水平
极高
2014/20150.210.500.670.77
2015/20160.190.480.660.76
2016/20170.210.470.650.75
2017/20180.210.470.630.72
2018/20190.210.470.640.73
2019/20200.200.490.680.78
2023/20240.220.510.660.74
), ArticleFig(id=1241070736761213368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2014—2023年新疆猩红热秋流行水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份a强度阈值(1/10万)流行水平
极高
2014/20150.210.500.670.77
2015/20160.190.480.660.76
2016/20170.210.470.650.75
2017/20180.210.470.630.72
2018/20190.210.470.640.73
2019/20200.200.490.680.78
2023/20240.220.510.660.74
), ArticleFig(id=1241070736878653882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spring epidemic level of scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份强度阈值(1/10万)流行水平
极高
20140.140.340.510.60
20150.140.310.470.56
20160.140.330.500.60
20170.140.310.470.56
20180.140.310.450.54
20190.140.330.510.62
), ArticleFig(id=1241070736979317184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051864490534, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2014—2023年新疆猩红热春流行水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份强度阈值(1/10万)流行水平
极高
20140.140.340.510.60
20150.140.310.470.56
20160.140.330.500.60
20170.140.310.470.56
20180.140.310.450.54
20190.140.330.510.62
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应用移动流行区间法确定新疆猩红热流行强度阈值
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陈子涵 1, 2 , 郜振国 1, 2, 3 , 董言 1, 2 , 夏衣旦木·阿布都赛买提 1, 2 , 邱瑞莹 , 夏皮卡提江·艾海提 1, 2 , 马媛媛 1, 2 , 王琪 1, 2 , 尹哲 1, 2 , 甫尔哈提·吾守尔 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(8): 1366-1371
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(8): 1366-1371
应用移动流行区间法确定新疆猩红热流行强度阈值
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陈子涵1, 2, 郜振国1, 2, 3, 董言1, 2, 夏衣旦木·阿布都赛买提1, 2, 邱瑞莹, 夏皮卡提江·艾海提1, 2, 马媛媛1, 2, 王琪1, 2, 尹哲1, 2, 甫尔哈提·吾守尔1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆维吾尔自治区疾病预防控制中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
  • 2.新疆病媒传染病重点实验室
  • 3.北大-默沙东传染病防控技术联合实验室
  • 陈子涵(1996—),女,硕士,医师,研究方向:传染病流行病学及预防控制策略研究

通讯作者:

甫尔哈提·吾守尔,Email:
Application of moving epidemic method in establishing epidemic intensity threshold of scarlet fever, Xinjiang
Zi-han CHEN1, 2, Zhen-guo GAO1, 2, 3, Yan DONG1, 2, XIAYIDANMU·Abudusaimaiti1, 2, Rui-ying QIU, XIAPIKATIJIANG Aihaiti1, 2, Yuan-yuan MA1, 2, Qi WANG1, 2, Zhe YIN1, 2, FUERHATI Wushouer1, 2
Affiliations
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830002, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411056
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目的

本研究应用移动流行区间法(MEM)建立新疆猩红热流行阈值,为新疆猩红热分级防控提供依据。

方法

收集2014—2023年新疆猩红热监测数据,以周发病率为研究对象,选择约登指数最大时所对应的δ值进行MEM模型建立,分别估计猩红热双流行季的流行阈值,通过交叉验证程序评估MEM的效果,对2014—2023年新疆猩红热流行水平进行评价,并对2024年春季流行季进行评价。

结果

新疆猩红热春季流行高峰最优δ值为2.5,模型拟合的灵敏度为0.83、特异度为0.91和约登指数为0.74;秋季流行高峰模型最优δ值为2.6,模型拟合的灵敏度为0.90、特异度为0.93和约登指数为0.83。2024年春季流行季第13周进入低流行水平,第23周进入中等流行水平,之后维持低流行水平,第28周开始低于流行水平,未出现高和极高流行水平。

结论

对于新疆猩红热双峰流行特征可使用MEM模型,通过拆分流行季的方法分别确定不同流行季流行强度阈值,经验证切实可行。可利用该模型建立猩红热预警系统,为指导猩红热的分级预警工作提供科学依据。

猩红热  /  移动流行区间法  /  流行强度  /  流行阈值
Objective

To evaluate the epidemic intensity of scarlet fever in Xinjiang using the Moving Epidemic Method (MEM), and to provide evidences for the classification of early warning of scarlet fever.

Methods

Monitoring data on scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023 were collected, with the weekly incidence rate serving as the research object. The δ value corresponding to the maximum Youden index was selected to establish the MEM model. The epidemic thresholds for the two epidemic seasons of scarlet fever were estimated separately. The effectiveness of the MEM was evaluated through a cross-validation procedure. The epidemic level of scarlet fever in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2023 was assessed, and predictions were made for the spring epidemic season in 2024.

Results

The optimal δ value for the spring epidemic peak of scarlet fever in Xinjiang was 2.5. The sensitivity of the model fitting was 0.83, the specificity was 0.91, and the Youden index was 0.74. For the autumn epidemic peak model, the optimal δ value was 2.6, with a sensitivity of 0.90, a specificity of 0.93, and a Youden index of 0.83. In the spring of 2024, the epidemic season entered the low-epidemic level in the 13th week and rose to the medium-epidemic level in the 23rd week, after which it maintained the low-epidemic level. By the 28th week, the epidemic level had fallen below the epidemic threshold, and there were no high or very high epidemic levels observed.

Conclusion

For the bimodal epidemic characteristics of scarlet fever in Xinjiang, the MEM model can be used to determine the epidemic intensity thresholds of different epidemic seasons by splitting the epidemic season, which is proved to be feasible. The model can be used to establish a scarlet fever early warning system, which provides a scientific basis for guiding the classification and early warning of scarlet fever.

Scarlet fever  /  Moving epidemic method  /  Epidemic intensity  /  Epidemic threshold
陈子涵, 郜振国, 董言, 夏衣旦木·阿布都赛买提, 邱瑞莹, 夏皮卡提江·艾海提, 马媛媛, 王琪, 尹哲, 甫尔哈提·吾守尔. 应用移动流行区间法确定新疆猩红热流行强度阈值. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1366 -1371 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411056
Zi-han CHEN, Zhen-guo GAO, Yan DONG, XIAYIDANMU·Abudusaimaiti, Rui-ying QIU, XIAPIKATIJIANG Aihaiti, Yuan-yuan MA, Qi WANG, Zhe YIN, FUERHATI Wushouer. Application of moving epidemic method in establishing epidemic intensity threshold of scarlet fever, Xinjiang[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1366 -1371 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411056
猩红热 (scarlet fever)是由A群链球菌( Group A Streptococcus pyogens, GAS)引起的急性传染病,在我国被列为乙类传染病。主要传染源是猩红热患者和A群链球菌携带者。主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播,也可通过密切接触传播,人群普遍易感,但常见于5~15岁儿童[1-2]。猩红热在18、19世纪曾经是一种常见的儿童疾病,但随着抗生素的使用、卫生和营养方面的改善,猩红热的发病率在20世纪有所下降[3]。21世纪初,中国的猩红热年平均发病率相对较低,为每10万人1.46例。然而,自2011年以来,这一发病率呈上升趋势,年均发病率已超过每10万人4.00例[3-6],英国、韩国和其他国家也同时报告了猩红热发病率上升的情况[7-9]。由于目前尚无针对化脓性链球菌感染的疫苗,猩红热的再度流行已成为全球关注的公共卫生问题[7]
2013年,Vega提出了移动流行区间方法(moving epidemic method,MEM )来建立流感流行阈值[10]。该方法在欧洲和国内应用于流感、手足口病的流行阈值制定和流行强度评估取得良好的效果[11-13],但未见用于猩红热流行预警的研究。
本研究为探索MEM在新疆猩红热流行季流行强度预警中的可行性,为新疆猩红热流行阈值制定、流行强度评估及采取相应的干预措施提供参考依据。以新疆猩红热历史监测数据为基线,最终选择2014—2023年新疆猩红热监测数据进行流行强度阈值分析,旨在构建适用于新疆地域特征的猩红热疫情预警模型,为完善该地区传染病监测预警体系、制定分级响应策略及实施靶向干预措施提供科学依据。
收集2014年至2023年新疆各级医疗机构上传至中国传染病信息报告管理系统的猩红热周发病率,利用MEM模型以此时间段猩红热周发病率进行建模,为验证MEM在猩红热预警中的应用效果,对2024年新疆猩红热春夏季流行高峰的流行阈值及流行开始、结束时间进行计算。
MEM模型中所包含的疾病历史季节数量和δ值的选择会影响流行期的确定,通常用于监测一年中只有单个流行季的疾病。一般建议纳入5~10个流行季节,对受各类因素影响导致疾病发病率骤降或未呈现疾病季节性流行趋势的离群年份数据进行剔除,以避免模型数据不稳定造成的偏差。
MEM建模有以下三个主要步骤:(1)确定每年流行季的长度、开始和结束时间,对于每个流行季,流行期的长度为具有最大累积率百分比( MAP )的最小连续周数,并将历史流行季划分为三个时期:流行前期、流行期和流行后期。(2)计算疾病流行开始/结束阈值,将所有流行前期的n个最大监测指标值纳入分析(n=30/ N ,其中N是纳入分析的监测年数,范围在5到10之间)。计算这些值的算术平均值的单侧95 %置信区间,并将置信区间的上限作为流行开始阈值。同理计算流行结束的阈值。(3)计算中、高和极高强度阈值,计算n个最高流行期周发病率的几何均数的40%、90%和97.5%单侧置信区间的上限,作为流行强度的分级阈值[12-15]
在猩红热目标监测年期间定义了五个强度级别:(1)基线:低于疫情开始/结束阈值;(2)低流行水平:介于流行开始阈值和中流行强度阈值之间;(3)中流行水平:介于中流行强度阈值和高流行强度阈值之间;(4)高流行水平:介于高流行强度阈值和极高流行强度阈值。(5)极高流行水平:高于极高流行强度阈值。
使用交叉验证法验证MEM的准确性。MEM模型计算目标季节流行期开始和结束时间,确定哪些周次在流行前期、后期和流行期内,用剩余季节计算出流行前和流行后的阈值,为了评估方法的质量,将该阈值与目标季节内的监测指标进行比较,以此计算灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和约登指数,对模型进行评价验证,用于衡量模型的性能[11,13-14,16]。计算公式:
使用 Excel 2016 软件对数据进行分析。使用 R 4.4.1 软件中的“mem”软件包进行建模分析。
2014—2023年新疆猩红热周发病率为0~0.70(/10万),2017年发病率最高,因2020年第1周至2023年第30周受新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控措施影响,猩红热发病率未呈现疾病自然发展规律,未见明显季节性趋势,具体见图1。由于MEM模型一般要求有至少5年连续的历史流行季监测数据,同时,要求1个传染病流行季内只有1个流行高峰,结合新疆猩红热流行呈现双峰分布的特点,为保证模型稳定性,剔除2020年第7周至2023年第34周数据,将其余年份周发病率用于模型建立,为便于分析,将新疆猩红热流行季拆分为春季流行季(每年第7周至第34周)和秋季流行季(每年第35周至次年第6周)。
为了优化模型的优度,将关键参数δ的起始值设置为2.0,步长设置为0.1,结束值设置为3.0,以找到使灵敏度和特异度值最大且约登指数为最大时的δ值作为最优参数,建立模型[11,13]
通过建模比对相关参数,新疆猩红热秋季流行季最优δ值为2.6,此时模型总体灵敏度为0.90,特异度为0.93,约登指数为0.83,各年份监测数据拟合效果见表1。春季流行季最优δ值为2.5,此时模型总体灵敏度为0.83,特异度为0.91,约登指数为0.74,各年份监测数据拟合结果见表2
MEM模型显示,新疆猩红热秋季流行开始阈值为0.21/10万,流行结束阈值为0.18/10万,中等、高等、极高的流行强度阈值分别为0.5/10万、0.67/10万、0.76/10万(见图2)。春季流行开始阈值为0.14/10万,流行结束阈值为0.14/10万,中等、高等、极高的流行强度阈值分别为0.33/10万、0.50/10万、0.60/10万(见图2)。
各年份不同流行高峰的流行阈值水平差异较小。除2015年春季为高流行水平和2015/2016年秋季为中流行水平外,其余各年份春秋两季流行水平均一致(见表34)。
基于近10年猩红热周发病率数据建模,对2024年猩红热春季流行季的流行强度进行评估。结果显示,从第13周开始进入低流行水平,第23周进入中等流行水平,之后维持低流行水平,第28周开始低于流行水平,未出现高和极高流行水平。
在过去的十年中,猩红热在一些国家和地区重新流行,包括亚洲的香港和韩国,以及欧洲的英国[8-9,17]。猩红热流行的原因可能包括微生物、宿主和气象因素,我国猩红热病例在2011年复燃后连续8年发病率呈现上升趋势,病例多为幼儿和青少年[6],且发病高峰与我国幼托机构、小学在校就读时间重叠[18]。目前,我国未出台针对猩红热或GAS的监测方案,因此准确的建模和分级预警能够为猩红热流行的早期识别和预警等防控工作提供科学依据。
MEM是一种基于常规监测数据定义疾病流行期和非流行期的算法,对流行特征为每年单个流行高峰的疾病拟合效果较好[12]。但一些疾病的流行特征较为复杂,存在两个流行高峰的情况,对于存在明显双流行高峰的疾病可通过拆分,分别对两个流行季进行分析以确定不同流行高峰的流行期阈值[19];对存在“一大一小”流行季的疾病,可采用5周移动平均法对原始数据进行平滑处理,该方法可避免少数极端值对模型预测结果的影响,最终更准确的确定所评估疾病的流行季节特征和流行阈值[20]
新疆猩红热发病总体特征为明显的双流行高峰[21],通过拆分对两个流行季监测数据单独进行分析,分别进行流行季的流行阈值和强度阈值探讨。在本研究中,对于春季和秋季流行季的δ值分别为2.5和2.6,灵敏度分别为0.83和0.9,特异度分别为0.91和0.93,约登指数分别为0.74和0.83,说明模型拟合优度较好。新疆两个流行期持续时间一致,均为17周,但流行强度的水平阈值和峰值相差不大,且同年春秋季流行水平基本一致。由于移动流行区间法在应用过程中历史数据选取对结果影响较大,本研究剔除了2020—2023年上半年的数据,对2024年新疆猩红热春季流行季周发病率进行评估,结果表明新疆春季流行季猩红热发病率呈现先上升后下降的情况,现已低于流行水平。
目前,国内尚无将MEM模型应用于猩红热监测预警中的研究,本研究结果表明,MEM方法对猩红热的监测预警具有较好的评估效果,实际应用中能够在猩红热流行季来临时进行较好的预测,并及时对重点机构开展相应的防控措施提供理论依据。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301B162)
  • 新疆急性传染病分级预警研究(北大-默沙东传染病防控技术联合实验室开放基金项目)(10001202420)
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2025年第52卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411056
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
基金
新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301B162)
新疆急性传染病分级预警研究(北大-默沙东传染病防控技术联合实验室开放基金项目)(10001202420)
作者信息
    1.新疆维吾尔自治区疾病预防控制中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    2.新疆病媒传染病重点实验室
    3.北大-默沙东传染病防控技术联合实验室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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