Article(id=1240730051482808863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773742695922, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773742695922, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773742695922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742695922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240730050669113883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773742695728, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773742807836, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240730520988995838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240730050669113883, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1345, endPage=1353, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240730051675746850, articleId=1240730051482808863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Causal association between gestational diabetes mellitus and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on multivariable Mendelian randomization, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Mendelian randomization to provide genetic evidence supporting the risk of developing ADHD.

Methods

Based on pooled data from genome-wide association analyses, MR analysis was conducted using five methods, including the inverse variance weighting method, MR-Egger regression, and the weighted median method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the MR-Egger regression test, the MR-PRESSO test, the Cochran Q test, and the leave-one-out method. Two-sample MR analyses and validation group analyses explored the existence of a causal relationship between GDM and ADHD, while multivariate Mendelian randomization examined the direct, independent causal effect of GDM on ADHD after adjusting for factors such as obesity and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Results

The two-sample MR preliminary analysis (OR=1.209, 95% CI: 1.023-1.423, P=0.026) and the validation group analysis (OR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.006-1.055, P=0.015) indicated that GDM had a positive causal relationship with the risk of ADHD, suggesting that an increased risk of GDM contributing to a higher risk of ADHD. The results of MVMR analysis showed that GDM and ADHD still showed a causal relationship after controlling for Obesity and ASD (OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.008-1.054, P=0.008).

Conclusion

This study confirms the causal relationships between GDM, obesity, and ASD with ADHD from a genetic perspective, providing a reference for future research.

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目的

利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)方法,探究妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)与注意力缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,ADHD)的因果关系,为ADHD的发病风险提供遗传学证据支持。

方法

基于全基因组关联分析(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)汇总数据,采用逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting, IVW)、MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(Weighted Median, WM)等五种方法进行MR分析,使用MR-Egger回归检验、MR-PRESSO检验、Cochran Q检验和留一法进行敏感性分析。利用两样本MR分析和验证组分析,探究GDM与ADHD之间的因果关系,利用多变量孟德尔随机化(Multivariable Mendelian Randomization, MVMR)探究在调整了肥胖(Obesity)、孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD)因素后GDM对ADHD直接、独立的因果效应。

结果

两样本MR初步分析(OR=1.209, 95% CI:1.023~1.423,P=0.026)与两样本MR验证组分析(OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.006~1.055,P=0.015)均表明GDM与ADHD的发生存在正向因果关系,GDM的风险增加会促使ADHD的风险增加。MVMR分析结果表明,在控制Obesity和ASD后,GDM与ADHD仍然呈现因果关系(OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.008~1.054,P=0.008)。

结论

本研究从遗传学角度证实了GDM与ADHD之间存在因果关系,为今后的研究提供参考。

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王素珍,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EpibOVgLWUTkDO9bB/ANKA==, magXml=OQX+rZrJYJZ5ZCca9vIuIg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=C85AJfoQBygEHi4SAEfO3Q==, pdfFileSize=2363577, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tvp4XyhrJ1+3q0pTsqwrTA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/fQhbO3Ma46xt3HaSNH7Sg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

葛佳瑜(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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葛佳瑜(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Summary information on GWAS data for the sample dataset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称GWAS ID年份研究人群病例数对照数总样本量SNP数量
GDMIEU: finn-b-GEST DIABETES2021欧洲5 687117 892123 57916 379 784
UKB: Data-Field 40412021欧洲8646 9777 84111 831 065
ADHDIEU: ebi-a-GCST0125972017欧洲4 94516 24621 1917 392 559
Catalog: GCST0053622017欧洲14 15417 94832 1027 594 197
ObesityFinn:R11 Obesity2024欧洲27 711425 881453 59221 306 793
ASDCatalog: GCST902751382023欧洲--54 9768 785 478
), ArticleFig(id=1241070732562714865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051482808863, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本数据集的GWAS数据汇总信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称GWAS ID年份研究人群病例数对照数总样本量SNP数量
GDMIEU: finn-b-GEST DIABETES2021欧洲5 687117 892123 57916 379 784
UKB: Data-Field 40412021欧洲8646 9777 84111 831 065
ADHDIEU: ebi-a-GCST0125972017欧洲4 94516 24621 1917 392 559
Catalog: GCST0053622017欧洲14 15417 94832 1027 594 197
ObesityFinn:R11 Obesity2024欧洲27 711425 881453 59221 306 793
ASDCatalog: GCST902751382023欧洲--54 9768 785 478
), ArticleFig(id=1241070732646600954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240730051482808863, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

SNPs related to ADHD

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SNPEAOAβSEPF
rs112485858AC0.0170.0640.79119.474
rs113947030AG0.0700.0530.18618.772
rs114406182TC-0.0030.0430.94319.166
rs116847631CT0.0360.0240.13626.446
rs11737203GA0.0070.0190.72917.550
rs12402318TC0.0210.0200.28616.954
rs13014907TC-0.0900.0890.31416.565
rs1321530GT0.0730.0600.22520.545
rs138195044AG0.0150.0400.71222.719
rs144239028TC0.0090.0840.91919.694
rs144564570AC0.1060.0670.11416.609
rs149431593TC0.0520.0550.34516.974
rs1712427CT-0.0370.0290.19717.752
rs1776356CA0.0080.0200.67016.874
rs1940366TC-0.0130.0180.48518.167
rs2012241AC0.0280.0240.23417.538
rs2462452GA-0.0070.0380.86118.006
rs2555033AC0.0080.0170.63017.063
rs28829341GA0.0370.0310.23520.292
rs34329665TC-0.0230.0190.24017.306
rs34659031AC0.0010.0210.96716.933
rs4368621AG-0.0070.0200.72819.921
rs4461603AG0.0310.0300.30117.444
rs4492433CT0.0230.0170.18018.551
rs58956809TC0.0050.0180.76916.493
rs60058643GA0.0050.0180.77217.391
rs62277797TC0.0050.0180.79622.849
rs6585732AG0.0040.0190.81916.930
rs71645033AG-0.0130.0190.50722.324
rs72747793CT-0.0690.0780.37816.841
rs75910415TC-0.0260.0600.66217.829
rs77489099TC-0.0560.0440.19818.259
rs78299350GA-0.0550.0470.24417.641
rs78409576CT-0.0650.0710.35520.165
rs932726TC0.0040.0210.86119.493
rs9394878AG-0.0220.0200.26917.128
rs9507884TC0.0150.0200.46419.477
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与ADHD相关的SNPs

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SNPEAOAβSEPF
rs112485858AC0.0170.0640.79119.474
rs113947030AG0.0700.0530.18618.772
rs114406182TC-0.0030.0430.94319.166
rs116847631CT0.0360.0240.13626.446
rs11737203GA0.0070.0190.72917.550
rs12402318TC0.0210.0200.28616.954
rs13014907TC-0.0900.0890.31416.565
rs1321530GT0.0730.0600.22520.545
rs138195044AG0.0150.0400.71222.719
rs144239028TC0.0090.0840.91919.694
rs144564570AC0.1060.0670.11416.609
rs149431593TC0.0520.0550.34516.974
rs1712427CT-0.0370.0290.19717.752
rs1776356CA0.0080.0200.67016.874
rs1940366TC-0.0130.0180.48518.167
rs2012241AC0.0280.0240.23417.538
rs2462452GA-0.0070.0380.86118.006
rs2555033AC0.0080.0170.63017.063
rs28829341GA0.0370.0310.23520.292
rs34329665TC-0.0230.0190.24017.306
rs34659031AC0.0010.0210.96716.933
rs4368621AG-0.0070.0200.72819.921
rs4461603AG0.0310.0300.30117.444
rs4492433CT0.0230.0170.18018.551
rs58956809TC0.0050.0180.76916.493
rs60058643GA0.0050.0180.77217.391
rs62277797TC0.0050.0180.79622.849
rs6585732AG0.0040.0190.81916.930
rs71645033AG-0.0130.0190.50722.324
rs72747793CT-0.0690.0780.37816.841
rs75910415TC-0.0260.0600.66217.829
rs77489099TC-0.0560.0440.19818.259
rs78299350GA-0.0550.0470.24417.641
rs78409576CT-0.0650.0710.35520.165
rs932726TC0.0040.0210.86119.493
rs9394878AG-0.0220.0200.26917.128
rs9507884TC0.0150.0200.46419.477
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MVMR of different exposures with outcome ADHD

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暴露βSEOR(95%CI)P
GDM0.0300.0111.030(1.008-1.054)8.23×10-3
Obesity0.0320.0111.033(1.010-1.056)4.04×10-3
ASD-0.4830.0890.617(0.519~0.734)5.11×10-8
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不同暴露与结局ADHD的MVMR

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暴露βSEOR(95%CI)P
GDM0.0300.0111.030(1.008-1.054)8.23×10-3
Obesity0.0320.0111.033(1.010-1.056)4.04×10-3
ASD-0.4830.0890.617(0.519~0.734)5.11×10-8
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基于多变量孟德尔随机化的妊娠期糖尿病与注意力缺陷多动障碍因果关联研究
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葛佳瑜 , 胥泽文 , 李爽 , 丛显铸 , 綦晓 , 石福艳 , 孔雨佳 , 王素珍
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(8): 1345-1353
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(8): 1345-1353
基于多变量孟德尔随机化的妊娠期糖尿病与注意力缺陷多动障碍因果关联研究
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葛佳瑜, 胥泽文, 李爽, 丛显铸, 綦晓, 石福艳, 孔雨佳, 王素珍
作者信息
  • 山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 葛佳瑜(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

王素珍,E-mail:
Causal association between gestational diabetes mellitus and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on multivariable Mendelian randomization
Jia-yu GE, Ze-wen XU, Shuang LI, Xian-zhu CONG, Xiao QI, Fu-yan SHI, Yu-jia KONG, Su-zhen WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health,Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shangdong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412050
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目的

利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)方法,探究妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)与注意力缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,ADHD)的因果关系,为ADHD的发病风险提供遗传学证据支持。

方法

基于全基因组关联分析(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)汇总数据,采用逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting, IVW)、MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(Weighted Median, WM)等五种方法进行MR分析,使用MR-Egger回归检验、MR-PRESSO检验、Cochran Q检验和留一法进行敏感性分析。利用两样本MR分析和验证组分析,探究GDM与ADHD之间的因果关系,利用多变量孟德尔随机化(Multivariable Mendelian Randomization, MVMR)探究在调整了肥胖(Obesity)、孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD)因素后GDM对ADHD直接、独立的因果效应。

结果

两样本MR初步分析(OR=1.209, 95% CI:1.023~1.423,P=0.026)与两样本MR验证组分析(OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.006~1.055,P=0.015)均表明GDM与ADHD的发生存在正向因果关系,GDM的风险增加会促使ADHD的风险增加。MVMR分析结果表明,在控制Obesity和ASD后,GDM与ADHD仍然呈现因果关系(OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.008~1.054,P=0.008)。

结论

本研究从遗传学角度证实了GDM与ADHD之间存在因果关系,为今后的研究提供参考。

妊娠期糖尿病  /  注意力缺陷多动障碍  /  孟德尔随机化  /  因果效应
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Mendelian randomization to provide genetic evidence supporting the risk of developing ADHD.

Methods

Based on pooled data from genome-wide association analyses, MR analysis was conducted using five methods, including the inverse variance weighting method, MR-Egger regression, and the weighted median method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the MR-Egger regression test, the MR-PRESSO test, the Cochran Q test, and the leave-one-out method. Two-sample MR analyses and validation group analyses explored the existence of a causal relationship between GDM and ADHD, while multivariate Mendelian randomization examined the direct, independent causal effect of GDM on ADHD after adjusting for factors such as obesity and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Results

The two-sample MR preliminary analysis (OR=1.209, 95% CI: 1.023-1.423, P=0.026) and the validation group analysis (OR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.006-1.055, P=0.015) indicated that GDM had a positive causal relationship with the risk of ADHD, suggesting that an increased risk of GDM contributing to a higher risk of ADHD. The results of MVMR analysis showed that GDM and ADHD still showed a causal relationship after controlling for Obesity and ASD (OR=1.030, 95% CI:1.008-1.054, P=0.008).

Conclusion

This study confirms the causal relationships between GDM, obesity, and ASD with ADHD from a genetic perspective, providing a reference for future research.

Gestational diabetes mellitus  /  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder  /  Mendelian Randomization  /  Causal effect
葛佳瑜, 胥泽文, 李爽, 丛显铸, 綦晓, 石福艳, 孔雨佳, 王素珍. 基于多变量孟德尔随机化的妊娠期糖尿病与注意力缺陷多动障碍因果关联研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1345 -1353 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412050
Jia-yu GE, Ze-wen XU, Shuang LI, Xian-zhu CONG, Xiao QI, Fu-yan SHI, Yu-jia KONG, Su-zhen WANG. Causal association between gestational diabetes mellitus and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on multivariable Mendelian randomization[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (8) : 1345 -1353 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412050
注意力缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,ADHD)是一种以注意力不集中、多动和冲动为特征的神经发育障碍,研究估计影响全球 5% 的儿童和青少年以及 2.5% 的成年人[1-2]。有研究表明,儿童ADHD患病可持续到青年时期,乃至成年期[3],可能会引起认知缺陷、情绪障碍等问题,对患者的生活造成严重的影响。ADHD 的病因复杂多样,主要包括遗传因素,涉及常见和罕见的遗传变异。此外,多种环境因素和行为生活方式也可能增加患病风险[4]。在观察性研究中,ADHD 与肥胖(Obesity)、孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD)之间存在显著关联且可能存在共病已被证实[5-6]
妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妊娠期间发病或首次发现的葡萄糖耐量异常,该疾病的全球标准化患病率约为14%,近年来呈逐渐上升趋势[7-8]。该病会对孕妇及其子代造成不良的健康影响,这些影响可能在短期内显现,也可能在长期内逐渐显现[9]。患者后代通常在胎儿期过度生长,出生时肥胖,且未来患肥胖、心血管和精神性疾病的风险也会增加[10-12]。有母婴队列研究显示,孕产妇妊娠期糖尿病与后代神经系统发育疾病的风险增加有关,包括ADHD[13-14]
目前国内外有关GDM与ADHD之间关系的研究较少,影响机制尚不明确,且因果关系难以确定。本研究基于孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)方法对二者的因果关系进行探究,该方法以其天然的随机分配优势,达到类似随机对照试验的效果[15],在无法实施RCT时,是研究因果关系的较好备选方案,可以有效减少混杂因素的干扰。MR方法的核心,是采用单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)作为工具变量(instrumental variables, IV),借此探究暴露GDM与结局ADHD的因果关系。
本研究主要分为三部分,第一部分采用两样本MR初步分析,探究GDM与ADHD的因果关系。第二部分更换数据库进行两样本MR验证组分析,以验证GDM与ADHD因果关系的稳健性。为了进一步得到 GDM 对 ADHD直接、独立的因果效应,并更全面地探索 ADHD 的多因素因果机制,第三部分进行多变量孟德尔随机化(Multivariable Mendelian Randomization, MVMR)分析,从多个与 ADHD 相关的因素中筛选出肥胖和ASD两个与ADHD可能存在因果关系的变量将二者同时与GDM纳入暴露进行分析。
本研究基于全基因组关联分析(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)汇总数据。两样本MR初步分析的GDM和ADHD的数据均来自IEU Open GWAS project数据库,网址:https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/。验证组分析的GDM与ADHD数据分别来自英国生物银行UK Biobank数据库[16]和精神病基因组学联盟(Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, PGC)[17],网址https://ipsych.dk/en/about-ipsych。MVMR中的GDM与两样本MR验证组分析的GDM来源一致,肥胖数据来自FinnGen芬兰数据库R11版本[18],网址https://www.finngen.fi/。ASD数据来自PGC,见表1
本研究根据MR的三大假设进行IVs筛选[15,19],相关性假设(假设一):IVs与暴露强相关(基因决定性状);独立性假设(假设二):IVs与混杂因素无关(去除基因多效性);排他性假设(假设三):IVs与结局无关(不能通过其他路径导致结局),各变量间的对应关系见图1
①两样本MR初步分析以P<5×10-8为过滤标准提取与GDM强相关的SNPs。由于UKB数据库中GDM的样本量较少,故以该标准筛选到的工具变量数量极少,为选取足够的SNPs纳入分析,两样本MR验证组分析和MVMR分析将阈值扩大至5×10-5[20]。②连锁不平衡(Linkage Disequilibrium, LD)是指染色体上位于近邻位置的等位基因因遗传关联而表现出的非随机共现现象。在考虑代表暴露的遗传工具变量时,若两个高度相关的SNP能够同时代表暴露,则优选其一。LD区域中SNPs的选择依据两个参数:关联性指标r2和连锁不平衡区域的宽度(以kb为单位)。随着r2的变小与区域宽度的变大,被去除的存在LD的SNP会越来越多,而最终剩下的工具变量会越来越少。本研究将两样本MR初步分析的LD设置为r2=0.001,区域宽度=10 000 kb;两样本MR验证组分析和MVMR分析的连锁不平衡设置为r2=0.01,区域宽度=5 000 kb。③F统计量(公式1)用来控制弱工具变量,以F>10作为筛选标准[21]。其中N为样本量,R2为工具变量解释的表型在总体中的方差,即工具变量对暴露的解释程度,k为SNP个数。R2计算方法见公式2,其中MAF为次要等位基因频率(minor allele frequency, MAF),β为SNPs对暴露的效应量,SD为标准差,计算方法见公式3,其中SE为标准误,N为样本量。④通过LDlink网站(网址https://ldlink.nih.gov/)检索与混杂因素相关的SNPs并手动剔除[22]。同时去除DNA 链上序列在特定方向上对称的回文SNP。
两样本MR中的“两样本”是指暴露GDM和结局ADHD分别来自两个独立的样本,一个用来确定SNPs与暴露GDM的关系,另一个用来确定SNPs与结局ADHD的关系,最终得到的效应值为SNPs对GDM的效应与SNPs对ADHD的效应之比。
MVMR分析,能够在纳入多个暴露变量的情况下,同时控制其他变量对结局的影响,评估每个暴露变量与结局之间的独立因果效应[23]。该方法可以有效降低混杂因素带来的偏倚,进一步验证 GDM 与 ADHD 因果关系的稳健性,并揭示肥胖和 ASD 在 ADHD 发病中的作用。与两样本MR不同,MVMR允许遗传变异与一个或多个暴露相关,即允许基因多效性存在。本研究的MVMR因果路径见图2
以逆方差加权(inverse variance weighting, IVW)法为主进行MR分析,估计因果效应[24]。MR-Egger法、加权中位模型(Weighted Median, WM)、加权模型(Weighted mode)、简单模型(Simple mode)四种方法作为IVW方法的补充,以比值比(odds ratio, OR)评估GDM与结局ADHD之间的因果关系。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
IVW法能够有效整合多个工具变量的信息,被认为是最稳健的评估因果关系的方法。MR-Egger法考虑截距项(即混杂因素的效应值)的存在,并可以评估多效性[25]。WM法[26]通过计算IVs的效应估计的加权中位数来减少IVs的效应估计偏倚的影响。两样本MR与MVMR均采用R 4.3.3中Mendelian Randomization 和TwoSample MR软件包进行。
采用MR-Egger和MR-PRESSO法[27]进行基因多效性检验,检验水准α=0.05。MR-Egger 法可以识别并调整水平多效性对效应估计的偏倚。MR-PRESSO 法通过检测和校正异常值 SNP 进一步验证结论是否稳健。Cochran Q检验用于异质性检验,评估潜在异质性,检验水准α=0.05,采用固定效应模型分析,反之,采用随机效应模型分析[28]。Leave-one-out留一法分析评估MR对特定SNP的依赖性,该检验是通过逐个剔除每个SNP后,计算剩余SNP的合并效应,观察剔除某个SNP后结果是否发生变化[29]
通过提取与暴露GDM强相关的SNP并去除连锁不平衡,最终筛选到4个工具变量,F值在32.1~67.0之间,均>10。IVW法结果显示GDM与ADHD的发生存在因果关系,GDM是ADHD发生的危险因素(OR=1.209, P=0.026<0.05)。5种方法的分析结果见图3,可视化呈现见图4, 每个SNP对ADHD的因果效应见图5
异质性检验中IVW法的Q=2.190,P=0.533>0.05,即不存在异质性,因此采用固定效应模型。多效性检验中MR-Egger法的回归截距接近0,P=0.813>0.05;MR-PRESSO法的β=0.105, SD =0.033, P=0.549>0.05,提示没有遗传多效性且不存在离群的SNP。剔除某个SNP后的留一法结果见图6
通过提取与暴露GDM强相关的SNP并去除连锁不平衡,最终筛选到50个SNP。通过LDlink筛查出5个与ADHD有关的混杂因素SNP并剔除(rs13333054、rs142780398、rs6735470、rs75910690、rs9874537),同时剔除了8个回文SNP(rs112827156、rs114221312、rs1687844、rs1907734、rs274485、rs3737015、rs61414544、rs77281163),最终得到37个SNP用于MR分析,见表2F值在16.49~26.44之间,均>10。IVW法结果显示GDM与ADHD的发生存在因果关系,GDM是ADHD发生的危险因素(OR=1.030,P=0.015)。5种方法的分析结果见图7,可视化呈现见图8,每个SNP对ADHD的因果效应见图9
异质性检验中IVW法的Q=22.586,P=0.960>0.05,提示没有异质性,因此采用固定效应模型。多效性检验中MR-Egger法的回归截距接近0,P=0.797>0.05,MR-PRESSO法的β=0.029, SD =0.010, P=0.963>0.05,提示没有遗传多效性且不存在离群的SNP。剔除某个SNP后的留一法结果见图10
采用MVMR分析方法,以 GDM、肥胖和 ASD 三个变量为暴露,ADHD 为结局进行联合分析。最终得到589个SNP。结果显示,在控制肥胖和 ASD 的影响后,IVW 法得出的 GDM 与 ADHD 的因果关系仍然显著(OR=1.030, P=8.23×10-3),表明 GDM 对 ADHD 的因果效应具有稳健性。与此同时,肥胖(OR=1.033, P=4.04×10-3)和 ASD(OR=0.617,P=5.11×10-8)与 ADHD 的因果关系也具有统计学意义,见表3。这表明ADHD的发生受多种因素的独立影响。
ADHD作为儿童最常见的神经发育障碍,由于其症状在成年后持续存在,且易与其他心理疾病产生共患,近年来受学术界、公共卫生领域和制药公司的关注度持续上升[30]。本研究利用MR方法证实了GDM与ADHD的因果关系。一项Meta分析结果显示[31],GDM与儿童不良神经行为的发生有关,包括ADHD和ASD,这与本研究结果基本一致。患有 GDM 的妇女发生先兆子痫、围产期死亡率和早产等不良产科结局的风险更大[32],这可能会增加后代神经发育障碍的风险[33]。GDM对胎儿神经发育的影响是多方面的,涉及一系列复杂的生物学机制。首先,GDM孕妇中普遍存在胰岛素抵抗,它会使孕妇血糖升高,引发胎盘和胎儿代谢紊乱,尤其是在胎儿神经元的增殖、迁移和突触形成过程中。而胎儿脑内糖代谢水平异常会促使神经系统发育缺陷[34]。氧化应激是GDM患者容易产生的一种体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡状态,GDM患者机体内复杂过量的活性氧种类会破坏细胞膜和DNA,使神经发育过程中的细胞损伤甚至死亡。也会使得胎儿前额叶皮层的结构和功能异常,而前额叶皮层在注意力调节、执行功能和自我控制等ADHD发育异常的方面起到关键作用[35]。GDM还会引起胎盘功能障碍,随着胎盘血流的改变,胎儿产生氧气不足。它通过破坏神经元的存活而损伤大脑发育,抑制大脑皮层的正常生长[36]。慢性低度炎症是GDM的另一个并发症,慢性炎症反应通过促炎因子的释放进入胎儿体内,可能影响胎儿神经系统中的自我控制和情绪调节相关脑区[37]。这些都可能是ADHD疾病形成的重要生物学基础。有研究还调查了肥胖和社会经济地位作为 GDM 与神经发育障碍之间关系的效应调节因素的作用。肥胖在暴露于 GDM 后增加了 ASD[38] 和 ADHD[38-39] 的风险,低社会经济地位已被证明会进一步增加暴露于 GDM 后患 ADHD的风险。
一项跨国队列研究显示,与未暴露的儿童相比,怀孕期间患有糖尿病的母亲所生的孩子患ADHD 的风险更高[40],但GDM与ADHD的关联可能不是因果关联。基于此,本研究就GDM与ADHD的因果关系做出了阐述和佐证,而对于GDM介导ADHD的因素没有进一步分析,有学者从产科和新生儿并发症出发,探究其中介作用[13] 。由于GDM属于代谢系统疾病,未来研究还可以从代谢组学的基因角度入手,进一步深入探索血液、尿液代谢物对于二者是否存在直接或间接的中介机制。
与以往妊娠期糖尿病与注意力缺陷多动障碍的关联研究相比,本研究具有以下优势。首先,本研究利用MR法研究二者的因果关系,一定程度上避免了传统流行病学研究中混杂因素和反向因果关系的干扰。第二,研究中GDM汇总数据来自UK Biobank数据库,ADHD的汇总数据来自精神病基因组学联盟(PGC),暴露和结局样本不重叠,更能模拟理想的因果试验环境,避免因果混淆。肥胖因素数据来自FinnGen数据库R11版本,数据新,样本量大,结果的准确性和可靠性更高。第三,本研究的研究设计较为缜密,从两样本MR初步分析到两样本MR验证组分析,再到MVMR排除Obesity、ASD两个混杂因素后得到GDM对ADHD直接且独立的因果效应,进一步深化了 GDM 与 ADHD 的因果推断,同时扩展了 ADHD 多因素分析的视角,强调了肥胖和 ASD 在 ADHD 因果研究中的影响,为更全面地理解 ADHD 的病因网络提供了新方向。从不同数据库验证了二者的因果关系,因果关系的稳健性高。
本研究的局限性表现在:一是MR本身的局限性,基于GDM与ADHD之间的线性关系假设得出结果,若二者实际存在非线性关系,则当前的线性MR模型可能无法准确捕捉因果效应,进而导致效应估计偏倚。二是本研究只能通过基因层面说明二者的因果关系。尽管两样本MR可以通过不同人群的数据来提高因果推断的稳健性,但在母亲-子代研究中,由于暴露变量来自母亲而结局变量关注子代,无法直接将母亲的基因作为工具变量来推断子代的健康结局。无法类比队列研究,实现母子群体的匹配。
尽管如此,本研究仍为妊娠期糖尿病和注意力缺陷多动障碍之间的因果关系提供了有力见解,为有GDM病史的母亲及其子代制定个体化的监测和干预计划,响应精准医学的治疗理念。同时在制定孕期管理政策时,帮助公共卫生部门将GDM纳入ADHD的高危因素考虑。未来研究可从二者的生物学机制入手,以新的研究方向揭示GDM如何影响胎儿大脑发育或神经系统功能,为ADHD的发病机制和靶向治疗开发产生推动作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81872719)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81803337)
  • 山东省科技厅自然科学基金项目(ZR2019MH034)
  • 山东省科技厅自然科学基金项目(ZR2023MH313)
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2025年第52卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412050
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81872719)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81803337)
山东省科技厅自然科学基金项目(ZR2019MH034)
山东省科技厅自然科学基金项目(ZR2023MH313)
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    山东第二医科大学公共卫生学院,山东 潍坊 261053

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王素珍,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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