Article(id=1240651442684482184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240651438955754377, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403456, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723954125, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723954125, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723954125, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723954125, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240651438955754377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723953236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2127, endPage=2132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240651445238813417, articleId=1240651442684482184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and frailty index based on bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the causal relationships between basal metabolic rate(BMR) and frailty index (FI) based on bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization(MR).

Methods

The data of BMR (n=454 874) and FI (n=175 226) were extracted from the published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By setting conditions with P<5×10-8 as the screening criterion, the linkage disequilibrium coefficient set to 0.001 and the width of the linkage disequilibrium region of 10 000 kb, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were screened out as the final instrumental variables. Five methods including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, Inverse variance weighted (IVW), simple mode and weighted mode were used for MR analysis, and IVW was used as the main analysis method, and β and 95%CI were used to demonstrate the causal relationship between BMR and FI. MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO analysis were used to test the pleiotropy, and the heterogeneity was analyzed by Cochran Q test of MR-Egger. Leave-one-out test were performed to analyze the sensitivity. Finally, reverse MR analysis was used to verify the robustness of the results.

Results

A total of 787 SNPs associated with BMR and 9 SNPs associated with FI were screened. The MR analysis showed a causal relationship between BMR and FI(Weighted median, β=0.105, 95%CI: 0.063-0.146, P<0.001; IVW, β=0.110, 95%CI: 0.808-0.140, P<0.001; weighted mode, β=0.145, 95%CI: 0.047-0.244, P=0.004). The screened SNPs did not have horizontal pleiotropy because the the MR-Egger intercept was 0.000 2 (P=0.374), Therefore, the MR was an effective method for causal inference in this study. The Cochran Q-test results showed Q=137.053, P=0.188, indicating no heterogeneity among the SNPs included in the MR analysis. And no outlier SNPs were found by MR-PRESSO analysis. The sensitivity analysis based on the leave-one-out method showed that the individual SNP did not affect the robustness of the MR analysis results. No causal relationship between FI and BMR was found in the reverse MR analysis(P>0.05).

Conclusion

Genetically predicted high BMR level is significantly associated with elevated FI, and there is no association in reverse direction, which may provide fresh ideas for proposing feasible interventions to manage frailty.

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目的

本研究旨在应用双向两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)方法分析基础代谢率(BMR)与衰弱指数(FI)之间的因果关系。

方法

从公开的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)汇总数据集中提取BMR(n=454 874)和FI(n=175 226)的数据。通过设置条件(以P<5×10-8为筛选条件,连锁不平衡系数设置为0.001, 连锁不平衡区域宽度为 10 000 kb),筛选出最后作为工具变量的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)。应用MR-Egger回归、加权中位数、逆方差加权(IVW)、简单模式和加权模式五种方法进行MR分析,以IVW为主要分析方法,并采用β值及95%CI对BMR与FI之间的因果关系进行解释。采用MR-Egger 截距和 MR-PRESSO分析方法进行多效性检验,并且采用 MR-Egger的Cochran Q检验进行异质性分析。同时使用留一法检验进行敏感性分析。最后,采用反向MR分析验证结果的稳健性。

结果

共筛选到787个与BMR相关的SNP和9个与FI相关的SNP。MR分析结果显示,BMR与FI之间存在因果关系(加权中位数法,β=0.105,95%CI:0.063~0.146,P<0.001;IVW,β=0.110,95%CI:0.808~0.140,P<0.001;加权模式,β=0.145,95%CI:0.047~0.244,P=0.004)。MR-Egge截距为0.000 2(P=0.374),即筛选出的SNP不存在水平多效性,因此MR在本研究中为因果推断的有效方法。Cochran Q检验结果显示,Q=137.053,P=0.188,表明纳入MR分析的SNP之间不存在异质性。MR-PRESSO分析未发现离群的SNP。基于留一法的敏感度分析显示,单一SNP并不影响MR分析结果的稳健性。反向MR分析显示FI与BMR无因果关联(P>0.05)。

结论

遗传学预测的高BMR水平与FI升高显著相关,在反向研究中并未发现关联,这可能为采取可行的干预措施来管理衰弱提供了新的思路。

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李莉,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Le90MBScd1JvK7dXd2RkBg==, magXml=506oNAXZldsJMB4D9/1yNg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=G0I/9q0cjwP26hkHNBqv3A==, pdfFileSize=907664, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Uq4w3f5yZZ7WLIMuVNYSbg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bR4H8ip3DFyQgatMv4n0RA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

梁丽花(1978—),女,本科,副主任护师,研究方向:从事慢性病管理及护理

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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020, 105(4): 1145-1156., articleTitle=Urinary Norepinephrine is a metabolic determinant of 24-hour energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate in adult humans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651454952821069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, awardId=21A200193, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省卫生健康科研项目(21A200193), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651449210819557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651449219208167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, companyId=1240651449210819557, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Geratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651449227596776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, companyId=1240651449210819557, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南医学院第二附属医院老年医学科,海南 海口 570311)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240651452872446141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Forest plot of MR analysis results of the association between BMR and FI, figureFileSmall=QOCXBNCg1S7if8Oz2z6T1A==, figureFileBig=Uq4w3f5yZZ7WLIMuVNYSbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651452964720836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BMR与FI之间关联的MR分析结果森林图, figureFileSmall=QOCXBNCg1S7if8Oz2z6T1A==, figureFileBig=Uq4w3f5yZZ7WLIMuVNYSbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453182824667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scatter plot of the association between BMR and FI, figureFileSmall=TM8i6RPZEXpY3JmgTFXEAw==, figureFileBig=LfmsFQBA3L3z6n9bVlkUgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453312848100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BMR与FI之间关联的散点图, figureFileSmall=TM8i6RPZEXpY3JmgTFXEAw==, figureFileBig=LfmsFQBA3L3z6n9bVlkUgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453438677229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Funnel diagram of the association between BMR and FI, figureFileSmall=yhhvdh5zJNCdOkLesjwyug==, figureFileBig=D80NiskqboTKJtjR7RK+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453556117753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BMR与FI之间关联的漏斗图, figureFileSmall=yhhvdh5zJNCdOkLesjwyug==, figureFileBig=D80NiskqboTKJtjR7RK+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453681946877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Forest plot(A), sensitivity analysis(B) of the causal effect of BMR and FI, figureFileSmall=/3atwsB0JlrLNaO+qqOdCw==, figureFileBig=Rr1+d1K35xUTOzj7a2Ru6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651453820358922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BMR与衰弱指数因果关系的森林图(A)、敏感性分析(B), figureFileSmall=/3atwsB0JlrLNaO+qqOdCw==, figureFileBig=Rr1+d1K35xUTOzj7a2Ru6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651454218817811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Forest plot of MR analysis results of the association between FI and BMR, figureFileSmall=pirAwGTRjeVzLacuWE57Ow==, figureFileBig=YMOOpV8cfoDscRN7pF62ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651454315286814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=图5, caption=FI与BMR之间关联的MR分析结果森林图, figureFileSmall=pirAwGTRjeVzLacuWE57Ow==, figureFileBig=YMOOpV8cfoDscRN7pF62ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651454424338726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information on SNPs associated with BMR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPChrEAOABetaEafFP
rs1090568810GA-0.0100.9020.002219.5254.96×10-6
rs25196097AC0.0060.4460.001319.5394.93×10-6
rs228635219AG-0.0060.27750.001519.6344.69×10-6
rs52455618GA-0.0080.8550.001919.6474.66×10-6
rs374837615TC0.0070.2690.001519.6734.59×10-6
………………………………………………
rs27449566CT0.0400.1390.0019462.8135.86×10-103
rs7240163GA0.0310.4430.0013542.0683.34×10-120
rs14338420GA0.0340.4040.0013661.1124.27×10-146
rs656716018CT0.0460.2330.0016879.5071.40×10-193
rs5609464116GA0.0410.4050.0013935.5888.99×10-206
), ArticleFig(id=1240651454541779246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

与BMR相关的SNP信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPChrEAOABetaEafFP
rs1090568810GA-0.0100.9020.002219.5254.96×10-6
rs25196097AC0.0060.4460.001319.5394.93×10-6
rs228635219AG-0.0060.27750.001519.6344.69×10-6
rs52455618GA-0.0080.8550.001919.6474.66×10-6
rs374837615TC0.0070.2690.001519.6734.59×10-6
………………………………………………
rs27449566CT0.0400.1390.0019462.8135.86×10-103
rs7240163GA0.0310.4430.0013542.0683.34×10-120
rs14338420GA0.0340.4040.0013661.1124.27×10-146
rs656716018CT0.0460.2330.0016879.5071.40×10-193
rs5609464116GA0.0410.4050.0013935.5888.99×10-206
), ArticleFig(id=1240651454713745722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information on SNPs associated with FI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPChrEAOABetaEafFP
rs562994748AC0.0240.1730.004430.0003.94×10-8
rs1089149011CT-0.0190.5920.003430.5742.00×10-8
rs13631035CT-0.0190.3800.003431.5582.23×10-8
rs49526932TC-0.0190.3730.003432.5571.47×10-8
rs808980718TC-0.0250.1870.004333.2636.50×10-9
rs414614010TC-0.0200.3810.003433.9136.83×10-9
rs127392431CT-0.0240.2210.004036.6021.28×10-9
rs823344CA-0.0220.3180.003540.5953.13×10-10
rs3749433486AT0.0270.3610.003949.3593.23×10-12
), ArticleFig(id=1240651454814409027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651442684482184, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

与FI相关的SNP信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNPChrEAOABetaEafFP
rs562994748AC0.0240.1730.004430.0003.94×10-8
rs1089149011CT-0.0190.5920.003430.5742.00×10-8
rs13631035CT-0.0190.3800.003431.5582.23×10-8
rs49526932TC-0.0190.3730.003432.5571.47×10-8
rs808980718TC-0.0250.1870.004333.2636.50×10-9
rs414614010TC-0.0200.3810.003433.9136.83×10-9
rs127392431CT-0.0240.2210.004036.6021.28×10-9
rs823344CA-0.0220.3180.003540.5953.13×10-10
rs3749433486AT0.0270.3610.003949.3593.23×10-12
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基于双向两样本孟德尔随机化法分析基础代谢率与衰弱指数的因果关系
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梁丽花 , 袁玉冰 , 李莉
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(12): 2127-2132
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(12): 2127-2132
基于双向两样本孟德尔随机化法分析基础代谢率与衰弱指数的因果关系
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梁丽花, 袁玉冰, 李莉
作者信息
  • 海南医学院第二附属医院老年医学科,海南 海口 570311
  • 梁丽花(1978—),女,本科,副主任护师,研究方向:从事慢性病管理及护理

通讯作者:

李莉,E-mail:
Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and frailty index based on bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization
Li-hua LIANG, Yu-bing YUAN, Li LI
Affiliations
  • Department of Geratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403456
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目的

本研究旨在应用双向两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)方法分析基础代谢率(BMR)与衰弱指数(FI)之间的因果关系。

方法

从公开的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)汇总数据集中提取BMR(n=454 874)和FI(n=175 226)的数据。通过设置条件(以P<5×10-8为筛选条件,连锁不平衡系数设置为0.001, 连锁不平衡区域宽度为 10 000 kb),筛选出最后作为工具变量的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)。应用MR-Egger回归、加权中位数、逆方差加权(IVW)、简单模式和加权模式五种方法进行MR分析,以IVW为主要分析方法,并采用β值及95%CI对BMR与FI之间的因果关系进行解释。采用MR-Egger 截距和 MR-PRESSO分析方法进行多效性检验,并且采用 MR-Egger的Cochran Q检验进行异质性分析。同时使用留一法检验进行敏感性分析。最后,采用反向MR分析验证结果的稳健性。

结果

共筛选到787个与BMR相关的SNP和9个与FI相关的SNP。MR分析结果显示,BMR与FI之间存在因果关系(加权中位数法,β=0.105,95%CI:0.063~0.146,P<0.001;IVW,β=0.110,95%CI:0.808~0.140,P<0.001;加权模式,β=0.145,95%CI:0.047~0.244,P=0.004)。MR-Egge截距为0.000 2(P=0.374),即筛选出的SNP不存在水平多效性,因此MR在本研究中为因果推断的有效方法。Cochran Q检验结果显示,Q=137.053,P=0.188,表明纳入MR分析的SNP之间不存在异质性。MR-PRESSO分析未发现离群的SNP。基于留一法的敏感度分析显示,单一SNP并不影响MR分析结果的稳健性。反向MR分析显示FI与BMR无因果关联(P>0.05)。

结论

遗传学预测的高BMR水平与FI升高显著相关,在反向研究中并未发现关联,这可能为采取可行的干预措施来管理衰弱提供了新的思路。

孟德尔随机化  /  基础代谢率  /  衰弱  /  因果推断
Objective

To analyze the causal relationships between basal metabolic rate(BMR) and frailty index (FI) based on bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization(MR).

Methods

The data of BMR (n=454 874) and FI (n=175 226) were extracted from the published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By setting conditions with P<5×10-8 as the screening criterion, the linkage disequilibrium coefficient set to 0.001 and the width of the linkage disequilibrium region of 10 000 kb, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were screened out as the final instrumental variables. Five methods including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, Inverse variance weighted (IVW), simple mode and weighted mode were used for MR analysis, and IVW was used as the main analysis method, and β and 95%CI were used to demonstrate the causal relationship between BMR and FI. MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO analysis were used to test the pleiotropy, and the heterogeneity was analyzed by Cochran Q test of MR-Egger. Leave-one-out test were performed to analyze the sensitivity. Finally, reverse MR analysis was used to verify the robustness of the results.

Results

A total of 787 SNPs associated with BMR and 9 SNPs associated with FI were screened. The MR analysis showed a causal relationship between BMR and FI(Weighted median, β=0.105, 95%CI: 0.063-0.146, P<0.001; IVW, β=0.110, 95%CI: 0.808-0.140, P<0.001; weighted mode, β=0.145, 95%CI: 0.047-0.244, P=0.004). The screened SNPs did not have horizontal pleiotropy because the the MR-Egger intercept was 0.000 2 (P=0.374), Therefore, the MR was an effective method for causal inference in this study. The Cochran Q-test results showed Q=137.053, P=0.188, indicating no heterogeneity among the SNPs included in the MR analysis. And no outlier SNPs were found by MR-PRESSO analysis. The sensitivity analysis based on the leave-one-out method showed that the individual SNP did not affect the robustness of the MR analysis results. No causal relationship between FI and BMR was found in the reverse MR analysis(P>0.05).

Conclusion

Genetically predicted high BMR level is significantly associated with elevated FI, and there is no association in reverse direction, which may provide fresh ideas for proposing feasible interventions to manage frailty.

Mendelian randomization  /  Basal metabolic rate  /  Frailty  /  Causal inference
梁丽花, 袁玉冰, 李莉. 基于双向两样本孟德尔随机化法分析基础代谢率与衰弱指数的因果关系. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2127 -2132 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403456
Li-hua LIANG, Yu-bing YUAN, Li LI. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and frailty index based on bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2127 -2132 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403456
衰弱是一种与年龄相关的临床综合征,主要表现为多个系统的生理储备和功能下降以及代谢变化,导致机体难以应对压力,从而增加发生多种疾病及死亡的风险[1-2]。随着年龄增长,衰弱问题愈发严重,对中老年人健康和生活质量产生负面影响[3]。尽管目前治疗方法有限,但衰弱是一个潜在可逆的过程。因此,及早识别与衰弱相关的风险因素并采取干预措施,对于改善老年人预后具有重要意义[2]
衰弱指数(frailty index,FI)是评估个体衰弱状态的综合工具,其通过量化疾病、症状或体征、身体测量等指标以全面衡量个体潜在累积缺陷或衰弱的程度,分值越大,则表示缺陷或衰弱风险越高[4]。既往研究[5-7]发现,FI升高风险不仅与年龄、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管疾病等因素有关,还可能受到一些生活方式的影响,如吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯、缺乏运动和肥胖等。基础代谢率(basal metabolic rate,BMR)是机体在休息时执行基本生理功能所需的最低能量,包括呼吸、循环、心率、细胞生长和大脑功能,其水平受到年龄、遗传、体重、环境温度和健康状况等因素的影响[8]。研究表明,较高水平的BMR意味着更多的能量消耗,导致线粒体糖酵解活性增强,并产生过多的活性氧,从而诱发氧化应激、炎症反应和内皮细胞功能障碍,尤其是线粒体功能障碍[9]。据报道,BMR增高与心血管疾病发生风险增加有关,如动脉硬化、心房颤动和心力衰竭等[9-10]。鉴于以上病理机制也同样影响着衰弱,故推测BMR与FI之间可能存在关联。迄今为止,尽管有一些观察性研究探索了BMR与衰弱之间的关系,但结果仍存在不一致的情况,甚至有研究认为BMR的改变很可能是衰弱发生后肌肉损失的结果,而非其原因[11-12]。这可能与传统的观察性研究除了存在样本量小和统计效力受限等局限性外,还容易受到混杂因素和反向因果关系的影响有关。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)是一种采用遗传变异作为工具变量来检验暴露变量和结果之间观察到的相关性是否与因果效应相一致的分析方法[2]。尽管MR方法已被广泛应用于推断多种表型与疾病之间因果关系的各项研究中[9-10],但目前还缺少相关的MR研究来调查正常衰老过程中BMR与FI之间的相关性。鉴于此,本研究利用可公开获取的大规模全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)汇总统计数据,运用双向双样本MR方法评估BMR与FI之间的因果关系。
本研究采用双向双样本MR研究的设计,MR分析中严格遵循三个核心假设[13-14]:(1)假设工具变量与暴露因素显著相关,即相关性假设;(2)工具变量与其他影响“暴露-结果”的潜在混杂因素无关,即独立性假设;(3)工具变量与结果无任何直接关系,仅能通过作用于暴露因素来影响结果,即排他性假设。
在本研究中,MR分析使用来自英国生物样本库(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets)的两个独立的GWAS汇总数据,也是目前已知的应用广泛、通用度高、可公开获得的数据。其中,BMR的GWAS汇总数据(ID:ukb-b-16446)来自Hemani等[15]于2018年发表的一项GWAS研究,该研究从454 874名欧洲人群中获得了BMR的9 851 867个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP),BMR的单位为标准差(SD),1 SD = 1 358.32 KJ。FI的GWAS汇总数据(ID:ebi-a-GCST90020053)来自Atkins等[16]于2021年发表的一项大型GWAS荟萃分析,该研究从175 226名欧洲人群中获得了FI的7 589 717个SNP,FI被定义为个体符合的条目数除以纳入的总条目数,为0~1之间的连续数值,FI越高,个体越有可能表现为衰弱,反之亦然。但由于GWAS汇总数据是对多个研究的荟萃分析,以确定基因型-表型相关性,因此这些数据不包含个体信息。此外,经查阅原始文献核实,本研究所选择的数据来源于不同的样本,因此暴露和结局的样本无重叠。
(1)以P<5×10-8、连锁不平衡系数r2<0.001、区域宽度Kb>10 000为筛选条件,从GWAS数据中选择与暴露因素强相关且相互独立的SNP位点作为初选的工具变量;(2)通过PhenoScanner V2数据库(http://www.phenoscanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk/)进行混杂分析,剔除与混杂因素(如体脂分布、体质量指数、吸烟、饮酒等)相关的SNP;(3)从FI(结局变量)的 GWAS汇总数据中筛选与BMR工具变量相关的SNP;(3)使用效应等位基因频率对暴露和结局的数据集进行协调合并,同时剔除存在回文结构的SNP和与结局直接相关的SNP(P<5×10-8);(4)以F值>10作为筛选条件进一步去除弱工具变量,F=R2(NK-1)/[K(1-R2)],其中N表示暴露因素样本量,K表示所选工具变量的数量,R2表示工具变量对暴露因素的解释程度[9-10];最终得到本研究中需要的工具变量。
本研究采用MR-Egger回归、加权中位数、逆方差加权(inverse-variance weighting,IVW)、简单模式和加权模式五种方法进行MR分析[13-14],并采用β值及95%CI对暴露因素与结果变量之间的因果关系进行解释。其中,以IVW为主要分析方法,该方法是基于随机分配方法性质,不需要满足所有SNP都是有效的工具变量的假设,其通过计算每个SNP的Wald比率估计值,并使用逆方差加权分析方法组合结果,以及调整权重来提高因果估计精度,因此可以获得更稳健的因果估计结果,被认为是MR分析的标准方法。MR-Egger回归法是计算每个SNP的Wald比率估计值,并使用合适的Egger回归组合结果。加权中位数法是计算每个SNP的Wald比率估计值,并选择中值作为因果估计,但其要求50%以上的SNP为有效的工具变量。简单模式法可将具有相似的因果估计结果进行分组。与以上方法相比,加权模式法需要的样本量更小,并能保证更少的结果偏差和更低的I型错误率。
本研究采用MR-Egger回归模型截距项检验水平多效性,当MR-Egger回归模型截距项与0比较的P值>0.05,可以认为该研究没有水平多效性。SNP的异质性评估采用MR-Egger的Cochran Q检验,当统计量P值<0.05,可以认为分析结果具有显著的异质性,应重点关注随机效应IVW法的结果。采用留一法进行敏感性分析,依次剔除相关SNP中一个特定SNP,总体结果保持不变,则说明MR分析的结果是稳健的。应用MR多态性残差和离群值(MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier,MR-PRESSO)检测水平多效性,同时筛查结果中离群的SNP,若存在,则剔除离群的SNP后重新分析。最后,采用反向MR分析验证结果的稳健性。
使用R 4.3.2软件以及TwoSampleMR、MRInstruments、gwasglue、forestploter等程序包对数据进行整理和MR分析。应用Bonferroni法校正检验的显著性水平(检验水准α=0.05/N,N=检验方法个数),因此本研究检验水准为α=0.01,0.01≤P<0.05则认为暴露和结局之间存在名义上的因果关联,P<0.01则认为暴露和结局之间存在显著的因果关联。
根据工具变量的筛选标准,在探究BMR(暴露)与FI(结局)因果关系的分析中,最终共纳入787个与BMR相关的SNP,F统计量均大于10(范围为19.525~935.588,平均值为62.080),说明不存在弱工具变量。在分析FI(暴露)对BMR(结局)的影响中,最终共纳入9个与FI相关的SNP,F统计量均大于10(范围为30.000~49.359,平均值为40.284)。见表1表2
以BMR为暴露变量,FI为结局变量,进行MR分析,加权中位数法、IVW法、简单模式法和加权模式法均显示BMR增高与较高的FI风险相关(P<0.05)。但经Bonferroni法校正后,简单模式法检验结果不再有统计学意义(P>0.01)。
除此之外,尽管MR-Egger回归法检验结果无统计学意义(P>0.05),但根据β值和散点图所示,所有方法的总效应值显示出类似的变化趋势。见图1图2
采用MR-Egger回归模型截距项检验评估BMR对FI影响的多效性,结果显示,BMR的SNP与结局FI不存在水平多效性(截距值为0.000 2,P=0.374),表明本研究中的MR分析是有效的因果推断方法。此外,MR-PRESSO分析结果显示,未检测到离群的SNP(P=0.913),并且Global test为0.076,提示不存在多效性。
Cochran Q检验结果显示,Q=137.053,P=0.188,表明本研究纳入分析的SNP间不存在异质性。同时根据图3漏斗图所示,纳入的所有SNP呈现出两侧基本对称的形状,即应用SNP作为遗传工具变量推断因果效应受到其他潜在混淆因素的影响较小。
图4A显示了BMR相关工具变量与FI之间的个体估计值和合并MR估计值的森林图。此外,应用基于留一法的敏感性分析法评估每个SNP对总体结果的影响,结果显示,分别去除BMR相关SNP中一个特定SNP,总体结果仍然不变,提示总体结果不是由单个基因驱动,没有主效SNP 的存在,进一步表明了本研究中MR分析结果的准确性和稳定性。见图4B
当以FI作为暴露变量,BMR作为结局变量时,反向MR分析显示,MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、IVW法、简单模式法和加权模式法的检验结果均无统计学意义(P>0.05),表明遗传学预测的FI与BMR之间不存在因果关系。见图5。此外,MR分析结果较为稳健,不存在多效性(Egger intercept:0.007 7,P=0.224;MR-PRESSO:Global test=0.217)和异质性(MR-Egger:Cochran Q=168.509,P=0.138),并且基于留一法的敏感性分析也并未发现主效SNP的存在。
既往一些关于BMR与衰弱之间关系的研究结果仍不一致,可能与这些研究主要采用观察性研究,难以避免受到小样本量、混杂因素和反向因果关系的影响有关[11-12]。相比于传统观察性研究,高质量的随机对照实验是评估暴露因素与结果变量之间因果关系的金标准,但该研究方法也会受到成本较高、耗时长等因素的限制,使其在实践中可能难以实现[17]。因此,迄今为止仍然缺少随机对照试验来检验BMR对衰弱的影响。MR是一种基于基因的分析方法,利用随机分配的遗传变异来推断暴露对结果的因果关系,它能有效避免了观察性研究的关键局限性,如小样本量、潜在混杂因素和反向因果关系等,被认为是随机对照试验的一种替代方法[13-14]。鉴于此,为了进一步确定BMR与衰弱之间的因果关系,本研究基于公开的大样本GWAS 汇总数据采用双向两样本MR方法从遗传变异角度进行首次探索。结果显示,机体遗传预测的高BMR与FI升高风险相关,但反之,FI与BMR无因果关联,且敏感性分析也验证了研究结果的稳健性。这些发现将有助于医护人员更深入地了解BMR在衰弱中的作用,为衰弱的预防和治疗提供了新的思路。
BMR被认为是评估维持生命所需的最低代谢的关键指标,也是总能量消耗的重要组成部分,达到60~80%[8]。在一项纵向研究中,Gonzalez等[12]发现,基线时较高的BMR与1年后衰弱状态恶化显著相关。Kim等[18]研究显示,在调整了年龄、性别、脂肪组织、非脂肪组织和胰岛素样生长因子1等因素后,较高的BMR与更严重的衰弱状态相关。另有研究表明,较高的BMR与老年人健康状况恶化有关[19]。此外,多项MR 研究均显示,BMR升高与心房颤动、心肌梗死、心力衰竭和痴呆等疾病的发病风险增加有关[9-10,20]。以上研究结果与本研究结果相似,但是BMR与FI之间的关联机制尚不明确,可能涉及以下几个潜在的机制:首先,BMR升高可能表明机体内代谢活动增加,导致细胞代谢过程中产生过多的活性氧自由基,当活性氧自由基的产生超过细胞的清除能力时,可以诱发氧化应激反应,并通过蛋白质氧化损伤、脂质过氧化、DNA损伤和线粒体功能障碍等途径加速细胞衰老和组织功能的退化;同时氧化应激反应还可通过损伤肌肉兴奋收缩耦联过程、改变肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白结构、抑制肌原纤维装置内的跨桥循环等方式导致骨骼肌功能障碍和肌肉萎缩,最终促进衰弱的发生[18-19]。其次,高BMR可促进血小板的激活和聚集,引起血管内血流和剪切应力发生变化,导致组织器官灌注减少,从而增加衰弱发生风险[21]。此外,高BMR不仅可引起体内激素和代谢物水平发生变化,如肾上腺素和儿茶酚胺水平较高、胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常等,还可诱发炎症反应,从而导致衰弱的发生[22-23]。既是如此,BMR与衰弱之间因果关联的内在机制仍需要进一步的研究来充分阐明。
本研究具有以下优势:首先,本研究为首次利用遗传工具,在双向MR设计下,深入探索了BMR与FI之间的因果关系,并确定了较高的BMR会导致FI升高的风险增加,一系列敏感性分析也验证MR分析结果的稳健性。其次,本研究利用大规模的遗传数据进行分析,不仅提高了统计功效,而且由于遗传工具不受生活方式或环境因素的影响,可以显著减少回顾性研究和随机对照试验中通常存在的偏倚。此外,本研究中所有的GWAS数据都是基于欧洲人群,尽管这可能限制了研究结果在其他人群中的推广,但却减少了种族分层的偏差。最后,由于遗传数据可以从已有的数据库或生物库中获取,因此MR研究通常比随机对照或回顾性研究更具成本效益。
然而,本研究也有一定的局限性:首先,本研究中所有的GWAS数据都来自欧洲人群,这可能限制了研究结果的普遍性,尚不清楚研究结论是否适用于非欧洲人群。其次,BMR因性别和年龄而异,但由于数据库的限制,本研究无法进行分层分析以评估研究结果在不同分层中的稳健性,同时也无法分析高BMR持续时间对FI影响的差异。此外,尽管在敏感性分析中未发现明显的水平多效性,但某些分析方法(如MR-egger)提供的因果结果与采用IVW方法的主要分析结果不一致,因此很难完全排除多效性。最后,本研究只是通过MR方法初步证实了BMR与FI之间的因果关联,但这种关联的潜在生物学机制尚未完全明确,值得未来进行更深入的探究。
综上所述,本研究基于欧洲人群GWAS数据,从遗传学角度验证了BMR与FI之间存在因果关系,但是并不支持FI对BMR的影响。因此,BMR水平高的个体需要更加关注衰弱的发生风险,同时,对高BMR的个体尽早进行体重管理和热量限制以降低BMR可能对于改善衰弱具有重要意义。
  • 海南省卫生健康科研项目(21A200193)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403456
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
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海南省卫生健康科研项目(21A200193)
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    海南医学院第二附属医院老年医学科,海南 海口 570311

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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