Article(id=1240722569565884484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744992000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773740912094, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773740912094, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773740912094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740912094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240722566957027366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='19', pageStart='3457', pageEnd='3648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773740911472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740981732, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3604, endPage=3608, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240722570379579492, articleId=1240722569565884484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Influencing factors and urban-rural differences in the well-being among the elderly in Guizhou Province, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To accurately evaluate the influencing factors and urban-rural differences in the well-being among the elderly in Guizhou Province, so as to provide scientific basis and practical strategies for enhancing the well-being of the elderly. Methods Using stratified and convenience sampling methods, 1 500 elderly aged 60 and above who met the survey requirements were selected from six prefectures in Guizhou Province. The well-being of Older People Scale (WOOP) was applied for questionnaire surveys. Combined with the random forest model and the ordered logistic regression analysis, the importance evaluation and the urban-rural differences of the influencing factors on the well-being of the elderly in Guizhou Province were analyzed. Results The overall well-being level of the elderly in Guizhou Province was relatively high, and that in urban areas was slightly higher than that in rural areas. The mean value of subjective well-being among urban elderly was 4.21±0.65, while that of rural elderly was 4.11±0.75. The results of the random forest model and the ordered logistic regression analysis showed that physical health, mental health, social life, receiving support, acceptance and resilience, feeling useful, independence, and making ends meet were important influencing factors for the well-being of the elderly. The regression coefficient values of these factors all showed significance at the 0.001 level. Among them, the making ends meet (with a weight value of 0.231) was the core driving factor for the well-being of rural elderly. Meanwhile, mental health (with a weight value of 0.136) and physical health (with a weight value of 0.122) were the core driving factors for the well-being of urban elderly.Living situation (β=0.880, z=6.751, P<0.001) had a significant impact on the well-being of urban elderly but has no significant impact on that of rural elderly. Conclusion There are significant urban-rural differences in the influencing factors of the well-being of elderly in Guizhou Province. To enhance the well-being of elderly, it is necessary to start from multiple dimensions and implement precise policies. In rural areas, priority should be given to increasing the income of rural elderly. While in urban areas, efforts should be focused on optimizing the living situation of the elderly and building a comprehensive and multi-level medical and elderly care service support system.

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目的 精准评估贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素及城乡差异,为提升老年人幸福感提供科学依据与切实可行的策略。方法 采用分层和便利抽样方法在贵州省6个市州抽取符合调查要求的60岁及以上老年人1 500例,应用荷兰老年人福祉(well-being of older people,WOOP)量表进行问卷调查,并结合随机森林模型与有序logistic回归分析贵州省老年人幸福感影响因素的重要性排序及城乡差异。结果 城乡老年人主观幸福感水平整体较高,城镇老年人主观幸福感均值为(4.21±0.65),农村老年人为(4.11±0.75),城镇略高于农村。随机森林模型和有序logistic回归分析结果显示,身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、得到支持、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡八个指标是城乡老年人幸福感的重要影响因素,回归系数值均呈现出0.001水平的显著性。其中,收支平衡(权重值0.231)是农村老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素,而心理健康(权重值0.136)和身体健康(权重值0.122)是城镇老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素,居住状况(β=0.880,z= 6.751,P<0.001)对城镇老年人幸福感影响较大而对农村老年人没有显著影响。结论 贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素存在显著城乡差异,提升老年人幸福感需要从多维度入手,精准施策。在农村应优先提高农村老年人收入,在城镇则应着重优化老年人的居住状况,并努力构建全方位、多层次的医养服务支持体系。

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杨正凤,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ao3o+OQYkENQO2rH75usrA==, magXml=HfNp50YyemF4fkTrXfcMTQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rGUFS5aYENK9YscphG4wtQ==, pdfFileSize=671536, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=78t9ump3uSf2hHNnU/iQeA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘润华(1982—),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:行为健康经济、医养结合等

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Scientific Research on Aging, 2021, 9(11): 14-28.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Family or neighborhood? —influence of the interpersonal relationship on the wellbeing of older People in rural China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240933506193355364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=50, issue=12, pageStart=2195, pageEnd=2200, 2214, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=23, authorNames=王琼, 刘晨, 侯晓春, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王琼,刘晨,侯晓春,等.居住安排对我国老年人生活满意度的影响效应分析[J].现代预防医学202350(12):2195-2200, 2214., articleTitle=居住安排对我国老年人生活满意度的影响效应分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240933506289824363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=50, issue=12, pageStart=2195, pageEnd=2200, 2214, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Wang Q, Liu C, Hou XC, journalName=Mod Prev Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Q, Liu C, Hou XC, et al. 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Mod Prev Med, 2023, 50(12): 2195-2200, 2214.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of the influence effect of living arrangements on the life satisfaction of the elderly in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240933503278313893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, awardId=22GZZD31, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省哲学社会科学规划课题重点课题(22GZZD31), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240933500510073133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933500518461743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, companyId=1240933500510073133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Health Services Management, Center of Medicine Economics and Management Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240933500531044657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, companyId=1240933500510073133, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院,贵州医科大学医药经济管理研究中心,贵州 贵阳 561113)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240933502347178360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive statistics of the survey respondents [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本特征分组农村(n=664)城镇(n=836)
性别320(48.2)418(50.0)
344(51.8)418(50.0)
年龄(岁)60~69264(39.8)504(60.3)
70~79347(52.3)290(34.7)
≥8053(7.9)42(5.0)
婚姻状态单身/丧偶/离异277(41.7)180(21.5)
已婚有偶配387(58.3)656(78.5)
居住安排独居122(18.4)77(9.2)
与配偶同住217(32.7)209(25.0)
与子女同住325(48.9)550(65.8)
主观幸福感非常不满意21(3.1)2(0.2)
不满意77(11.6)91(10.9)
一般333(50.1)600(71.8)
满意209(31.5)107(12.8)
非常满意24(3.7)36(4.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502426870140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象的基本特征描述统计[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本特征分组农村(n=664)城镇(n=836)
性别320(48.2)418(50.0)
344(51.8)418(50.0)
年龄(岁)60~69264(39.8)504(60.3)
70~79347(52.3)290(34.7)
≥8053(7.9)42(5.0)
婚姻状态单身/丧偶/离异277(41.7)180(21.5)
已婚有偶配387(58.3)656(78.5)
居住安排独居122(18.4)77(9.2)
与配偶同住217(32.7)209(25.0)
与子女同住325(48.9)550(65.8)
主观幸福感非常不满意21(3.1)2(0.2)
不满意77(11.6)91(10.9)
一般333(50.1)600(71.8)
满意209(31.5)107(12.8)
非常满意24(3.7)36(4.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502502367617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation of the importance of influencing factors of well-being among urban and rural elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量农村城镇
权重值排序权重值排序
人口学特征性别0.034110.04810
年龄0.034100.0618
婚姻状态0.032120.02912
居住安排0.018130.01313
幸福感影响因素身体健康0.08040.1222
心理健康0.13620.1361
社交生活0.08730.1123
得到支持0.07350.0936
接受能力和恢复力0.06070.1065
感觉有用0.05690.0431
1
独立能力0.06160.1064
收支平衡0.23110.0657
居住状况0.05880.0569
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502582059398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

城乡老年人幸福感影响因素重要性评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量农村城镇
权重值排序权重值排序
人口学特征性别0.034110.04810
年龄0.034100.0618
婚姻状态0.032120.02912
居住安排0.018130.01313
幸福感影响因素身体健康0.08040.1222
心理健康0.13620.1361
社交生活0.08730.1123
得到支持0.07350.0936
接受能力和恢复力0.06070.1065
感觉有用0.05690.0431
1
独立能力0.06160.1064
收支平衡0.23110.0657
居住状况0.05880.0569
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502699499916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ordinal logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of well-being among rural elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别0.2980.2371.5760.2091.347(0.846~2.144)
年龄0.0140.1550.0080.9271.014(0.749~1.374)
婚姻状态-0.0750.1360.3010.5830.928(0.710~1.212)
居住安排0.0550.1650.1120.7381.057(0.764~1.462)
身体健康0.3610.08020.125<0.0011.434(1.225~1.679)
心理健康0.5820.08151.753<0.0011.709(1.527~2.098)
社交生活0.5920.12124.072<0.0011.808(1.427~2.291)
得到支持0.4100.10615.041<0.0011.507(1.225~1.855)
接受能力和恢复力0.3540.10910.6240.0011.425(1.152~1.764)
感觉有用0.4690.10619.725<0.0011.599(1.300~1.967)
独立能力0.3630.10511.8470.0011.438(1.169~1.768)
收支平衡0.6430.11332.101<0.0011.901(1.522~2.375)
居住状况0.2100.1302.6170.1061.234(0.957~1.592)
McFadden R20.332
Cox & Snell R20.546
Nagelkerke R20.602
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502812746129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

农村老年人幸福感影响因素的有序logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别0.2980.2371.5760.2091.347(0.846~2.144)
年龄0.0140.1550.0080.9271.014(0.749~1.374)
婚姻状态-0.0750.1360.3010.5830.928(0.710~1.212)
居住安排0.0550.1650.1120.7381.057(0.764~1.462)
身体健康0.3610.08020.125<0.0011.434(1.225~1.679)
心理健康0.5820.08151.753<0.0011.709(1.527~2.098)
社交生活0.5920.12124.072<0.0011.808(1.427~2.291)
得到支持0.4100.10615.041<0.0011.507(1.225~1.855)
接受能力和恢复力0.3540.10910.6240.0011.425(1.152~1.764)
感觉有用0.4690.10619.725<0.0011.599(1.300~1.967)
独立能力0.3630.10511.8470.0011.438(1.169~1.768)
收支平衡0.6430.11332.101<0.0011.901(1.522~2.375)
居住状况0.2100.1302.6170.1061.234(0.957~1.592)
McFadden R20.332
Cox & Snell R20.546
Nagelkerke R20.602
), ArticleFig(id=1240933502946963863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Ordinal logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of well-being among urban elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别-0.0510.1850.0750.7840.951 (0.662~1.365)
年龄0.1840.1571.3730.2411.202 (0.883~1.636)
婚姻状态0.2440.1403.0420.081*1.276 (0.970~1.679)
居住安排-0.5350.3472.3860.1220.585 (0.297~1.155)
身体健康0.5140.06366.585<0.0011.672 (1.478~1.892)
心理健康0.8540.09777.175<0.0012.350 (1.942~2.843)
社交生活0.6620.10638.997<0.0011.938 (1.575~2.386)
得到支持0.6740.15718.520<0.0011.962 (1.443~2.667)
接受能力和恢复力0.6080.08550.756<0.0011.837 (1.554~2.171)
感觉有用0.5890.16313.141<0.0011.803 (1.311~2.480)
独立能力0.4560.09324.003<0.0011.578 (1.315~1.894)
收支平衡0.6130.11229.682<0.0011.845 (1.480~2.300)
居住状况0.8800.13045.577<0.0012.410 (1.867~ 3.111)
McFadden R20.354
Cox & Snell R20.468
Nagelkerke R20.468
), ArticleFig(id=1240933503076987291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240722569565884484, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

城镇老年人幸福感影响因素的有序logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别-0.0510.1850.0750.7840.951 (0.662~1.365)
年龄0.1840.1571.3730.2411.202 (0.883~1.636)
婚姻状态0.2440.1403.0420.081*1.276 (0.970~1.679)
居住安排-0.5350.3472.3860.1220.585 (0.297~1.155)
身体健康0.5140.06366.585<0.0011.672 (1.478~1.892)
心理健康0.8540.09777.175<0.0012.350 (1.942~2.843)
社交生活0.6620.10638.997<0.0011.938 (1.575~2.386)
得到支持0.6740.15718.520<0.0011.962 (1.443~2.667)
接受能力和恢复力0.6080.08550.756<0.0011.837 (1.554~2.171)
感觉有用0.5890.16313.141<0.0011.803 (1.311~2.480)
独立能力0.4560.09324.003<0.0011.578 (1.315~1.894)
收支平衡0.6130.11229.682<0.0011.845 (1.480~2.300)
居住状况0.8800.13045.577<0.0012.410 (1.867~ 3.111)
McFadden R20.354
Cox & Snell R20.468
Nagelkerke R20.468
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贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素及城乡差异
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刘润华 , 杨正凤
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(19): 3604-3608
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(19): 3604-3608
贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素及城乡差异
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刘润华, 杨正凤
作者信息
  • 贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院,贵州医科大学医药经济管理研究中心,贵州 贵阳 561113
  • 刘润华(1982—),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:行为健康经济、医养结合等

通讯作者:

杨正凤,E-mail:
Influencing factors and urban-rural differences in the well-being among the elderly in Guizhou Province
Run-hua LIU, Zheng-feng YANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Services Management, Center of Medicine Economics and Management Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504309
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目的 精准评估贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素及城乡差异,为提升老年人幸福感提供科学依据与切实可行的策略。方法 采用分层和便利抽样方法在贵州省6个市州抽取符合调查要求的60岁及以上老年人1 500例,应用荷兰老年人福祉(well-being of older people,WOOP)量表进行问卷调查,并结合随机森林模型与有序logistic回归分析贵州省老年人幸福感影响因素的重要性排序及城乡差异。结果 城乡老年人主观幸福感水平整体较高,城镇老年人主观幸福感均值为(4.21±0.65),农村老年人为(4.11±0.75),城镇略高于农村。随机森林模型和有序logistic回归分析结果显示,身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、得到支持、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡八个指标是城乡老年人幸福感的重要影响因素,回归系数值均呈现出0.001水平的显著性。其中,收支平衡(权重值0.231)是农村老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素,而心理健康(权重值0.136)和身体健康(权重值0.122)是城镇老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素,居住状况(β=0.880,z= 6.751,P<0.001)对城镇老年人幸福感影响较大而对农村老年人没有显著影响。结论 贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素存在显著城乡差异,提升老年人幸福感需要从多维度入手,精准施策。在农村应优先提高农村老年人收入,在城镇则应着重优化老年人的居住状况,并努力构建全方位、多层次的医养服务支持体系。

幸福感  /  影响因素  /  城乡差异  /  随机森林模型

Objective To accurately evaluate the influencing factors and urban-rural differences in the well-being among the elderly in Guizhou Province, so as to provide scientific basis and practical strategies for enhancing the well-being of the elderly. Methods Using stratified and convenience sampling methods, 1 500 elderly aged 60 and above who met the survey requirements were selected from six prefectures in Guizhou Province. The well-being of Older People Scale (WOOP) was applied for questionnaire surveys. Combined with the random forest model and the ordered logistic regression analysis, the importance evaluation and the urban-rural differences of the influencing factors on the well-being of the elderly in Guizhou Province were analyzed. Results The overall well-being level of the elderly in Guizhou Province was relatively high, and that in urban areas was slightly higher than that in rural areas. The mean value of subjective well-being among urban elderly was 4.21±0.65, while that of rural elderly was 4.11±0.75. The results of the random forest model and the ordered logistic regression analysis showed that physical health, mental health, social life, receiving support, acceptance and resilience, feeling useful, independence, and making ends meet were important influencing factors for the well-being of the elderly. The regression coefficient values of these factors all showed significance at the 0.001 level. Among them, the making ends meet (with a weight value of 0.231) was the core driving factor for the well-being of rural elderly. Meanwhile, mental health (with a weight value of 0.136) and physical health (with a weight value of 0.122) were the core driving factors for the well-being of urban elderly.Living situation (β=0.880, z=6.751, P<0.001) had a significant impact on the well-being of urban elderly but has no significant impact on that of rural elderly. Conclusion There are significant urban-rural differences in the influencing factors of the well-being of elderly in Guizhou Province. To enhance the well-being of elderly, it is necessary to start from multiple dimensions and implement precise policies. In rural areas, priority should be given to increasing the income of rural elderly. While in urban areas, efforts should be focused on optimizing the living situation of the elderly and building a comprehensive and multi-level medical and elderly care service support system.

Well-being  /  Influencing factors  /  Urban-rural differences  /  Random forest model
刘润华, 杨正凤. 贵州省老年人幸福感的影响因素及城乡差异. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3604 -3608 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504309
Run-hua LIU, Zheng-feng YANG. Influencing factors and urban-rural differences in the well-being among the elderly in Guizhou Province[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3604 -3608 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504309
幸福感是人们对其生活满意程度的一种主观心理体验,是个体根据自定标准对其整体生活质量所作出的认知性和情感性评价[1-2]。老年人的幸福感是积极老龄化的核心要素[3],是衡量一个国家或地区是否实现积极老龄化的重要标准[4]。因此,提升老年人的幸福感是实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要议题。既往研究发现不同养老模式、养老服务内容[5-6]对老年人幸福感有显著影响,个体与家庭特征、经济状况、居住模式与环境、社会参与等因素也不同程度地影响了老年人的幸福感[7-9]。除了普适性重要因素外,老年人的幸福感还存在城乡差异的特殊性重要因素[4]。Hackert基于老年人对幸福感理解的深入调查构建了一个老年人福祉(well-bing of older people,WOOP)量表,共包含了身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、获得支持、接受和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡和居住状况九个方面[10],定性和定量研究验证了它的有效性,能够捕捉并量化老年人福祉的所有相关和重要领域[10-11]。Liu等人[12]将该量表进行了汉化,并探索了其在中国使用的信效度,结果表明WOOP量表适合中国老年人群的幸福感测量。因此,本研究将基于WOOP量表,利用随机森林模型和有序logistic回归分析进一步探索影响城乡老年人幸福感的重要因素,剖析其城乡差异,为提升城乡老年人幸福感提供差异化、针对性的建议。
采用分层抽样和便利抽样相结合的方法,以“城乡差异”为分层依据,对贵州省内选定的贵阳市、安顺市、毕节市、铜仁市、黔南布依族苗族自治州、黔东南苗族侗族自治州共6个市州,按行政属性划分为“城镇”和“农村”两个层级。在每个市州的城镇层级中以“社区”为抽样单位,农村层级中以“村寨”为抽样单位,通过简单随机抽样的方式从各层级中抽取12个社区和12个村寨,确保城乡两类区域均有代表性样本单位纳入。在经分层抽样确定的样本社区或村寨内,选择老年人日常聚集的场所(如城镇社区的活动中心、公园,农村村寨的集市、文化广场等),采用便利抽样方法,对年满60周岁、知情同意配合调查,且认知水平、思维逻辑、表达能力均达到问卷调查要求的老年人进行调查。对于多因素分析,样本量通常为自变量数的10~20倍。本研究共纳入13个自变量,按此方法样本量约为130~260例。考虑到城乡分层分析需分别对城镇和农村样本进行统计,城镇和农村样本均大于260例,可满足分层分析需求。此次调查共发放问卷1 700份,在剔除回答不完整以及存在异常回答(如独立性水平1与身体健康或心理健康水平5同时出现,社交生活水平1与获得支持水平5同时出现)的问卷后,最终回收有效问卷1 500份,回收率88.2%。
本研究问卷调查内容包括两个部分:一是人口学特征信息,包含性别、年龄、居住地、婚姻状况、居住安排等;二是采用荷兰WOOP量表的幸福感调查,包括身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、获得支持、接受和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡和居住状况共九个指标。本研究以老年人的主观幸福感作为因变量,通过“您觉得您目前的生活幸福吗?”这一问题进行测量,采用1~5级计分法,1分代表“非常不满意”,5分代表“非常满意”。WOOP量表的九个测量指标被用作解释变量,每个指标均由单一项目呈现,设有五个响应水平,从“优秀(水平1)”至“差(水平5)”。以身体健康为例,水平1意味着老年人对自身身体健康状况感到非常满意。
采用一对一、面对面的方式开展问卷调查。调查实施前,对调查人员进行统一培训,使其熟练掌握调查的标准化流程与操作规范。调查过程中,由调查人员读出题目,并使用统一语言做出解释,确保每位老年人均能准确理解题目和答案内容,然后调查人员完全按照老年人的意向代为填写答案,以保障调查信息的准确性与有效性。
运用SPSS 26.0软件,通过描述性统计呈现调查对象基本特征。采用随机森林模型权重值排序评估影响因素重要性。通过平行性检验后,再进行有序logistic回归分析,计算回归系数、优势比(odds ratio,OR)值等,结合模型拟合度指标,探究各因素影响程度及城乡差异。检验水准α=0.05。
1 500位被调查老年人中,836名(55.7%)居住在城镇,664名(44.3%)居住在农村。低龄(60~69岁)、中龄(70~79岁)和高龄老年人(80岁及以上)分别占比51.2%、42.5%和6.3%;有偶配的在婚老年人占比69.5%;与子女同住的老年人占比58.3%,与配偶同住的占比42.5%,独居占比13.3%。农村低龄老年人(39.8%)占比低于城镇低龄老年人(60.3%),而中、高龄老年人的城乡差异情况则完全相反。单身/丧偶/离异(41.7%)、独居(18.4%)的农村老年人占比为21.5%,高于城镇老年人的9.2%。见表1
城镇老年人的幸福感水平得分为(4.21±0.65),农村老年人为(4.11±0.75)。城乡老年人主观幸福感水平整体较高,城镇略高于农村。如表1所示,无论是城镇还是农村,绝大多数老年人的主观幸福感处于“一般”与“满意”区间,分别占比62.2%和21.1%。其次是“不满意”水平占比11.2%,“非常满意”和“非常不满意”占比较少,仅有4%和1.5%。同时,城乡老年人的满意度水平存在较大差异。主观幸福感处于“一般”水平的城镇老年人占比达71.8%,远高于农村老年人的50.1%;对现有生活持“满意”态度的城镇老年人占比仅为12.8%,显著低于农村老年人的31.5%;对生活“非常不满意”的城镇老年人占比0.2%,也显著低于农村老年人的3.1%。
本研究将老年人主观幸福感作为因变量,将人口学特征和幸福感影响因素的九个指标作为自变量构建随机森林模型,探索城乡老年人幸福感影响因素的相对重要性程度。城乡老年人幸福感影响因素的随机森林重要性分析见表2
结果显示,与性别、年龄、婚姻状态、居住安排等人口学特征信息相比,身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、得到支持、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡、居住状况九个指标是影响老年人幸福感更加重要的因素,其中身体健康、心理健康、社交生活三个因素是城乡老年人幸福感的重要影响因素。此外,老年人幸福感的影响因素存在城乡差异。收支平衡(权重值0.231)是影响农村老年人幸福感的最重要因素,而心理健康(权重值0.136)是城镇老年人幸福感最重要的影响因素,均排名第一。
为了进一步评估老年人幸福感受各影响因素的影响程度,本研究将随机森林模型结果选择的性别、年龄、婚姻状态、居住安排、身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、得到支持、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡、居住状况作为自变量,将老年人健康幸福感作为因变量进行有序logistic回归分析。平行性检验结果显示,农村模型数据(χ2=7.415,P=0.493>0.05)和城镇模型数据(χ2=51.223,P=1.000>0.05)均满足使用多元有序logistic回归模型的条件。模型拟合度检验方面,模型的-2倍对数似然值分别为846.056(农村)和1 015.870(城镇),模型整体拟合效果良好。因而表明本次模型通过了平行性检验,模型分析结论可信,可进行有序logistic回归分析。
有序logistic回归分析结果见表3。城乡对照来看,模型伪R平方值(McFadden R2)分别为0.332和0.354,意味着上述13个影响因素可以解释农村和城镇老年人幸福感33.2%和35.4%的变化原因。身体健康、心理健康、社交生活、得到支持、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用、独立能力、收支平衡八个指标的回归系数值均呈现出0.001水平的显著性,意味着这些影响因素会对老年人幸福感产生显著的正向影响关系。同时,这八个指标的对应OR值均大于1,说明这些因素是有利因素。为便于理解OR值的参数含义,以身体健康指标(OR=1.434)为例进行释义,城乡老年人OR值分别为1.434(农村)和1.672(城镇),可解释为:身体健康增加一个单位时,农村老年人健康幸福感的增加幅度为1.434倍,城镇老年人幸福感增加幅度为1.672倍,意味着身体健康对城乡老年人幸福感有显著影响。值得关注的是居住状况对城镇老年人的幸福感有显著正向影响(β=0.880,z=6.751,P<0.001),且OR=2.410,意味着居住状况增加一个单位时,老年人幸福感增加幅度为2.410倍;而农村老年人的居住状况因素并没有呈现出显著性(β=0.210,z=1.618,P=0.106>0.05),意味着居住状况并不会对农村老年人幸福感产生影响。见表4
本研究结果显示贵州省城镇和农村老年人整体幸福感水平分别是(4.21±0.65)、(4.11±0.75),略高于全国城乡老年人的整体幸福感水平的(4.13±0.79)、(3.98±0.89)[5]。但是老年人基本生活现状的城乡差异仍然存在。一是,从年龄来看,农村低龄老年人较少,远低于城镇老年人;中高龄老年人的情况完全相反,农村中高龄老年人远高于城镇老年人,这可能与农村健康状况较好的低龄老年人外出务工比例大量增加有关[13]。二是,从婚姻状态和居住安排来看,农村丧偶或离异、独居的老年人占比远高于城镇老年人,达到甚至超过了2∶1的比例。受传统婚姻观念、经济条件限制以及子女实际支持能力的综合影响,许多农村老年人在面临丧偶或离异的情境时,更倾向于维持一种既有的、符合传统价值观的独居的生活方式。且认为这是生命旅程中自然而然的一部分,并在独居生活中展现出了高度的适应性和韧性。这种心态的形成,部分源于他们对幸福感的独特理解和追求,即注重内心的平和、邻里间的互助以及日常生活的简单满足[14]
随机森林结果显示农村老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素是收支平衡,其权重值为0.231,显著高于其他变量。心理健康(权重值0.136)和社交生活(权重值0.087)对老年人幸福感的贡献排名第二和第三。这表明经济稳定是农村老年人幸福感的关键基础,而心理层面的支持可以进一步增强其幸福感水平。良好的经济状况不仅能够保障基本生活需求,还能提高老年人应对意外和疾病的能力。身体健康、得到支持、独立能力、接受能力和恢复力、感觉有用在模型中权重适中,反映出社会支持和适应能力对于幸福感的重要性。和谐的家庭和社会支持网络可以帮助农村老年人面对生活压力和困境时保持较好的心理状态。居住状况在模型中的影响力较低,相较于经济和心理健康,其对农村老年人幸福感的影响较为间接。有序logistic回归系数和优势比结果与随机森林的分析结果基本保持一致,但居住状况并没有呈现出显著性,这可能源于近年来贵州新农村建设成效显著,农村人居环境得到明显改善,农村老年人对于现今的居住环境非常满意。
与农村地区相比,城镇老年人幸福感的影响因素略有差异。心理健康和身体健康对城镇老年人幸福感的影响最为显著,随机森林模型的权重值分别为0.136和0.122,意味着心理健康和身体健康是城镇老年人幸福感的核心驱动因素,是老年人幸福感的基石。社交生活、独立能力、接受能力与恢复力在随机森林模型中也占据重要位置,表明城镇老年人的生活独立性和面对社会变化的适应能力在幸福感中起着关键作用。收支平衡和居住状况对城镇老年人幸福感水平具有一定影响,但不占主导作用。值得注意的是,有序logistic回归结果显示,居住状况对城镇老年人幸福感产生显著的正向影响关系,这一结果与农村老年人的情况完全相反。城镇老年人拥有独立住房的比例极低,人均住房面积小、住宅小区老旧等原因导致城镇老年人对居住状况的满意度低于农村老年人,影响其生存质量及幸福感水平[15]
综上所述,贵州省老年人幸福感的重要影响因素存在城乡差异,因此提升城乡老年人幸福感水平需要从多维度入手,精准施策。在农村,应大力发展农村经济,提高农村老年人收入,减轻其经济负担,这是提升农村老年人幸福感的重要途径。而在城镇,则应着重优化老年人的居住状况,对老旧小区进行适老化改造,确保住宅小区设施完善和生活便利。无论农村还是城市,都应不断丰富老年人的精神文化和社会交往活动,通过构建全方位、多层次的医养服务支持体系,为每一位老年人提供便捷的医疗健康服务,让其在受尊重、被关爱、享和谐的环境中健康幸福地实现美好生活愿景。
  • 贵州省哲学社会科学规划课题重点课题(22GZZD31)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504309
  • 接收时间:2025-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-19
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贵州省哲学社会科学规划课题重点课题(22GZZD31)
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    贵州医科大学医药卫生管理学院,贵州医科大学医药经济管理研究中心,贵州 贵阳 561113

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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