Article(id=1240651443527545832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240651438955754377, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403326, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723954325, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723954325, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723954325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723954325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240651438955754377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723953236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2215, endPage=2220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240651443791787007, articleId=1240651443527545832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Impacts of basic medical insurance on children’s health in China, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the impact and effect value of basic medical insurance on the health status of children in China, and to propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Methods

Based on the data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies in 2016 and 2020, this study examined the extent to which basic medical insurance impacts children’s health using the Propensity-Score-Matching and Difference-in-Difference models.

Results

The findings indicated that basic medical insurance could promote the health status of children by 4.9%(β=0.049,SE=0.028). However, the mediating effects of reducing health costs and improving health service utilization were found to be insignificant. Moreover, the study revealed that the health status of preschool children, girls, rural areas, western regions, and low-income families can be improved by 9.1%(β=0.091,SE=0.038), 7.8%(β=0.078,SE=0.043), 9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.041), 12.0%(β=0.120,SE=0.051), and 9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.055) respectively.

Conclusion

This study concludes that basic medical insurance plays a positive role in enhancing children’s health. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously strengthen the basic medical insurance system and reinforce the multi-tiered healthcare security framework. Attention should also be given to ensuring fairness for girls and children in rural and western areas, in order to fully protect children’s health.

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目的

了解基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康状况的影响及效应值,提出相应对策建议。

方法

基于中国家庭追踪调查2016年和2020年两期数据,采用倾向得分匹配和双重差分法剖析基本医疗保险对儿童健康的影响程度。

结果

基本医疗保险对儿童健康状况的促进效果为4.9%(β=0.049,SE=0.028),减少卫生费用和提高卫生服务利用的中介效应不显著,但能够使学龄前儿童、女童、乡村、西部地区和低收入家庭的儿童健康状况分别提升9.1%(β=0.091,SE=0.038)、7.8%(β=0.078,SE=0.043)、9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.041)、12.0%(β=0.120,SE=0.051)和9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.055)。

结论

基本医疗保险在促进儿童健康方面发挥着积极作用,但仍需进一步完善基本医疗保险,夯实多层次医疗保障制度,重点关注女童、乡村和西部地区儿童的参保公平性,全力保障儿童健康。

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郭斌,E-mail:
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董晓宇(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:医疗保障

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Variable assignment description

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称赋值情况
健康状况不健康=0,健康=1
是否参加基本医疗保险否=0,是=1
年龄单位:岁
性别女性=0,男性=1
民族少数民族=0,汉族=1
出生时体重单位:斤
家庭居住地乡村=0,城镇=1
家庭所在地区西部地区=0,东北地区=1,中部地区=2,东部地区=3
家庭总人数单位:人
家庭人均收入单位:元(取自然对数)
父亲学历小学及以下=0,初中=1,高中/中专/技校/高职=2,大专及以上=3
母亲学历小学及以下=0,初中=1,高中/中专/技校/高职=2,大专及以上=3
过去12个月与父亲同住多久单位:月
过去12个月与母亲同住多久单位:月
隔代照料程度非隔代照料=0,不完全隔代照料=1,完全隔代照料=2
孩子生病时如何处理其他=0,自己找药/买药=1,立刻找医生看病=2
过去12个月孩子因病就医次数单位:次
儿童医疗总费用单位:元(取自然对数)
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452566270476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量赋值说明

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变量名称赋值情况
健康状况不健康=0,健康=1
是否参加基本医疗保险否=0,是=1
年龄单位:岁
性别女性=0,男性=1
民族少数民族=0,汉族=1
出生时体重单位:斤
家庭居住地乡村=0,城镇=1
家庭所在地区西部地区=0,东北地区=1,中部地区=2,东部地区=3
家庭总人数单位:人
家庭人均收入单位:元(取自然对数)
父亲学历小学及以下=0,初中=1,高中/中专/技校/高职=2,大专及以上=3
母亲学历小学及以下=0,初中=1,高中/中专/技校/高职=2,大专及以上=3
过去12个月与父亲同住多久单位:月
过去12个月与母亲同住多久单位:月
隔代照料程度非隔代照料=0,不完全隔代照料=1,完全隔代照料=2
孩子生病时如何处理其他=0,自己找药/买药=1,立刻找医生看病=2
过去12个月孩子因病就医次数单位:次
儿童医疗总费用单位:元(取自然对数)
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452671128084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differential results of children’s health status

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变量(1)混合估计模型(2)固定效应模型(3)权重不为空
βSEβSEβSE
did0.047a0.0060.047a0.0280.049a0.028
年龄0.026a0.0020.026c0.0030.026c0.003
性别-0.0190.014-0.0190.026-0.0210.026
民族0.1410.1110.141c0.0480.142c0.049
出生时体重0.0000.0000.0000.0110.0010.011
家庭居住地0.0240.0460.0240.0300.0250.030
家庭所在地区0.0050.0080.0050.0110.0050.011
家庭总人数-0.0140.003-0.014a0.007-0.014a0.007
家庭人均收入0.029b0.0010.029a0.0160.028a0.016
父亲学历0.0120.0100.0120.0160.0130.016
母亲学历0.0430.0150.043c0.0160.043c0.016
过去12个月与父亲同住多久0.0040.0030.0040.0040.0040.004
过去12个月与母亲同住多久0.0030.0020.0030.0040.0030.004
隔代照料程度-0.009a0.001-0.0090.019-0.0080.019
孩子生病时如何处理0.019a0.0020.0190.0220.0200.022
过去12个月孩子因病就医次数-0.005b0.000-0.0050.005-0.0050.005
儿童医疗总费用0.0000.0090.0000.005-0.0000.005
常量-0.0740.087-0.0740.179-0.0760.179
n1 3401 3401 337
R20.1180.1180.119
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452809540128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

儿童健康状况双重差分结果

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变量(1)混合估计模型(2)固定效应模型(3)权重不为空
βSEβSEβSE
did0.047a0.0060.047a0.0280.049a0.028
年龄0.026a0.0020.026c0.0030.026c0.003
性别-0.0190.014-0.0190.026-0.0210.026
民族0.1410.1110.141c0.0480.142c0.049
出生时体重0.0000.0000.0000.0110.0010.011
家庭居住地0.0240.0460.0240.0300.0250.030
家庭所在地区0.0050.0080.0050.0110.0050.011
家庭总人数-0.0140.003-0.014a0.007-0.014a0.007
家庭人均收入0.029b0.0010.029a0.0160.028a0.016
父亲学历0.0120.0100.0120.0160.0130.016
母亲学历0.0430.0150.043c0.0160.043c0.016
过去12个月与父亲同住多久0.0040.0030.0040.0040.0040.004
过去12个月与母亲同住多久0.0030.0020.0030.0040.0030.004
隔代照料程度-0.009a0.001-0.0090.019-0.0080.019
孩子生病时如何处理0.019a0.0020.0190.0220.0200.022
过去12个月孩子因病就医次数-0.005b0.000-0.0050.005-0.0050.005
儿童医疗总费用0.0000.0090.0000.005-0.0000.005
常量-0.0740.087-0.0740.179-0.0760.179
n1 3401 3401 337
R20.1180.1180.119
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452901814826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mediating effect of the number of medical visits and total medical expenses on basic medical insurance

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(1)健康状况(2)就医次数(3)did(4)健康状况(5)医疗总费用(6)did
did-0.004(0.945)-0.178(0.596)-0.005(0.926)-0.007(0.902)0.639a(0.050)-0.005(0.926)
就医次数-0.008(0.237)
医疗总费用-0.003(0.718)
其他变量已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
年份固定效应已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
个体固定效应已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
常数0.425(0.405)-0.762(0.755)0.419(0.412)0.416(0.415)1.228(0.674)0.419(0.412)
n1 3041 3041 3041 3041 3041 304
adj.R20.1360.3100.1360.1370.2930.136
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452977312307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

就医次数和医疗总费用对基本医疗保险的中介作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1)健康状况(2)就医次数(3)did(4)健康状况(5)医疗总费用(6)did
did-0.004(0.945)-0.178(0.596)-0.005(0.926)-0.007(0.902)0.639a(0.050)-0.005(0.926)
就医次数-0.008(0.237)
医疗总费用-0.003(0.718)
其他变量已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
年份固定效应已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
个体固定效应已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制已控制
常数0.425(0.405)-0.762(0.755)0.419(0.412)0.416(0.415)1.228(0.674)0.419(0.412)
n1 3041 3041 3041 3041 3041 304
adj.R20.1360.3100.1360.1370.2930.136
), ArticleFig(id=1240651453061198394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of heterogeneity analysis

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变量分组样本量健康状况
βSE
年龄学龄前8400.091b0.038
学龄后5400.0420.042
性别女性6420.078a0.043
男性7380.0230.039
家庭居住地乡村6970.093b0.041
城镇683-0.0040.039
家庭所在地区西部地区4340.120b0.051
东北地区1660.0240.092
中部地区2810.0730.067
东部地区499-0.0270.051
家庭人均收入低收入4780.093a0.055
中等收入4450.0490.051
高收入4570.0050.044
), ArticleFig(id=1240651453170250308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

异质性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分组样本量健康状况
βSE
年龄学龄前8400.091b0.038
学龄后5400.0420.042
性别女性6420.078a0.043
男性7380.0230.039
家庭居住地乡村6970.093b0.041
城镇683-0.0040.039
家庭所在地区西部地区4340.120b0.051
东北地区1660.0240.092
中部地区2810.0730.067
东部地区499-0.0270.051
家庭人均收入低收入4780.093a0.055
中等收入4450.0490.051
高收入4570.0050.044
), ArticleFig(id=1240651453287690825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Robustness tests of different matching methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
带卡尺的近邻匹配半径匹配
回归系数0.0570.049
标准误0.0310.028
t1.830a1.720a
), ArticleFig(id=1240651453396742734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651443527545832, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同匹配方法的稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
带卡尺的近邻匹配半径匹配
回归系数0.0570.049
标准误0.0310.028
t1.830a1.720a
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基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康的影响研究
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董晓宇 , 程怀志 , 高凌霄 , 陈东权 , 商杰森 , 田若童 , 郭斌
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024,51(12): 2215-2220
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024, 51(12): 2215-2220
基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康的影响研究
全屏
董晓宇, 程怀志, 高凌霄, 陈东权, 商杰森, 田若童, 郭斌
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区,黑龙江 大庆 163319
  • 董晓宇(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:医疗保障

通讯作者:

郭斌,E-mail:
Impacts of basic medical insurance on children’s health in China
Xiao-yu DONG, Huai-zhi CHENG, Ling-xiao GAO, Dong-quan CHEN, Jie-sen SHANG, Ruo-tong TIAN, Bin GUO
Affiliations
  • Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403326
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目的

了解基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康状况的影响及效应值,提出相应对策建议。

方法

基于中国家庭追踪调查2016年和2020年两期数据,采用倾向得分匹配和双重差分法剖析基本医疗保险对儿童健康的影响程度。

结果

基本医疗保险对儿童健康状况的促进效果为4.9%(β=0.049,SE=0.028),减少卫生费用和提高卫生服务利用的中介效应不显著,但能够使学龄前儿童、女童、乡村、西部地区和低收入家庭的儿童健康状况分别提升9.1%(β=0.091,SE=0.038)、7.8%(β=0.078,SE=0.043)、9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.041)、12.0%(β=0.120,SE=0.051)和9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.055)。

结论

基本医疗保险在促进儿童健康方面发挥着积极作用,但仍需进一步完善基本医疗保险,夯实多层次医疗保障制度,重点关注女童、乡村和西部地区儿童的参保公平性,全力保障儿童健康。

基本医疗保险  /  儿童健康  /  倾向得分匹配  /  双重差分法
Objective

To understand the impact and effect value of basic medical insurance on the health status of children in China, and to propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Methods

Based on the data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies in 2016 and 2020, this study examined the extent to which basic medical insurance impacts children’s health using the Propensity-Score-Matching and Difference-in-Difference models.

Results

The findings indicated that basic medical insurance could promote the health status of children by 4.9%(β=0.049,SE=0.028). However, the mediating effects of reducing health costs and improving health service utilization were found to be insignificant. Moreover, the study revealed that the health status of preschool children, girls, rural areas, western regions, and low-income families can be improved by 9.1%(β=0.091,SE=0.038), 7.8%(β=0.078,SE=0.043), 9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.041), 12.0%(β=0.120,SE=0.051), and 9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.055) respectively.

Conclusion

This study concludes that basic medical insurance plays a positive role in enhancing children’s health. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously strengthen the basic medical insurance system and reinforce the multi-tiered healthcare security framework. Attention should also be given to ensuring fairness for girls and children in rural and western areas, in order to fully protect children’s health.

Basic medical insurance  /  Children’s health  /  Propensity-score-matching  /  Difference-in-Difference
董晓宇, 程怀志, 高凌霄, 陈东权, 商杰森, 田若童, 郭斌. 基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康的影响研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2215 -2220 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403326
Xiao-yu DONG, Huai-zhi CHENG, Ling-xiao GAO, Dong-quan CHEN, Jie-sen SHANG, Ruo-tong TIAN, Bin GUO. Impacts of basic medical insurance on children’s health in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2215 -2220 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403326
作为国家未来的希望和发展基石,儿童的健康成长牵动着每一个家庭的幸福以及国家和民族的长远发展,守护好儿童健康高质量发展就是守护好全民健康的基础。2024年国家发布《关于开展儿童参加基本医疗保险专项行动的通知》,提出儿童及时参加基本医疗保险是坚持儿童优先发展,提升儿童综合素质,保障儿童参保权益的基础和前提。保险不仅可以为儿童提供疾病、意外伤害等方面的保障,还能够覆盖教育、成长等多方面的需求,为儿童全面健康成长提供坚实的保障基础。目前,我国没有针对儿童建立专门的医疗保障制度,而是单纯地将儿童纳入城乡居民基本医疗保险。但是儿童的身体机能、体质、用药种类与成年人存在较大差别,导致儿童的健康得不到充分保障。研究表明,基本医疗保险对儿童健康有着积极的促进作用[1]。现有研究多局限于截面数据,缺乏纵向数据前后对照论证其影响程度。本研究通过中国家庭追踪调查(China Family Panel Studies,CFPS)2016年和2020年两期数据,剖析基本医疗保险对我国儿童健康的影响及其程度大小,为优化我国儿童医疗保障制度提供科学依据和政策建议,助力我国儿童健康事业的持续发展。
数据来源于CFPS 2016年和2020年两期数据。本研究将少儿家长代答库中两期均参与调查的儿童纳为研究对象,筛选数据时以儿童PID为标识变量将各个样本库的数据进行合并,剔除儿童健康状况和基本医疗保险缺失样本并对数据库中变量缺失值进行均值插补,最终得到1 380个样本。
被解释变量为儿童健康状况。年龄别身高(HAZ)、年龄别体质(BAZ)是世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的指标,用以衡量儿童的健康状况[2]。本研究将HAZ≥-2且-2≤BAZ≤2的儿童视为健康状况较好,赋值1;其余则视为健康状况不佳,赋值0。
解释变量为儿童是否参加基本医疗保险。将参加基本医疗保险的儿童赋值1,反之赋值0。
控制变量考虑个人特征、家庭特征和医疗服务利用情况。个人特征包括:年龄、性别、民族、出生时体重;家庭特征包括:家庭居住地、家庭所在地区、家庭总人数、家庭人均收入、父亲学历、母亲学历、过去12个月与父亲同住多久、过去12个月与母亲同住多久、隔代照料程度;医疗服务利用情况包括:孩子生病时如何处理、过去12个月孩子因病就医次数、儿童医疗总费用。见表1
倾向得分匹配(Propensity Score Matching,PSM)常用于经济学等领域来控制和消除选择性误差[3]。本研究采用PSM和logit模型估算儿童参加基本医疗保险的概率。
式(1)中P(Xi)是倾向匹配得分,Xi是控制变量,treati代表分组虚拟变量,β是相应的参数。本研究以2016年为基准,将2016年未参保,2020年参保的儿童定义为处理组,赋值1,将2020年未参保的儿童定义为对照组,赋值0。
双重差分法(Difference in Differences,DID)是评估政策实施效果的计量方法,在一定程度上可以解决由遗漏变量或逆向因果关系产生的内生性问题[4]。通过比较“处理组”和“对照组”在参保前后的健康差值,考察儿童健康状况是否有显著变化。双重差分模型表示为下式:
式(2)中healthit代表儿童健康状况,treati为分组虚拟变量,time是时间变量,treati×time是二者的交互项,Xit代表控制变量,εit代表随机扰动项。
所有数据均在STATA 16SE软件上进行分析,检验水准α=0.1。中介分析采用逐步检验法和Sobel系数乘积检验法进行验证。
倾向得分匹配的质量需要用共同支撑假设和平衡性假设来检验。匹配后的核密度函数图显示处理组和对照组的倾向得分值走向大致一致,表明具有较好的共同支撑域条件。见图1。同时,检验结果表明,匹配后控制变量的分布得到有效平衡,总体偏差显著减小,满足平衡性假设要求。见图2
根据倾向得分匹配结果进行双重差分回归,交互项did为核心解释变量,表示基本医疗保险对儿童健康状况的影响效果。由结果可知,三种方法得到的结果大体一致,基本医疗保险对儿童健康状况均有显著的促进作用,其系数分别为4.7%(β=0.047,SE=0.006)、4.7%(β=0.047,SE=0.028)和4.9%(β=0.049,SE=0.028),均在10%的水平上显著。本研究主要关注第(3)列得到的结果。见表2
控制变量中,随着儿童年龄的增长,其健康状况越来越好;汉族儿童健康状况好于少数民族儿童;家庭总人数少、家庭人均收入高和母亲学历高对儿童健康有正面影响。
研究表明,医疗保险能够降低医疗服务价格、增强参保人群的支付能力,进而提升其卫生服务利用,实现促进儿童健康的目标[5]。因此,本研究选取过去12个月孩子因病就医次数和儿童医疗总费用作为中介变量,使用逐步检验法进行中介效应检验。结果显示均不显著。为保障结果的严谨性,本研究采用Sobel系数乘积检验法再次进行检验,发现Sobel检验的P值均大于0.1。因此,过去12个月孩子因病就医次数和儿童医疗总费用的中介效应不显著。见表3
儿童的个人特征和家庭特征可能会使基本医疗保险对儿童健康的影响存在差异。因此,本研究在控制其他变量后,对儿童的年龄、性别、家庭居住地、家庭所在地区、家庭人均收入进行异质性分析。结果显示,基本医疗保险对学龄前儿童和女童健康状况的促进效果为9.1%(β=0.091,SE=0.038)和7.8% (β=0.078,SE=0.043)。对于乡村、西部地区和低收入家庭儿童的健康状况,基本医疗保险更是发挥了显著的正向影响,其健康状况可提升9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.041)、12.0%(β=0.120,SE=0.051)和9.3%(β=0.093,SE=0.055)。见表4
为了保证研究结果的稳健性,本研究除了使用核匹配来计算基本医疗保险对儿童健康影响的平均处理效应,还通过带卡尺的近邻匹配和半径匹配的方法对结果一致性进行验证。结果显示回归系数相近且都在10%水平下显著,说明基本医疗保险可以促进儿童健康状况,较好地印证了研究结果的可靠性。见表5
儿童是患病的高发人群,特别是儿童年龄越小患病率越高,儿童成为医疗卫生服务利用的主体。研究表明,5岁以下儿童患病率最高,造成的伤残寿命损失年也最大[6]。基本医疗保险是确保人人都能享有基本医疗卫生服务的重要措施。截至2023年,我国参保儿童已达2.56亿人,参保人数稳中有升。结果显示,基本医疗保险对儿童健康的促进效果为4.9%,尤其能使学龄前儿童的健康水平提升9.1%。与建国前相比,儿童健康已有大幅度改善,但在应对儿童常见疾病和罕见病方面的保障能力和水平有限[7],亟需其他医疗保险作为有效的补充,即在政府、社会、市场和个人多方努力下,全力构建以基本医疗保险为主体、大病保险为补充、医疗救助为托底、商业健康保险、医疗救助和慈善捐赠等有效衔接、协同发展的多层次医疗保障体系。推动保险公司与基本医疗保险、区域医疗大数据平台合作,建立跨机构、跨地区的数据共享平台和数据交换机制,通过医疗数据的收集和分析来重点研发基本医疗保障待遇清单之外的保障,制定符合儿童需求的医疗保障制度[8]
基本医疗保险能够通过降低儿童医疗服务支出和提高儿童医疗服务利用促进儿童健康[5]。但是本研究结果不显著,说明目前基本医疗保险对儿童的保障力度十分有限,属于“低水平,保基本”。尽管我国现有医保药品目录内儿童药品总数已达600多种,但由于儿童特殊性及对药品安全性、有效性的更高要求,适宜儿童的药品品种、剂型、规格仍较为缺乏[9]。在儿童医疗总花费中,平均自付比高达91.0%,高额的自付费用给家庭带来沉重的经济负担,特别是低收入家庭[10]。因此,应加强对医疗机构儿童用药需求的监测,及时将短缺信息反馈给各主体,扩大纳入医保报销范围的儿童用药,制定和更新儿童药相关目录[11]。同时,加快建立专门针对儿童的医疗保障制度,以可支配收入为基础设置住院报销起付线,开通儿童门诊报销[12]。结果显示,基本医疗保险能提升低收入家庭儿童的健康水平。为减轻医疗自付费用负担,增强医保的纵向公平,鼓励低收入家庭儿童积极参保。政府可以定向援助低收入家庭购买医疗保险,如对保费进行适度减免、提供廉价的保险计划或建立儿童保费缓缴机制[13]
随着中国经济飞速发展和家庭结构的转变,虽然在父母忽视度和家庭教养方式等方面已不存在显著的性别差异,但在照料质量上男童明显优于女童,重男轻女的观念依然存在并内化于照料方式中[14]。结果显示,基本医疗保险能够有效改善女童的健康状况。因此,家庭层面应多普及基本医疗保险的重要性,引导和鼓励家长为儿童健康提供充足的保障,特别是对女童的健康投资,倡导男女平等,警惕性别歧视对女童健康的影响。
乡村及西部地区经济水平较低、医疗水平较差和资源配置不平衡,而城镇、其他地区儿童所享有的医疗服务和资源有明显优势,且不过多依赖基本医疗保险[15]。结果显示,基本医疗保险能提升乡村和西部地区儿童的健康水平。因此,在保证基本医疗保险广覆盖的前提下,加大乡村和西部地区的财政投入,人口密集地区着重考虑居民需求,而地广人稀地区着重考虑服务半径,促进资源高效合理配置,激励卫生人才流向资源短缺的地区;同时充分利用数字技术的健康促进功能,推动数字公共服务的便携化、普惠化,增强儿童及家庭抵御疾病风险能力[16]
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2023G006)
  • 大学生创新创业训练项目(20230226D039)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403326
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
基金
黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2023G006)
大学生创新创业训练项目(20230226D039)
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    哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区,黑龙江 大庆 163319

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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