Article(id=1240722569070956594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773740911977, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773740911977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773740911977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740911977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240722566957027366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='19', pageStart='3457', pageEnd='3648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773740911472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773740981732, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240722861736906837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240722566957027366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3627, endPage=3631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240722569922400332, articleId=1240722569070956594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research progress on the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vaccination is one of the most effective measures for preventing infectious diseases. However, in recent years, vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly prominent, and the World Health Organization has identified it as one of the “top ten threats to global health” in 2019. Some developed countries have formulated targeted interventions by identifying the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, systematic research on vaccine hesitancy in China remains limited.Therefore, this review aims to summarize the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy reported both domestically and internationally, in order to provide a theoretical foundation for developing intervention strategies in China.

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接种疫苗是预防传染病最有效的措施之一。然而,近年来疫苗犹豫现象愈发凸显,世界卫生组织已将疫苗犹豫列为“2019年全球卫生面临的10大威胁”之一。一些发达国家已通过识别疫苗犹豫的影响因素,制定相应干预措施。而我国针对疫苗犹豫系统性的研究相对不足。因此,本文旨在对国内外报道的疫苗犹豫的影响因素进行综述,为我国开展针对疫苗犹豫的干预策略研究提供理论基础。

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李靖欣,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0veARSu7l2OmCq5mJca3Uw==, magXml=7J0aa46vWBRl5Ec9dCp8TA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bPNtoKc1dkFHCG/muWsuGg==, pdfFileSize=564306, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+pPJgGX2nFHjpL4zPSA8IA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

甘明志(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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甘明志(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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甘明志(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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疫苗犹豫的影响因素研究进展
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甘明志 1 , 黄壮壮 1 , 刘红艳 1 , 李靖欣 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(19): 3627-3631
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025, 52(19): 3627-3631
疫苗犹豫的影响因素研究进展
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甘明志1, 黄壮壮1, 刘红艳1, 李靖欣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166
  • 2.江苏省医学创新中心,国家卫健委肠道病原重点实验室,江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院),江苏 南京 210009
  • 甘明志(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

李靖欣,E-mail:
Research progress on the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy
Ming-zhi GAN1, Zhuang-zhuang HUANG1, Hong-yan LIU1, Jing-xin LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, National Medical Key Project Industry-Education Integration Innovation Platform (Vaccine Research and Development), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503095
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接种疫苗是预防传染病最有效的措施之一。然而,近年来疫苗犹豫现象愈发凸显,世界卫生组织已将疫苗犹豫列为“2019年全球卫生面临的10大威胁”之一。一些发达国家已通过识别疫苗犹豫的影响因素,制定相应干预措施。而我国针对疫苗犹豫系统性的研究相对不足。因此,本文旨在对国内外报道的疫苗犹豫的影响因素进行综述,为我国开展针对疫苗犹豫的干预策略研究提供理论基础。

疫苗犹豫  /  疫苗接种  /  影响因素

Vaccination is one of the most effective measures for preventing infectious diseases. However, in recent years, vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly prominent, and the World Health Organization has identified it as one of the “top ten threats to global health” in 2019. Some developed countries have formulated targeted interventions by identifying the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, systematic research on vaccine hesitancy in China remains limited.Therefore, this review aims to summarize the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy reported both domestically and internationally, in order to provide a theoretical foundation for developing intervention strategies in China.

Vaccine hesitancy  /  Vaccination  /  Influencing factors
甘明志, 黄壮壮, 刘红艳, 李靖欣. 疫苗犹豫的影响因素研究进展. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3627 -3631 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503095
Ming-zhi GAN, Zhuang-zhuang HUANG, Hong-yan LIU, Jing-xin LI. Research progress on the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (19) : 3627 -3631 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503095
疫苗是当今世界上公认的最成功、最具有成本效益的公共卫生措施之一,为降低传染病发病率,改善全球健康做出巨大贡献[1]。疫苗受种者不仅可以通过接种疫苗自身获得针对特定传染病的免疫保护,而且人群中疫苗的高覆盖率可形成一定群体免疫,显著降低或减少传染病在某地区的流行[2]。目前,人类在疫苗的帮助下已成功消除天花,大幅度降低了白喉、流脑等传染病的发病率,根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的统计显示,接种疫苗可以保护全球每年近200~300万人免于传染病所致死亡[3]
然而,人们可能因各种原因推迟或者拒绝接种疫苗。2011年,WHO的免疫战略咨询专家组(Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, SAGE)将疫苗犹豫定义为在可获得疫苗接种服务的情况下,仍延迟接种或拒绝接种疫苗[1]。但一些研究者认为该定义无法充分体现拒绝疫苗接种行为背后的复杂心理因素[4]。2022年,WHO更新了疫苗犹豫的定义,即抵触或反对接种疫苗想法和行为的倾向,包括意图和意愿[5]。新的定义有助于更好理解个人接种疫苗的决策过程和心理活动。近年来,据全球范围内的研究显示,由于人群中疫苗覆盖率不足,一些欧盟国家正在经历疫苗可预防疾病(vaccine-preventable diseases,VPD)的空前暴发[6]
目前,一些欧美发达国家已通过识别影响疫苗犹豫的主要因素,建立相应干预措施[7]。我国在这一领域的研究相对不足,而疫苗犹豫又具有显著的背景特异性,不同人群的疫苗犹豫程度因其年龄、文化水平、经济水平及种族等不同而异[8],需要采取差异化的干预策略来降低疫苗犹豫。因此本文对疫苗犹豫的影响因素进行综述,为制定降低我国疫苗犹豫的干预策略提供理论依据。
多项研究表明,年龄与疫苗犹豫之间存在负相关关系[9-13]。在成年人群中,年轻人通常对自身健康状况更具信心,认为自身感染疾病的风险较低,因而对疫苗接种的主观需求相对较弱。相较之下,老年人更关注自身健康管理与疾病预防,表现出更高的疫苗接种意愿。以美国一项针对COVID-19疫苗犹豫的调查为例,研究将受访者按年龄分为18~29岁、30~44岁、45~59岁和60岁及以上四个组别,结果显示各年龄段的疫苗犹豫率分别为40.5%、36.8%、35.9%和17.7%,呈现出随年龄增加而疫苗犹豫率逐渐下降的趋势[10]。我国一项关于新冠疫苗接种意愿的研究发现,<30岁人群的疫苗犹豫率为41.2%,30~39岁为38.5%,40~49岁为30.3%,而≥50岁人群的犹豫率则下降至26.8%[11]。然而,部分研究指出,老年人可能在疫苗接种信息的理解和获取上存在困难,且更容易受到错误信息的干扰,从而产生较高的疫苗犹豫情绪[14-15]。例如,印度一项关于COVID-19疫苗犹豫的横断面研究表明[16],50岁及以上的受访者在疫苗接种上表现出较强的犹豫情绪。Logistic回归结果显示,51~60岁组和60岁以上组的比值比(odds ratio,OR)分别为年轻人(<20岁组)的3.08(95%CI:1.28~7.39)和6.52倍(95%CI:1.98~21.46),显示老年群体的疫苗犹豫程度显著高于年轻人。
相对女性,男性通常表现出较低的犹豫程度[10-13,15,17-18]。一项横断面调查研究评估了沙特阿拉伯成年人对COVID-19疫苗的犹豫态度[18]。研究结果表明,65.0%的男性愿意接种COVID-19疫苗,而女性的接种意愿为55.1%。我国一项关于COVID-19疫苗犹豫的调查结果显示[12],在3 178名男性中,5.29%表示拒绝接种,29.55%表示延迟接种;而在4 063名女性中,拒绝接种和延迟接种的比例分别为8.29%和31.06%,均显著高于男性。然而,部分研究也表明,在COVID-19疫苗犹豫的发生率上,男性和女性之间并无显著差异[16,19]。性别差异可能部分源于生理和心理层面的不同。研究发现,女性报告的疫苗接种后不良反应的发生频率和严重程度普遍高于男性[20],这可能影响其对疫苗接种的态度。此外,部分研究指出,随着年龄的增长,男性由于面临更高的总体死亡风险,可能在健康管理和疾病预防方面表现出更高的主动性,从而提升其疫苗接种意愿[13, 20]
在儿童和青少年群体中,疫苗接种行为主要由父母或监护人决策,因此父母的态度,对疫苗接种具有重要影响。一项针对上海地区流感高发季节期间家长对儿童接种流感疫苗态度的研究发现[21],尽管父母年龄对疫苗犹豫无显著影响,但儿童年龄越大,家长的疫苗犹豫程度越高。有研究显示,3岁以下儿童家长的疫苗犹豫率为23.5%,3~5岁为25.5%,5~7岁为29.4%,7~12岁上升至39.1%,而12~14岁达到最高,为47.8%。这可能与家长对年幼儿童免疫系统尚未发育完全、感染风险更高的认知有关,更倾向于为低龄儿童接种疫苗以预防疾病。
此外,家长对孩子疫苗接种后不良反应的担忧、对疫苗预防能力的不确定性,常常是影响他们是否为孩子接种疫苗的关键因素。一项在广州市开展的横断面调查研究评估了705名儿童家长的疫苗接种犹豫情况及其成因[22]。结果显示,66.2%的家长担心接种疫苗后可能出现严重副作用,54.7%的家长认为每次接种存在安全隐患,48.1%的家长则对疫苗的预防效果表示担忧。此外,与非常信任国产疫苗的家长相比,不太信任与完全不信任国产疫苗的家长对子女疫苗接种表现出显著更高的犹豫水平(OR=6.6,95% CI:1.8~24.1;OR=10.9,95% CI:1.5~81.4)。
在父母内部的角色分工方面,部分研究表明,父亲在对子女疫苗接种的决策中往往表现出较低的犹豫程度。例如,一项在无锡市开展的横断面调查采用疫苗犹豫量表(vaccine hesitancy scale, VHS)评估父母对子女接种一类和二类疫苗的态度[23],得分越高代表犹豫程度越低。结果显示,一类疫苗方面,母亲的VHS评分为40.85,父亲为41.28;二类疫苗方面,母亲得分为38.45,父亲为38.96,差异均具有统计学意义。
家庭经济状况是影响疫苗接种意愿的重要社会经济因素之一。多数研究发现,低收入人群的疫苗犹豫率显著高于中高收入人群[9-10,13-15,24-25]。一项在美国阿肯色州开展的在线调查研究[24],将受访者家庭年收入划分为四个区间:低于25 000美元、25 000~50 000美元、50 000~5 000美元及高于75 000美元,疫苗犹豫率随着收入水平的升高而显著下降,四个组别的犹豫率分别为30.68%、23.28%、19.7%和13.1%。另一项关于流感疫苗接种意愿的研究也指出[25],家庭年收入低于20 000美元的群体对疫苗的接受度最低,且随收入水平的提高,疫苗接受意愿逐渐增强。低收入人群之所以更容易产生疫苗犹豫,可能与其面临多重结构性障碍有关。例如,医疗资源可及性不足、对疫苗费用的顾虑、信息获取渠道受限以及对医疗系统信任度较低等,均可能限制其疫苗接种行为的发生。
然而,也有研究表明,高收入人群由于拥有更多的保护性措施来降低感染疾病的风险,并且能够在发生疾病时更好地获得医疗技术以治疗或缓解症状,因此可能对疫苗接种持犹豫态度[26]。例如,在地中海东部地区的一项关于流感疫苗犹豫的研究结果显示,高收入人群中有50.6%的人对流感疫苗接种表现出犹豫情绪,显著高于低收入人群(39%)[27]
受教育程度是影响疫苗接种态度的重要人口学变量之一。一般而言,低学历人群往往表现出更高的疫苗犹豫水平。部分研究指出,低学历个体可能对疫苗知识了解不足,易受到疫苗相关错误信息的误导,进而降低疫苗接种率[10,14-16,28]。印度尼西亚马朗地区的一项横断面研究分析了新冠疫苗犹豫的社会人口学决定因素[15],研究者通过多变量logistic回归分析发现,受教育程度较低与更高的疫苗犹豫显著相关。相比小学及以下学历者,接受过大学教育的个体更不易产生疫苗犹豫(OR=0.432,95% CI:0.227~0.819)。然而,也有研究指出,较高学历人群在面对疫苗接种问题时可能表现出更强的风险意识,尤其关注疫苗的安全性和有效性,进而在某些情况下也可能产生犹豫心理[9]。我国一项关于新冠疫苗接种犹豫的调查研究发现,疫苗犹豫率在高中及以下学历人群中为33.9%,本科人群为28.1%,而硕士及以上学历人群则升高至42.8%。在未接种疫苗的受访者中,拥有硕士及以上学位的人群中有62.3%的人对疫苗的安全性及有效性持信任态度,显著低于拥有高中学历及以下的人群(P=0.002)[11]。这一现象提示,受教育程度对疫苗犹豫的影响具有双向性,其作用机制可能与信息来源、风险感知、健康信念等多种因素交织有关。
职业类型反映个体的健康风险认知与暴露程度,显著影响疫苗态度。例如,以色列一项横断面调查对医护人员和普通民众的流感疫苗犹豫发生情况进行了对比分析,结果显示医生对流感疫苗的接受率为92%,显著高于普通民众的66%[17]。除此之外,对新冠疫苗犹豫的相关研究也发现卫生工作者、教育工作者以及学生的疫苗犹豫率较低,而公务员、文职人员以及建筑或开采领域的工作人员疫苗犹豫率相对较高[29-31]。这些差异主要源于不同职业群体的职业暴露风险和工作性质。卫生工作者对疫苗的高接受度通常与其对疫苗有效性和安全性的深入认知有关,同时出于工作需求,医护人员更愿意接种疫苗以保护自己及患者。除此之外,教育工作者及学生在学校等集体环境中面临较高的群体感染风险,因此疫苗接种被视为一种有效的防护措施,他们的接种意愿相对较高。相较之下,低风险职业群体,如文职人员,往往低估疫苗接种的必要性,从而对接种疫苗持犹豫态度。
个体对自身健康状况及疫苗可预防疾病风险的认知,在很大程度上影响其疫苗接种意愿。一项模拟性横断面研究评估了在不同疫情暴发情境下公众的疫苗接种意愿[13]。当设定某传染病的暴发病例数分别为0、10和100例时,受访者的疫苗接种意愿分别为50%、80%和90%,提示个体对疾病威胁程度的感知显著影响其行为决策。患有基础疾病的人群在接种疫苗时往往表现出更高的谨慎性。一方面,他们更重视疫苗在预防重症方面的潜在益处;另一方面,也更加关注疫苗可能带来的副作用或对现有健康状况的干扰。在一项涵盖癌症、糖尿病及多发性硬化患者对COVID-19疫苗接种意愿的调查中[32],69.9%的患者认为由于自身的健康脆弱性,疫苗对其尤为重要;但同时,25.7%的患者担忧疫苗可能对原有疾病或治疗方案产生不良影响。此外,患者群体更倾向于依赖医生的专业建议来判断是否接种疫苗。有研究指出,在脑卒中患者中,疫苗接种意愿也受到对疫苗副作用担忧的显著影响[19]
互联网和社交媒体在健康信息传播中扮演着重要角色,但也成为虚假和误导信息扩散的渠道,目前,通过社交媒体传播健康错误信息已经成为一个主要的公共卫生问题[33]
随着互联网的快速发展,社交媒体放大了对疫苗的高度质疑和不愿接种疫苗的情况。反对疫苗团体倾向于运用科学的言论以及逻辑结构的表达方式,使反对疫苗的论点看似更具有说服力,从而在人群中广泛传播,导致人们对疫苗接种产生犹豫[33]。一项针对欧盟27国的横断面研究评估了社交媒体对COVID-19疫苗接种犹豫的影响[34]。在29 755名受访者中,研究发现每日使用社交媒体超过3 h的人群疫苗犹豫率为25.8%,显著高于使用时间不超过3 h群体。此外,依赖社交媒体作为主要信息来源的个体疫苗犹豫率高达38.8%,远高于通过传统媒体(纸质报刊、收音机、电视)获取信息的群体。这些结果提示,社交媒体的过度使用及其信息来源的偏向性可能与疫苗犹豫呈正相关。
医务人员人员的建议是接种疫苗的关键预测因素之一。研究表明,医务人员的建议是帮助公众做出是否接种疫苗决策时最值得信赖的来源[35]。一项分析了美国和黎巴嫩地区COVID-19疫苗犹豫决定因素的横断面研究发现[36],医务人员的负面建议与疫苗犹豫显著相关。在美国和黎巴嫩队列中,医务人员建议不接种疫苗的调整比值比(aOR)分别为6.5(95% CI:2.9~14.2)和5.4(95% CI:1.0~28.4),表明负面建议显著增加了疫苗犹豫。与此相反,医务人员的正面建议显著降低了疫苗犹豫。在美国和黎巴嫩队列中,接受正面建议的个体疫苗犹豫的可能性显著降低,美国队列的aOR为0.02(95% CI:0.01~0.03),黎巴嫩队列为0.4(95% CI:0.2~0.9)。此外,我国一项多中心横断面研究调查了2 261名大学生对流感疫苗的接种犹豫现状[37]。结果显示,信任医护人员建议的群体中,疫苗犹豫发生率为35.7%,而不信任医护人员建议的群体中,疫苗犹豫率高达68.2%。
接种流程的便捷性对接种意愿具有显著影响。有研究发现不便的接种流程、对新诊所的不熟悉、预约流程的复杂性以及对接种资格的不确定性均可能加剧公众的疫苗犹豫[38]。我国一项横断面调查分析了6 668名家长对儿童接种流感疫苗的犹豫情况[39]。结果表明,认为接种疫苗不便的家长,其疫苗接种犹豫的发生率显著高于对接种便利性持肯定态度的家长(率比为1.45,95%CI:1.22~1.73)。
注射恐惧也是导致疫苗犹豫的因素之一。Freeman等人[40]对英国成年人中因注射恐惧而导致的COVID-19疫苗接种犹豫现象进行研究。结果显示,在注射恐惧筛查中,有26.2%的参与者呈阳性反应,其中22%的人表现出疫苗接种犹豫。相比之下,筛查结果为阴性的个体中,仅有11.5%的人对疫苗接种持犹豫态度。
文化因素同样对疫苗接种具有重要影响。特别是在低收入国家,传统医疗保健措施,如传统草药疗法,仍然是广泛流行的医疗选择,虽然这些疗法的有效性往往缺乏科学验证。研究表明,一些父母因相信传统草药疗法或依赖高剂量维生素作为疫苗替代品,而对疫苗接种持犹豫态度[41]。除此之外,宗教信仰也是疫苗接种犹豫的一个潜在因素。部分伊斯兰教徒因担忧疫苗成分不符教规而表现出疫苗犹豫[41]
疫苗犹豫不仅对个体健康产生不利影响,还可能影响群体免疫的建立,给疾病控制带来深远的负面效应[42]。因此,评估疫苗犹豫的影响因素并采取有效的干预措施显得尤为重要。
疫苗犹豫是一个受到社会、心理、文化、信息与医疗体系等多重因素影响的复杂公共卫生问题。本文系统梳理了疫苗犹豫的多维度影响因素,首先,社会人口学因素(如年龄、性别、收入和教育水平)对疫苗犹豫产生影响。具体而言,年长群体和男性群体通常表现出较低的疫苗犹豫程度;低收入家庭更易受到经济负担的影响,从而产生较高的疫苗犹豫。此外,教育水平较低的群体更容易受到虚假信息的影响,进而加剧疫苗犹豫,而教育水平较高的个体通常更加关注疫苗的安全性和有效性,因此对疫苗接种持谨慎态度。
其次,疫苗的安全性、有效性以及潜在的不良反应是影响疫苗犹豫的核心因素之一。人们通常关注疫苗接种对健康的影响,特别是对已有疾病的可能影响。互联网和社交媒体平台上的负面信息传播是加剧疫苗犹豫的重要因素之一,这些平台上广泛存在关于疫苗的错误信息和虚假宣传,进一步强化了公众的疑虑。与此同时,医疗保健人员的建议在疫苗接种决策中起着至关重要的作用,特别是当医务人员能够提供科学、透明和可靠的信息时,能够显著减少疫苗犹豫。
因此,要有效应对疫苗犹豫问题,必须综合考虑各类影响因素,并根据不同群体的特征实施精准的干预措施。通过多方协作,优化疫苗接种政策和信息传播机制,可以有效降低疫苗犹豫,提升接种率,进而促进公共卫生的可持续发展。
然而,本文仍存在一些局限性。一是,由于国内相关研究相对不足,部分内容主要参考国外研究成果,这可能难以完全反映我国的社会文化特性。二是,本文的分析主要依赖现有横断面调查研究,难以全面揭示各因素与疫苗犹豫之间的因果关系,以及各因素之间的复杂交互作用。未来的研究应结合本土化的定量数据和深入实地调查,以更全面地理解疫苗犹豫的成因,并制定更具针对性的干预策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82222062)
  • 江苏省重点研发计划(BE2021738)
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2025年第52卷第19期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503095
  • 接收时间:2025-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-09
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国家自然科学基金(82222062)
江苏省重点研发计划(BE2021738)
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    1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京医科大学国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台(疫苗研发),江苏 南京 211166
    2.江苏省医学创新中心,国家卫健委肠道病原重点实验室,江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院),江苏 南京 210009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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