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Article(id=1240722570618654831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503567, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773740912346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773740912346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773740912346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740912346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240722566957027366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='19', pageStart='3457', pageEnd='3648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773740911472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740981732, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3590, endPage=3595, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240722571327492269, articleId=1240722570618654831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The relationship between socioeconomic status and intrinsic capacity in older adults: the mediating role of healthy lifestyle, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and intrinsic capacity (IC) in older adults, as well as the mediating role of healthy lifestyle. Methods Based on data from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), SES was assessed based on education, occupation, and income, and then categorized into high, medium, and low groups. Healthy lifestyle score (0-6 points) was constructed based on smoking, drinking, diet, social activities, physical exercise, and intellectual leisure activities. IC was assessed according to the indicators recommended by the WHO (2015). Group differences were compared using χ2 tests or variance analysis. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between SES and IC impairment, and general linear regression models were used to analyze the association between SES and IC. A mediation model was employed to assess the mediating effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC, with comparisons across sex and SES groups. Results A total of 5 628 eligible participants aged ≥60 years were included. Older adults with high SES had significantly higher healthy lifestyle scores than those with low SES (P<0.05). The IC impairment in the middle and low SES groups was 1.507 times (95% CI: 1.289-1.762) and 6.476 times (95% CI: 5.051-8.304) than that of the high SES group, respectively, both with P<0.001. SES and IC were significantly positively correlated (β=0.530, 95% CI: 0.505-0.555, P<0.001), with the strongest association in the low SES group (β=1.004,95% CI: 0.773-1.234, P<0.001). Healthy lifestyle partially mediated the relationship between SES and IC, with a mediation effect of 9.25%. The mediation effects were 8.32% in males and 10.19% in females. The mediation effect was significant only in the medium SES group (15.03%), with no significant mediation observed in the low or high SES groups. Conclusion In older adults, SES and IC are significantly positively correlated. SES is associated with IC both directly and indirectly through a healthy lifestyle, with mediating effects varying by sex and SES. Therefore, health promotion measures for older adults should fully consider sex and SES differences, emphasize the improvement of healthy lifestyles, enhance IC in older adults, and promote healthy aging.

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目的 本研究旨在探讨老年人社会经济地位（socioeconomic status，SES）与内在能力（intrinsic capacity）的关联及健康生活方式的中介作用。方法 本研究基于湖北老年记忆队列（Hubei memory and aging cohort study，HMACS）数据。SES根据受教育程度、职业和收入进行评估并分为高、中和低组；根据吸烟、饮酒、饮食、社交、体育锻炼以及智力休闲活动构建健康生活方式评分（0～6分）；内在能力依据WHO（2015）推荐指标进行评估。采用χ2或方差分析比较组间差异；多因素logist内在能力回归分析SES与内在能力损害的关联；一般线性回归模型分析SES与内在能力的关联性；通过中介效应模型分析健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间的中介效应量，并比较这种中介效应量的性别和SES差异。结果 本研究纳入了≥ 60岁合格参与者5 628人，高SES老年人健康生活方式评分显著高于低SES组（P<0.05）；中、低SES组内在能力损害率是高SES组的1.507倍（95% CI：1.289 ~ 1.762）和6.476倍（95% CI：5.051 ~ 8.304），均P<0.001；SES与内在能力显著正相关（β=0.530，95% CI：0.505 ~ 0.555，P<0.001），且在低SES组中关联性最强（β=1.004，95% CI：0.773 ~1.234，P<0.001）；健康生活方式在SES和内在能力之间起部分中介作用，中介效应为9.25%；在男性和女性中，中介效应分别为8.32%和10.19%；中SES组的中介效应为15.03%，在低SES和高SES组健康生活方式无显著中介效应。结论 老年人SES与内在能力显著正相关，老年人SES不仅可直接影响其内在能力，还可以通过健康生活方式间接影响内在能力，同时这种中介效应存在性别和SES差异。因此，针对老年人的健康促进策略应充分考虑性别和SES的差异，重视健康生活方式，提升老年人内在能力，促进健康老龄化。

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沈春梅，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tHb37ahpYR/GPhNFVYE+yg==, magXml=8vnAeFsf9RZa77vye8HX3A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VYTSmWwWOlOWjrhq0uDseg==, pdfFileSize=688856, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wpAlc+3V3Ozn4GE9Xmfk4Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何智超（2001—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

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何智超（2001—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

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Study on the impact mechanism of elderly socioeconomic status on health: The mediating effects of lifestyle, public service and social psychology[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Policy, 2020, 13(3): 21-30.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the impact mechanism of elderly socioeconomic status on health: The mediating effects of lifestyle, public service and social psychology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240933508529582841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, awardId=82371444, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240933504431747552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933504444330464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, companyId=1240933504431747552, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933504452719073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, companyId=1240933504431747552, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240933504553382375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933504561770984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, companyId=1240933504553382375, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240933504666628588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933504675017197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, companyId=1240933504666628588, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖北省肿瘤医院，湖北 武汉 430079)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240933507132879534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of basic characteristics of participants［ n（%），（$\bar{x}±s$）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参与者低SES中SES高SESχ2/F值P值
5 628 (100)1 841 (32.71)1 909 (33.92)1 778 (33.37)
性别（男）2 517 (44.72)798 (43.35)932 (48.82)787 (41.91)20.410<0.001
年龄（岁）72.16±5.8072.90±5.7572.10±5.7971.50±5.7927.233<0.001
年龄（岁）
65～69194 (3.45)59 (3.20)64 (3.35)71 (3.78)75.398<0.001
70～741 906 (33.87)508 (27.59)659 (34.52)739 (39.35)
75～791 760 (31.27)595 (32.32)585 (30.64)580 (30.88)
≥801 768 (31.41)679 (36.88)601 (31.48)488 (25.99)
居住地（城市）2 911 (51.72)356 (19.34)1 019 (53.38)1 536 (81.79)1 455.247<0.001
受教育年限（年）7.01±5.280.93±1.827.98±3.3311.97±2.707 993.495<0.001
婚姻状况（有配偶）4 114 (73.10)1 200 (65.18)1 390 (72.81)1 524 (81.15)120.666<0.001
在世兄弟姐妹（有）4 911 (87.26)1 542 (83.76)1 648 (86.33)1 721 (91.64)54.201<0.001
居住状况（非独居）4 469 (79.41)1 321 (71.75)1 519 (79.57)1 629 (86.74)127.736<0.001
健在子女数（个）
0198 (3.52)95 (5.16)71 (3.72)32 (1.70)511.784<0.001
1～23 471 (61.67)797 (43.29)1 184 (62.02)1 490 (79.34)
≥31 959 (34.81)949 (51.55)654 (34.26)356 (18.96)
性格类型
外向2 468 (43.85)760 (41.28)678 (36.83)403 (21.89)14.5430.006
中性2 068 (36.74)850 (44.53)696 (36.46)363 (19.02)
内向1 092 (19.40)858 (45.69)694 (36.95)326 (17.36)
好友个数（个）
01 457 (25.89)721 (39.16)482 (25.25)254 (13.53)403.362<0.001
1～21 100 (19.55)388 (21.08)393 (20.59)319 (16.99)
3～51 613 (28.66)414 (22.49)542 (28.39)657 (34.98)
≥61 458 (25.91)318 (17.27)492 (25.77)648 (34.50)
吸烟（是）1 678 (29.82)502 (27.27)678 (35.52)498 (26.52)45.116<0.001
喝酒（是）1 766 (31.38)608 (33.03)675 (35.36)483 (25.72)44.302<0.001
体育锻炼（是）3 988 (70.86)914 (49.65)1 431 (74.96)1 643 (87.49)668.184<0.001
智力活动（是）2 708 (48.12)385 (20.91)1 041 (53.12)1 309 (69.70)915.371<0.001
社交（有）1 423 (25.28)279 (15.15)484 (25.35)660 (35.14)1 96.633<0.001
饮食状况（均衡）3 695 (65.65)673 (36.56)1 339 (70.14)1 683 (89.62)1 186.516<0.001
健康生活方式得分（分3.49±1.472.32±1.263.53±1.444.30±1.18777.682<0.001
Z-SES0.00±1.00-1.12±0.18-0.09±0.431.19±0.3322 876.659<0.001
IC损害4 590 (81.56)1 744 (94.73)1 519 (79.57)1 327 (70.66)365.675<0.001
Z-IC0.00±1.00-0.80±0.920.21±0.830.58±0.671 435.73<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507237737143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象基本特征比较［ n（%），（$\bar{x}±s$）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参与者低SES中SES高SESχ2/F值P值
5 628 (100)1 841 (32.71)1 909 (33.92)1 778 (33.37)
性别（男）2 517 (44.72)798 (43.35)932 (48.82)787 (41.91)20.410<0.001
年龄（岁）72.16±5.8072.90±5.7572.10±5.7971.50±5.7927.233<0.001
年龄（岁）
65～69194 (3.45)59 (3.20)64 (3.35)71 (3.78)75.398<0.001
70～741 906 (33.87)508 (27.59)659 (34.52)739 (39.35)
75～791 760 (31.27)595 (32.32)585 (30.64)580 (30.88)
≥801 768 (31.41)679 (36.88)601 (31.48)488 (25.99)
居住地（城市）2 911 (51.72)356 (19.34)1 019 (53.38)1 536 (81.79)1 455.247<0.001
受教育年限（年）7.01±5.280.93±1.827.98±3.3311.97±2.707 993.495<0.001
婚姻状况（有配偶）4 114 (73.10)1 200 (65.18)1 390 (72.81)1 524 (81.15)120.666<0.001
在世兄弟姐妹（有）4 911 (87.26)1 542 (83.76)1 648 (86.33)1 721 (91.64)54.201<0.001
居住状况（非独居）4 469 (79.41)1 321 (71.75)1 519 (79.57)1 629 (86.74)127.736<0.001
健在子女数（个）
0198 (3.52)95 (5.16)71 (3.72)32 (1.70)511.784<0.001
1～23 471 (61.67)797 (43.29)1 184 (62.02)1 490 (79.34)
≥31 959 (34.81)949 (51.55)654 (34.26)356 (18.96)
性格类型
外向2 468 (43.85)760 (41.28)678 (36.83)403 (21.89)14.5430.006
中性2 068 (36.74)850 (44.53)696 (36.46)363 (19.02)
内向1 092 (19.40)858 (45.69)694 (36.95)326 (17.36)
好友个数（个）
01 457 (25.89)721 (39.16)482 (25.25)254 (13.53)403.362<0.001
1～21 100 (19.55)388 (21.08)393 (20.59)319 (16.99)
3～51 613 (28.66)414 (22.49)542 (28.39)657 (34.98)
≥61 458 (25.91)318 (17.27)492 (25.77)648 (34.50)
吸烟（是）1 678 (29.82)502 (27.27)678 (35.52)498 (26.52)45.116<0.001
喝酒（是）1 766 (31.38)608 (33.03)675 (35.36)483 (25.72)44.302<0.001
体育锻炼（是）3 988 (70.86)914 (49.65)1 431 (74.96)1 643 (87.49)668.184<0.001
智力活动（是）2 708 (48.12)385 (20.91)1 041 (53.12)1 309 (69.70)915.371<0.001
社交（有）1 423 (25.28)279 (15.15)484 (25.35)660 (35.14)1 96.633<0.001
饮食状况（均衡）3 695 (65.65)673 (36.56)1 339 (70.14)1 683 (89.62)1 186.516<0.001
健康生活方式得分（分3.49±1.472.32±1.263.53±1.444.30±1.18777.682<0.001
Z-SES0.00±1.00-1.12±0.18-0.09±0.431.19±0.3322 876.659<0.001
IC损害4 590 (81.56)1 744 (94.73)1 519 (79.57)1 327 (70.66)365.675<0.001
Z-IC0.00±1.00-0.80±0.920.21±0.830.58±0.671 435.73<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507334206140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linear association between different SES groups and IC among older adults

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群β95%CIR2t值P值
总人群0.530(0.505～0.555)0.34641.178<0.001
低SES1.004(0.773～1.234)0.0548.536<0.001
中SES0.612(0.524～0.700)0.18013.625<0.001
高SES0.102(0.009～0.195)0.0102.1450.032
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507422286529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年人不同SES组与内在能力的线性关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群β95%CIR2t值P值
总人群0.530(0.505～0.555)0.34641.178<0.001
低SES1.004(0.773～1.234)0.0548.536<0.001
中SES0.612(0.524～0.700)0.18013.625<0.001
高SES0.102(0.009～0.195)0.0102.1450.032
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507543921349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression analysis of healthy lifestyle as a mediating variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结果变量预测变量R2βt值P值
模型1健康生活方式SES0.5330.6210.02031.446<0.001
模型2ICSES0.5890.5300.01341.178<0.001
模型3ICSES0.5970.4810.01434.727<0.001
健康生活方式0.0780.0099.079<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507648778955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

健康生活方式作为中介变量的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结果变量预测变量R2βt值P值
模型1健康生活方式SES0.5330.6210.02031.446<0.001
模型2ICSES0.5890.5300.01341.178<0.001
模型3ICSES0.5970.4810.01434.727<0.001
健康生活方式0.0780.0099.079<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507720082129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mediation effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI相对效应占比（%）
直接效应SES→IC0.4810.014(0.454～0.508)90.75
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0490.005(0.038～0.059)9.25
总效应SES→IC0.5300.013(0.505～0.555)100
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507816551128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI相对效应占比（%）
直接效应SES→IC0.4810.014(0.454～0.508)90.75
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0490.005(0.038～0.059)9.25
总效应SES→IC0.5300.013(0.505～0.555)100
), ArticleFig(id=1240933507938185950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mediation effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC by sex

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI 相对效应占比（%）
男性
直接效应SES→IC0.4740.021(0.432～0.516)91.68
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0430.008(0.027～0.058)8.32
总效应SES→IC0.5170.020(0.477～0.556)100
女性
直接效应SES→IC0.4850.018(0.449～0.521)89.81
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0550.008(0.040～0.071)10.19
总效应SES→IC0.5400.017(0.507～0.573)100
), ArticleFig(id=1240933508072403686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同性别中健康生活方式在SES与内在能力关联中的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI 相对效应占比（%）
男性
直接效应SES→IC0.4740.021(0.432～0.516)91.68
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0430.008(0.027～0.058)8.32
总效应SES→IC0.5170.020(0.477～0.556)100
女性
直接效应SES→IC0.4850.018(0.449～0.521)89.81
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0550.008(0.040～0.071)10.19
总效应SES→IC0.5400.017(0.507～0.573)100
), ArticleFig(id=1240933508181455596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mediation effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC by SES groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI 相对效应占比（%）
低SES
直接效应SES→IC0.9830.117(0.754～1.212)97.91
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0210.015(-0.007～0.052)2.09
总效应SES→IC1.0040.118(0.773～1.234)100
中SES
直接效应SES→IC0.5200.047(0.429～0.612)84.97
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0920.016(0.063～0.124)15.03
总效应SES→IC0.6120.045(0.524～0.700)100
高SES
直接效应SES→IC0.1020.048(0.008～0.195)100
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0000.003(-0.006～0.007)0.00
总效应SES→IC0.1020.048(0.009～0.195)100
), ArticleFig(id=1240933508282118896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722570618654831, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同SES组别中健康生活方式在SES与内在能力关联中的中介效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应分解路径效应值95% CI 相对效应占比（%）
低SES
直接效应SES→IC0.9830.117(0.754～1.212)97.91
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0210.015(-0.007～0.052)2.09
总效应SES→IC1.0040.118(0.773～1.234)100
中SES
直接效应SES→IC0.5200.047(0.429～0.612)84.97
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0920.016(0.063～0.124)15.03
总效应SES→IC0.6120.045(0.524～0.700)100
高SES
直接效应SES→IC0.1020.048(0.008～0.195)100
间接效应SES→健康生活方式→IC0.0000.003(-0.006～0.007)0.00
总效应SES→IC0.1020.048(0.009～0.195)100
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社会经济地位与老年人内在能力的关联——健康生活方式的中介作用
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何智超 1 , 程桂荣 1, 2 , 沈春梅 3
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(19): 3590-3595
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(19): 3590-3595
社会经济地位与老年人内在能力的关联——健康生活方式的中介作用
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何智超1, 程桂荣1, 2, 沈春梅3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065
  • 2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院
  • 3.湖北省肿瘤医院，湖北 武汉 430079

    • 何智超（2001—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

通讯作者:

沈春梅，E-mail:
The relationship between socioeconomic status and intrinsic capacity in older adults: the mediating role of healthy lifestyle
Zhi-chao HE1, Gui-rong CHENG1, 2, Chun-mei SHEN3
Affiliations
  • Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503567
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摘要
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目的 本研究旨在探讨老年人社会经济地位（socioeconomic status，SES）与内在能力（intrinsic capacity）的关联及健康生活方式的中介作用。方法 本研究基于湖北老年记忆队列（Hubei memory and aging cohort study，HMACS）数据。SES根据受教育程度、职业和收入进行评估并分为高、中和低组；根据吸烟、饮酒、饮食、社交、体育锻炼以及智力休闲活动构建健康生活方式评分（0～6分）；内在能力依据WHO（2015）推荐指标进行评估。采用χ2或方差分析比较组间差异；多因素logist内在能力回归分析SES与内在能力损害的关联；一般线性回归模型分析SES与内在能力的关联性；通过中介效应模型分析健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间的中介效应量，并比较这种中介效应量的性别和SES差异。结果 本研究纳入了≥ 60岁合格参与者5 628人，高SES老年人健康生活方式评分显著高于低SES组（P<0.05）；中、低SES组内在能力损害率是高SES组的1.507倍（95% CI：1.289 ~ 1.762）和6.476倍（95% CI：5.051 ~ 8.304），均P<0.001；SES与内在能力显著正相关（β=0.530，95% CI：0.505 ~ 0.555，P<0.001），且在低SES组中关联性最强（β=1.004，95% CI：0.773 ~1.234，P<0.001）；健康生活方式在SES和内在能力之间起部分中介作用，中介效应为9.25%；在男性和女性中，中介效应分别为8.32%和10.19%；中SES组的中介效应为15.03%，在低SES和高SES组健康生活方式无显著中介效应。结论 老年人SES与内在能力显著正相关，老年人SES不仅可直接影响其内在能力，还可以通过健康生活方式间接影响内在能力，同时这种中介效应存在性别和SES差异。因此，针对老年人的健康促进策略应充分考虑性别和SES的差异，重视健康生活方式，提升老年人内在能力，促进健康老龄化。

社会经济地位  /  健康生活方式  /  老年人  /  内在能力  /  HMACS

Objective This study aims to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and intrinsic capacity (IC) in older adults, as well as the mediating role of healthy lifestyle. Methods Based on data from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), SES was assessed based on education, occupation, and income, and then categorized into high, medium, and low groups. Healthy lifestyle score (0-6 points) was constructed based on smoking, drinking, diet, social activities, physical exercise, and intellectual leisure activities. IC was assessed according to the indicators recommended by the WHO (2015). Group differences were compared using χ2 tests or variance analysis. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between SES and IC impairment, and general linear regression models were used to analyze the association between SES and IC. A mediation model was employed to assess the mediating effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC, with comparisons across sex and SES groups. Results A total of 5 628 eligible participants aged ≥60 years were included. Older adults with high SES had significantly higher healthy lifestyle scores than those with low SES (P<0.05). The IC impairment in the middle and low SES groups was 1.507 times (95% CI: 1.289-1.762) and 6.476 times (95% CI: 5.051-8.304) than that of the high SES group, respectively, both with P<0.001. SES and IC were significantly positively correlated (β=0.530, 95% CI: 0.505-0.555, P<0.001), with the strongest association in the low SES group (β=1.004,95% CI: 0.773-1.234, P<0.001). Healthy lifestyle partially mediated the relationship between SES and IC, with a mediation effect of 9.25%. The mediation effects were 8.32% in males and 10.19% in females. The mediation effect was significant only in the medium SES group (15.03%), with no significant mediation observed in the low or high SES groups. Conclusion In older adults, SES and IC are significantly positively correlated. SES is associated with IC both directly and indirectly through a healthy lifestyle, with mediating effects varying by sex and SES. Therefore, health promotion measures for older adults should fully consider sex and SES differences, emphasize the improvement of healthy lifestyles, enhance IC in older adults, and promote healthy aging.

Socioeconomic status  /  Healthy lifestyle  /  Older adults  /  Intrinsic capacity  /  HMACS
何智超, 程桂荣, 沈春梅. 社会经济地位与老年人内在能力的关联——健康生活方式的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3590 -3595 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503567
Zhi-chao HE, Gui-rong CHENG, Chun-mei SHEN. The relationship between socioeconomic status and intrinsic capacity in older adults: the mediating role of healthy lifestyle[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3590 -3595 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503567
正文
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人口老龄化加速背景下，积极识别内在能力（intrinsic capacity）的下降并提前干预对健康老龄化至关重要[1]。内在能力是功能发挥的核心，指个体在任何时候都能动用的全部身体机能和脑力的组合[2]，直接影响老年人的生活质量、独立性和社会参与度。当前老年人普遍存在内在能力下降，多项研究表明，社区老年人内在能力下降率在43.04%～86.51%[3]。内在能力下降不仅会加重社会负担，同时也与失能、住院率增加及死亡率上升密切相关[4-5]。
社会经济地位（socioeconomic status, SES）作为影响内在能力的关键社会决定因素，与老年人健康状况显著相关[6]。一方面，高SES老年人往往更易获取优质医疗资源与社会支持[3]，从而更好地维持其身体机能和认知能力。另一方面，健康生活方式对维持和提升老年人内在能力具有重要意义，而SES也显著影响着健康生活方式的采纳和维持。高SES老年人通常健康素养更高，可预防并及时发现健康问题，并积极参与健身活动或兴趣班，提升身体与认知素质。研究指出，在高SES群体中，随着健康生活方式种类的增多，心血管疾病的发病时间得以显著延缓[7]，表明SES可以通过生活方式影响内在能力。相比之下，低SES老年人因收入水平低，医疗支出负担重，错过疾病早期干预时机，导致身体机能衰退加速[8-9]。同时居住环境欠佳、休闲活动单一、缺乏社会支持、认知刺激不足等不利因素叠加[10-11]，致使低SES老年人内在能力下降风险显著升高，凸显了在健康干预中考虑SES差异的重要性。性别差异对健康行为和内在能力的影响同样显著。女性通常对健康风险更为敏感，更注重健康检查，并在社交活动中更为活跃，能够构建社会支持网络，提升心理韧性[12-13]。然而，过度担忧健康问题可能导致焦虑，影响心理健康。男性则更倾向参与体育运动，有助于维持身体机能，但可能忽视健康检查。这些差异表明，性别在健康行为模式和内在能力发展上存在显著影响，需在健康干预策略中加以考虑。
尽管目前已有诸多研究聚焦于生活方式、SES及内在能力之间的相互作用，但对于其中的作用路径及群体差异的剖析尚不充分。基于此，本研究深入探讨老年人SES与内在能力之间的内在联系，分析健康生活方式所发挥的中介作用，并通过性别和SES的分层分析，比较不同群体中中介效应量的差异，为有效提升老年人内在能力水平、促进健康老龄化提供更具针对性的科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
本研究基于湖北老年记忆队列[14]（Hubei memory and aging cohort study，HMACS）数据，排除年龄<60岁及 SES、生活方式相关信息缺失者，最终纳入5 628人。本研究已获武汉科技大学医学伦理委员会批准（No：201845），且参与者均签署书面知情同意书。
1.2　研究方法
1.2.1　一般情况调查
包括社会人口学特征（性别、年龄、居住地及受教育程度等）、生活方式（吸烟、饮酒、饮食、体育锻炼和智力休闲活动）、社交（健在兄弟姐妹及关系密切好友等）和疾病史（高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等）。
1.2.2　SES评估
基于受教育年限、职业评分[15]及现收入进行SES综合评分。对三个指标进行正态分布检验后标准化处理，通过三分位数法等权重加权平均，将研究对象分为高、中、低SES组。
1.2.3　健康生活方式评估
从吸烟、饮酒、饮食、社交、体育锻炼及智力休闲活动六个维度构建评分[16]。具体如下：（1）从不吸烟；（2）从不饮酒；（3）饮食均衡，即每周摄入蔬菜、水果、鱼的频率≥1~ 2次；（4）社交频率≥1次/周；（5）规律体育活动，即单次体育活动时长≥ 0.5 h，≥ 1~ 2次/周；（6）智力休闲活动≥ 1次/周。每项健康行为各得1分，总分介于0 ~ 6分之间，分数越高，表明生活方式越健康。
1.2.4　内在能力评估
依据WHO推荐，评估运动、活力、感觉、心理和认知五个子域[17]。内在能力得分为各子域平均值并标准化。运动域依据简明体能状况量表（short physical performance battery，SPPB）进行评估，包括步态速度、起坐试验和平衡试验三个部分，各部分满分4分，总分12分，低于10分为运动域下降[18]。活力域以身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）作为测量指标，定义超重（>24 kg/m2）或偏瘦（≤ 18.5 kg/m2）为活力域下降。感觉域主要包括听力和视力，采用自我报告法进行评估，听力和视力存在任一受损即为感觉域下降。心理域采用GDS-15量表（geriatric depression scale-15 item）评估抑郁症状，评分≥5即为心理域下降。认知域使用简易精神状态检查量表（mini-mental state examination，MMSE）进行评估，结合研究对象的受教育水平及得分判断认知状况；定义文盲≤17分，小学程度≤20分，中学及以上≤24分为认知域下降。参考Zhou Y[19]的研究，定义任一子域存在下降即为内在能力损害。
1.3　统计分析
应用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以（均值±标准差）表示；计数资料以频数和百分比表示。使用χ2检验和方差分析比较组间差异；采用多因素logistic回归分析SES与内在能力损害的关联；使用一般线性回归模型分析SES与内在能力的关联性；使用SPSS宏程序PROCESS中的Model 4建立中介效应模型，通过bootstrap方法（重复抽样5 000次）检验中介效应，双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　研究对象一般资料
本研究纳入了HMACS的5 628名≥ 60岁的合格参与者，平均年龄为（72.16±5.80）岁。其中，男性2 517（44.72%）人，城市居住者2 911（51.72%）人。低、中和高SES组分别有1 841（32.71%）、1 909（33.92%）和1 778人（33.37%）。81.56%的老年人存在内在能力损害，且低SES组内在能力损害率显著高于高SES组（P<0.001）。低SES组老年人多为高龄、低教育水平、居住在农村和无配偶，且其标准化内在能力（Z-IC）得分显著低于中、高SES组（P<0.001）。见表1。
2.2　老年人不同SES组与内在能力及内在能力损害的关联性
多因素logistic分析显示：中、低SES组老年人内在能力损害率分别是高SES组的1.507和6.476倍。表2线性回归结果表明，SES与内在能力呈显著正相关，β=0.530（95% CI：0.505～0.555，P<0.001）。不同SES组的结果显示，低SES组与内在能力的关联最强，β=1.004（95% CI：0.773～1.234，P<0.001）；中SES组中β=0.612（95% CI：0.524～0.700，P<0.001），也呈显著正相关；而在高SES组中β=0.102（95% CI：0.009～0.195，P=0.032），关联性较弱但仍有统计学意义。总体来看，不同SES组中，老年人的内在能力随SES水平的升高而提升，其中低SES组的提升最为显著。
2.3　健康生活方式在SES和内在能力间的中介效应
如表3所示，在回归分析中，模型1和模型2将健康生活方式和内在能力视为因变量，分析结果表明，SES对健康生活方式和内在能力均有影响（β=0.530、β=0.621，均P<0.001）；模型3则是在模型2的基础上加入健康生活方式变量，结果显示，当SES和健康生活方式同时进入方程时，二者均能分别显著正向预测内在能力（β=0.481和β=0.078，均P<0.001）。中介效应检验表明，健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间起部分中介作用，中介效应占9.25%。见表4。
2.4　健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间中介效应的性别和SES差异
性别分层分析显示，健康生活方式在SES与内在能力间均起部分中介作用。在男性群体中，中介效应量为8.32%；女性群体中，中介效应量为10.19%。见表5。
SES分层分析显示，在中SES组，中介效应量分别为15.03%。而在低SES组和高SES组，SES到内在能力的间接效应均不显著，中介效应不成立。见表6。
3　讨论
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本研究利用HMACS ≥ 60岁社区老年人群队列，揭示了SES与老年人内在能力之间的关联及健康生活方式的中介作用。研究发现，低SES组老年人内在能力损害比例高达94.73%，显著高于中SES组的79.57%以及高SES组的70.66%。中、低SES老年人内在能力损害率显著高于高SES人群，分别为高SES人群的1.507和6.476倍；老年人SES与内在能力显著正相关，SES不仅可直接影响老年人内在能力，还通过健康生活方式间接影响内在能力。Zhang Y等[20]在研究SES影响老年人健康的机制中指出，低SES的老年人可能长期处于经济压力、社会排斥和资源匮乏的环境中，会经历更多的应激性事件导致其适应负荷（allostat内在能力 load）水平更高，易导致多种健康问题[8]。低SES的老年人往往处于不健康的生活方式，如缺乏运动[21]、饮食不均衡[22]等，直接损害身心健康进而导致内在能力的下降。同时，低SES老年人居住环境缺乏运动设施，限制身体活动[10]。心理健康方面，低SES老年人经济压力大，易出现抑郁、焦虑等心理问题，影响生活质量[23]。此外，低SES老年人难以获得足够的医疗资源[24]，慢性疾病得不到有效控制，加速身体机能的衰退[9]。研究表明，社会支持可以缓解低SES老年人的心理压力[25]，改善其生活方式[26]，从而对其内在能力产生积极影响。然而，低SES的老年人往往缺乏足够的社会支持进一步加剧了其内在能力损害[11]。
研究还发现健康生活方式在SES与老年人内在能力之间起中介作用，中介效应量为9.25%，这提示健康生活方式是SES影响老年人内在能力的重要途径。这一发现与相关研究结果相印证，如Xue等[27]的研究也指出健康生活方式在SES与老年人抑郁之间起到了中介作用。从实践角度来看，改善老年人生活方式对提升健康水平至关重要。但这种中介效应存在性别和SES差异。女性的中介效应略高于男性，可能与性别在社会角色、健康意识和生活方式选择上的差异有关。女性通常更关注健康管理和生活方式选择，而男性可能更倾向于短期行为并忽视健康风险[12]。此外，社会文化因素也可能影响性别差异。女性在社会交往中往往更注重情感支持和健康信息分享[13]，但性别差异也可能受到教育水平和经济独立性的影响[28-29]。在SES组别差异方面，健康生活方式的中介效应在中SES组最为显著，而在低SES和高SES组中则不显著。这一结果可能与不同SES组的经济和社会压力有关。低SES组的老年人经济和社会压力大，难以维持健康的生活方式[30]。而高SES组的老年人已经具备了较高的健康素养，SES的提升对其生活方式的影响较小[31]。这表明中介效应在不同SES组中存在阈值效应。未来研究可探讨其具体机制及政策干预优化。
综上，本研究强调指定老年人健康促进策略应充分考虑性别和SES差异，以改善生活方式，提升老年人IC，促进健康老龄化。但研究存在局限性，如样本代表性有限、横断面设计无法确定因果关系。未来研究可以扩大样本范围、采用纵向设计，并进一步探讨其他潜在中介变量。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444)
文献
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2025年第52卷第19期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503567
  • 接收时间：2025-03-31
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444)
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    1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065
    2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院
    3.湖北省肿瘤医院，湖北 武汉 430079

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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