Article(id=1240651441812066943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240651438955754377, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312495, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703779200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723953917, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723953917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723953917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240651438955754377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723953236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2159, endPage=2163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240651445695992587, articleId=1240651441812066943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Health risk assessment of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places, Xining City, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand and assess the health risks of five common chemical pollutants, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene and xylene, in indoor air of public places in Xining City, and to provide technical support for environmental health management of public places in Xining City.

Methods

From 2020 to 2022, monitoring sites were set up in the western and central districts of Xining City to monitor the data of common chemical pollutants in hotels and barbershops, and conduct health risk assessment of chemical pollutants according to the Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances (WS/T 777-2021).

Results

From 2020 to 2022, there were 238 monitoring points in the hotel, only 2 formaldehyde monitoring points exceeded the standard. The total qualified rate of formaldehyde in the hotel was 99.16%, and the total qualified rate of benzene, toluene and xylene in the hotel was 100%. There are 47 monitoring points in barbershop, and the total pass rate of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and ammonia at each monitoring point is 100%. The concentration of benzene in indoor air in barbershop (0.001 mg/m3) was lower than that in hotel (0.002 mg/m3), and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.708, P<0.05). Among 47 monitoring points in barbershop, 23 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 48.9%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10-4; Among 238 monitoring points in hotel, 154 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 64.7%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10-4; There were 34 monitoring sites in barbershop with risk less than 10-6, accounting for 72.3%, and 138 monitoring sites in hotel with risk less than 10-6, accounting for 58%. The risk values of P75 and maximum concentration of both sites were greater than 10-6. Hotel formaldehyde has 150 monitoring points HQ>1, accounting for 63%, the maximum risk value is 3.6; There were two monitoring points for benzene with HQ>1, accounting for 0.8%, and the maximum risk was 1.08. All HQ of toluene and xylene are less than 1. There were 31 monitoring points for formaldehyde in barbershop, HQ>1, accounting for 66%, and the highest risk value was 3.72. HQ of other pollutants is less than 1.

Conclusion

The concentration of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places in Xining City from 2020 to 2022 basically meets the requirements of the national standard, but the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk caused by formaldehyde and benzene should be paid attention to.

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目的

了解并评估西宁市公共场所室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯5种常见化学污染物的健康风险,为西宁市公共场所环境卫生管理提供技术支持。

方法

2020—2022年在西宁市城西区和城中区设置监测点,监测酒店和理发店常见化学污染物数据,并根据《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777-2021)对化学污染物进行健康风险评估。

结果

2020—2022年宾馆共设有监测点238个,仅2个甲醛监测点超标,宾馆甲醛总合格率为99.16%,宾馆的苯、甲苯、二甲苯总合格率均为100%。理发店共设有47个监测点,各监测点甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨总合格率均为100%。理发店的室内空气中苯浓度(0.001 mg/m3)低于宾馆(酒店)(0.002 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.708,P<0.05)。理发店共47个监测点中有23个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比48.9%,其余风险值高于10-4,宾馆共238个监测点中有154个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比64.7%,其余风险值高于10-4;理发店有34个监测点的风险小于10-6,占比72.3%,宾馆有138个监测点风险小于10-6,占比58%,二者的P75和最大值浓度的风险值均大于10-6。宾馆甲醛有150个监测点HQ>1,占63%,风险值最大为3.6;苯有2个监测点HQ>1,占0.8%,风险最大值1.08;甲苯和二甲苯的所有HQ均小于1。理发店甲醛有31个监测点HQ>1,占66%,风险值最大为3.72;其余污染物HQ均小于1。

结论

西宁市2020—2022年公共场所空气中5种化学污染物浓度基本符合国标要求,但甲醛和苯引起的致癌风险和非致癌风险应重点关注。

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吉秀亮,E-mail:
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王燕青(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

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Methods of risk determination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CR致癌风险HQ非致癌风险
<10-6较低≤1较低
10-6~10-4有一定致癌风险>1较高
>10-4较高
), ArticleFig(id=1240651450590744676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风险判定方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CR致癌风险HQ非致癌风险
<10-6较低≤1较低
10-6~10-4有一定致癌风险>1较高
>10-4较高
), ArticleFig(id=1240651450666242154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Five kinds of chemical pollutants in the indoor air of hotels and barber shops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类型污染物n含量范围(mg/m3)M(P25P75)(mg/m3)
宾馆2380.001~0.1100.002(0.001,0.010)
甲苯2380.001~0.0700.003(0.001,0.008)
二甲苯2380.001~0.0300.001(0.001,0.004)
甲醛2380.010~0.1200.050(0.010,0.070)
理发店470.001~0.0200.001(0.001,0.003)
甲苯470.001~0.0200.003(0.001,0.007)
二甲苯470.001~0.0090.001(0.001,0.002)
甲醛470.010~0.0900.045(0.010,0.074)
470.005~0.1000.040(0.005,0.070)
), ArticleFig(id=1240651450771099766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

宾馆、理发店室内空气中五种化学污染物水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类型污染物n含量范围(mg/m3)M(P25P75)(mg/m3)
宾馆2380.001~0.1100.002(0.001,0.010)
甲苯2380.001~0.0700.003(0.001,0.008)
二甲苯2380.001~0.0300.001(0.001,0.004)
甲醛2380.010~0.1200.050(0.010,0.070)
理发店470.001~0.0200.001(0.001,0.003)
甲苯470.001~0.0200.003(0.001,0.007)
二甲苯470.001~0.0090.001(0.001,0.002)
甲醛470.010~0.0900.045(0.010,0.074)
470.005~0.1000.040(0.005,0.070)
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452272660608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of chemical pollutants in different public places in Xining City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物宾馆理发店ZP
甲醛0.050(0.010,0.070)0.045(0.010,0.074)-0.8030.422
0.002(0.001,0.010)0.001(0.001,0.003)-2.7080.007
甲苯0.003(0.001,0.008)0.003(0.001,0.007)-0.8400.401
二甲苯0.001(0.001,0.004)0.001(0.001,0.002)-1.7410.082
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452423655567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

西宁市不同公共场所化学污染物比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物宾馆理发店ZP
甲醛0.050(0.010,0.070)0.045(0.010,0.074)-0.8030.422
0.002(0.001,0.010)0.001(0.001,0.003)-2.7080.007
甲苯0.003(0.001,0.008)0.003(0.001,0.007)-0.8400.401
二甲苯0.001(0.001,0.004)0.001(0.001,0.002)-1.7410.082
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452536901784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Carcinogenic risk(CR) of health hazards in hotels and barber shops in Xining City

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场所类型污染物最小值P25MP75最大值
宾馆2.78×10-72.78×10-75.56×10-72.78×10-63.06×10-5
甲醛1.64×10-51.64×10-58.30×10-51.15×10-41.97×10-4
理发店3.83×10-73.83×10-73.83×10-71.15×10-67.67×10-6
甲醛2.27×10-52.27×10-51.02×10-41.68×10-42.04×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452666925223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

西宁市宾馆、理发店健康危害因素的致癌风险(CR)

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场所类型污染物最小值P25MP75最大值
宾馆2.78×10-72.78×10-75.56×10-72.78×10-63.06×10-5
甲醛1.64×10-51.64×10-58.30×10-51.15×10-41.97×10-4
理发店3.83×10-73.83×10-73.83×10-71.15×10-67.67×10-6
甲醛2.27×10-52.27×10-51.02×10-41.68×10-42.04×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452801142959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) of indoor air pollutants in hotels and barber shops in Xining City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类型污染物最小值P25MP75最大值
宾馆9.83×10-39.83×10-31.97×10-29.83×10-21.08
甲苯5.90×10-55.90×10-51.77×10-44.72×10-44.13×10-3
二甲苯2.95×10-32.95×10-32.95×10-31.25×10-28.85×10-2
甲醛3.00×10-13.00×10-11.522.13.6
理发店1.36×10-21.36×10-21.36×10-24.06×10-22.71×10-1
甲苯8.13×10-58.13×10-52.44×10-45.69×10-41.63×10-3
二甲苯4.07×10-34.07×10-34.07×10-38.13×10-33.66×10-2
甲醛4.14×10-14.14×10-11.863.063.72
4.07×10-34.07×10-33.25×10-25.69×10-28.95×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1240651452906000574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651441812066943, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

西宁市宾馆、理发店健康危害因素的非致癌风险(HQ)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类型污染物最小值P25MP75最大值
宾馆9.83×10-39.83×10-31.97×10-29.83×10-21.08
甲苯5.90×10-55.90×10-51.77×10-44.72×10-44.13×10-3
二甲苯2.95×10-32.95×10-32.95×10-31.25×10-28.85×10-2
甲醛3.00×10-13.00×10-11.522.13.6
理发店1.36×10-21.36×10-21.36×10-24.06×10-22.71×10-1
甲苯8.13×10-58.13×10-52.44×10-45.69×10-41.63×10-3
二甲苯4.07×10-34.07×10-34.07×10-38.13×10-33.66×10-2
甲醛4.14×10-14.14×10-11.863.063.72
4.07×10-34.07×10-33.25×10-25.69×10-28.95×10-2
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西宁市公共场所空气中5种化学污染物健康风险评估
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王燕青 1, 2 , 吉秀亮 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(12): 2159-2163
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(12): 2159-2163
西宁市公共场所空气中5种化学污染物健康风险评估
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王燕青1, 2, 吉秀亮1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学医学部公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810000
  • 2.青海省疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科
  • 王燕青(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

通讯作者:

吉秀亮,E-mail:
Health risk assessment of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places, Xining City
Yan-qing WANG1, 2, Xiu-liang JI1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Public Health,Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312495
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目的

了解并评估西宁市公共场所室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯5种常见化学污染物的健康风险,为西宁市公共场所环境卫生管理提供技术支持。

方法

2020—2022年在西宁市城西区和城中区设置监测点,监测酒店和理发店常见化学污染物数据,并根据《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777-2021)对化学污染物进行健康风险评估。

结果

2020—2022年宾馆共设有监测点238个,仅2个甲醛监测点超标,宾馆甲醛总合格率为99.16%,宾馆的苯、甲苯、二甲苯总合格率均为100%。理发店共设有47个监测点,各监测点甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨总合格率均为100%。理发店的室内空气中苯浓度(0.001 mg/m3)低于宾馆(酒店)(0.002 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.708,P<0.05)。理发店共47个监测点中有23个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比48.9%,其余风险值高于10-4,宾馆共238个监测点中有154个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比64.7%,其余风险值高于10-4;理发店有34个监测点的风险小于10-6,占比72.3%,宾馆有138个监测点风险小于10-6,占比58%,二者的P75和最大值浓度的风险值均大于10-6。宾馆甲醛有150个监测点HQ>1,占63%,风险值最大为3.6;苯有2个监测点HQ>1,占0.8%,风险最大值1.08;甲苯和二甲苯的所有HQ均小于1。理发店甲醛有31个监测点HQ>1,占66%,风险值最大为3.72;其余污染物HQ均小于1。

结论

西宁市2020—2022年公共场所空气中5种化学污染物浓度基本符合国标要求,但甲醛和苯引起的致癌风险和非致癌风险应重点关注。

公共场所  /  化学污染物  /  健康风险评估
Objective

To understand and assess the health risks of five common chemical pollutants, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene and xylene, in indoor air of public places in Xining City, and to provide technical support for environmental health management of public places in Xining City.

Methods

From 2020 to 2022, monitoring sites were set up in the western and central districts of Xining City to monitor the data of common chemical pollutants in hotels and barbershops, and conduct health risk assessment of chemical pollutants according to the Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances (WS/T 777-2021).

Results

From 2020 to 2022, there were 238 monitoring points in the hotel, only 2 formaldehyde monitoring points exceeded the standard. The total qualified rate of formaldehyde in the hotel was 99.16%, and the total qualified rate of benzene, toluene and xylene in the hotel was 100%. There are 47 monitoring points in barbershop, and the total pass rate of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and ammonia at each monitoring point is 100%. The concentration of benzene in indoor air in barbershop (0.001 mg/m3) was lower than that in hotel (0.002 mg/m3), and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.708, P<0.05). Among 47 monitoring points in barbershop, 23 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 48.9%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10-4; Among 238 monitoring points in hotel, 154 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 64.7%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10-4; There were 34 monitoring sites in barbershop with risk less than 10-6, accounting for 72.3%, and 138 monitoring sites in hotel with risk less than 10-6, accounting for 58%. The risk values of P75 and maximum concentration of both sites were greater than 10-6. Hotel formaldehyde has 150 monitoring points HQ>1, accounting for 63%, the maximum risk value is 3.6; There were two monitoring points for benzene with HQ>1, accounting for 0.8%, and the maximum risk was 1.08. All HQ of toluene and xylene are less than 1. There were 31 monitoring points for formaldehyde in barbershop, HQ>1, accounting for 66%, and the highest risk value was 3.72. HQ of other pollutants is less than 1.

Conclusion

The concentration of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places in Xining City from 2020 to 2022 basically meets the requirements of the national standard, but the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk caused by formaldehyde and benzene should be paid attention to.

Public place  /  Chemical pollutants  /  Health risk assessment
王燕青, 吉秀亮. 西宁市公共场所空气中5种化学污染物健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2159 -2163 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312495
Yan-qing WANG, Xiu-liang JI. Health risk assessment of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places, Xining City[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2159 -2163 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312495
公共场所是满足公众学习、工作、医疗、娱乐、体育活动等各种社会生活需求所能够使用的一切公用的建筑物[1]。公共场所与人群活动密切相关,因人员流动性较大,所以其室内空气质量状况对人群健康的影响尤为重要[2]。宾馆、理发店这类公共场所,有害化学污染物主要以甲醛、苯、氨等有害化学污染物为主,长期暴露于这类污染物可能会导致多种健康危害,如头痛、昏迷以及呼吸道和肺部疾病[3],严重者可导致癌症发生[4]。科学证据表明,公共场所空气污染对公共健康构成严重威胁[5]。因此,需明确公共场所常见化学污染物的暴露水平和健康风险。且既往研究[6]中对西宁市重点公共场所卫生状况进行了基本监测,本文主要评估了西宁市公共场所化学污染物对从业人员的健康危害,对2020—2022年西宁市宾馆、理发店室内空气中的五种常见化学污染物进行监测,分析各化学污染物浓度分布特征并评估其致癌与非致癌风险,为西宁市公共场所大气防治提供理论依据及技术支持。
本文选择西宁市城西区和城中区的各个宾馆和理发店开展室内空气质量监测,从2020—2022年,每年按《全国公共场所健康危害因素监测工作方案》要求进行监测,三年共监测理发店40家(2020年10家,2021年14家,2022年16家),宾馆72家(2020年18家,2021年27家,2022年27家)。
监测项目包括公共场所室内空气中的氨、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯,每年分别在第二、第四季度监测。监测方法按照《公共场所卫生检验方法第6部分:卫生监测技术规范》(GB/T 18204.6)[7]的规定进行,其中宾馆根据客房数量抽取,客房数量小于等于100间时,抽取总量的3%~5%进行监测,大于100间的,抽取1%~3%进行监测,每间设一个监测点;理发店座位数小于10个设一个监测点,10~30个设两个监测点,综上,本研究共设置285个监测点(包括宾馆238个、理发店47个)。
检验方法根据《公共场所卫生检验方法第2部分:化学污染物》(GB/T 18204.2)[8]的要求进行,氨选用纳氏试剂分光光度法,甲醛选用酚试剂分光光度法,苯、甲苯、二甲苯选用二次热解析—毛细管气相色谱法;最后检测结果按照《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488-2019)[9]评价,甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨的标准限值分别为0.10、0.11、0.20、0.20、0.50 mg/m3
参照国际癌症研究机构分类清单[10](IARC)以及《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777-2021)[11],甲醛和苯属于1类致癌物,甲苯和二甲苯属于3类致癌物,符合致癌风险评估的指标有苯、甲醛,非致癌风险评估的指标有甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨。对宾馆和理发店内空气中常见的5种指标进行经吸入途径的健康风险评估和风险判定,见表1。 查询美国环境保护局风险信息系统(IRIS)[12]和美国毒物和疾病登记署(ATSDR)[13],得到以上5种公共场所常见化学污染物经吸入途径的毒理学参数,氨、甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯的日均参考浓度(RfC)分别为0.50、9.83×10-3、0.03、5.00和0.10 mg/m3。甲醛和苯的致癌单位风险因子(IUR)分别为1.03×10-5和2.20×10-6(μg/m3)-1
其中:CR:致癌风险;ADD:日均暴露浓度,mg/m3;IUR:致癌单位风险因子,m3/μg。
ADD计算公式如下:
其中:C:污染物浓度,mg/m3;ED:暴露周期,a(本文设定为30a);EF:暴露频率,d/a(根据相关研究显示,宾馆从业人员每年工作305.81 d,理发店为324.42d[14]);ET:暴露时间,h/d(相关文献研究表示,宾馆从业人员暴露时间为8.45 h/d,理发店为10.98 h/d[14]);AT:暴露时长,非致癌效应设定为30年,AT=30a×365 d×24 h=262 800 h;致癌效应固定为70年,AT=70a×365 d×24 h=613 200 h。
其中:HQ:危害商;RfC:日均参考浓度,mg/m3
数据整理及风险评估计算采用 Microsoft Excel 2016进行。数据分析采用SPSS 25.0进行,因化学污染物的浓度分布为非正态,故采用非参数检验对数据进行描述,双侧检验水准α=0.5。
宾馆共设有238个监测点,除有两个监测点甲醛不合格外,其余监测点均合格,宾馆甲醛总合格率为99.16%,理发店共设有47个监测点,其五种污染物总合格率均为100%。Mann -Whitney U检验显示,理发店的室内空气中苯浓度(0.001 mg/m3)低于宾馆(酒店)(0.002 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.708,P<0.05);理发店与宾馆室内空气中甲醛、甲苯、二甲苯浓度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。详情见表2表3
宾馆、理发店化学污染物的致癌风险如表4所示,宾馆和理发店的甲醛均存在致癌风险,其中,理发店共47个监测点中有23个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比48.9%,其余风险值高于10-4,宾馆共238个监测点,其中有154个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比64.7%,其余风险值高于10-4;宾馆和理发店的苯存在一定的致癌风险,理发店有34个监测点的风险小于10-6,占比72.3%,宾馆有138个监测点风险小于10-6,占比58%,二者的P75和最大值浓度的风险值均大于1.0×10-6
甲醛有150个监测点HQ>1,占63%,风险值最大为3.6;苯有2个监测点HQ>1,占0.8%,风险最大值1.08;甲苯和二甲苯的所有HQ均小于1,见表5
甲醛有31个监测点HQ>1,占66%,风险值最大为3.72;其余污染物HQ均小于1,其中,苯有41个监测点HQ低于0.1,占87.2%,见表5
本次调查研究结果显示,宾馆有两个监测点的甲醛存在浓度超标的情况,合格率为99.16%,其余四种化学污染物合格率均为100%,理发店五种污染物合格率均为100%。西宁市的几种常见化学污染物与济南市[14]与河南某县[15]相比合格率均较高。但理发店室内空气中的苯浓度低于宾馆(酒店),这与陕西省[16] 和河南省鹤壁市某区[17]的研究结果相反,这可能是因为西宁市部分宾馆(酒店)近些年才建立,为了宾馆的舒适度和吸引顾客使用了华丽的装修材料有关。室内苯常常来源于装修材料,装修所用的涂料、乳胶及家具等,这些材料的大量使用都可能造成苯的释放[16]
本研究显示,宾馆和理发店的甲醛均存在致癌风险,这与国内其他研究结果一致[14,18-19],其中,理发店有23个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比48.9%,其余风险值高于10-4,宾馆有154个监测点风险介于10-4~10-6之间,占比64.7%,其余风险值高于10-4;宾馆和理发店的苯存在一定的致癌风险,理发店有34个监测点的风险小于10-6,占比72.3%,宾馆有138个监测点风险小于10-6,占比58%,二者的P75和最大值浓度的风险值均大于1.0×10-6。以上结果与实际检测出的浓度相比,甲醛仅有两个监测点超过标准限值,但是其仍存在较高的致癌风险,苯在合格率100%的情况下仍有一定致癌风险,在浓度合格的情况下并不能说该污染物无风险,在考虑了人群暴露频率和暴露时间等人群特征之后,更能反映公共场所化学污染物对人群的危害效应。因此,当地卫生行政部门应加强相关公共场所的监督,针对各个公共场所的通风设施进行检查监督,确保室内空气质量,通过对从业人员做好轮岗换班制度,减少从业人员暴露时间来降低致癌风险。
本文研究结果显示,宾馆甲醛有150个监测点 HQ>1,占比63%,风险值最大为3.6;理发店甲醛有31个监测点HQ>1占比66%,风险值最大为3.72;其余各监测点污染物HQ均<1;宾馆和理发店室内空气中甲醛HQ中位数均>1,表示暴露量超过了一定的不良反应阈值,对从业人员均存在一定非致癌风险,该结果与石家庄[20]研究结果一致;宾馆和理发店的苯、甲苯、二甲苯及理发店的氨非致癌风险均相对较低,其最大HQ小于1,可认为这两类公共场所室内苯、甲苯、二甲苯及氨可能不会造成显著损伤,这与河南省鹤壁市某区[17]及青岛市[18]的研究一致。
综上,虽然上述化学污染物经风险评估后发现大部分处于可接受水平,但宾馆和理发店的甲醛仍存在致癌风险,应在后续工作中优先加强监测与控制,苯存在一定的致癌风险与非致癌风险,也应引起重点关注,需开展持续性监测与风险评估。本次评估存在一定的局限性,首先,场所在西宁市的两个城区随机选择,未覆盖至其他县区,且选择场所类型较少,仅能反映部分公共场所情况。其次,本次暴露的从业人员情况来自于参考文献,非西宁市从业人员实际情况,因此本次健康风险评估结果具有一定的不确定性。
综上所述,在后续研究中,应针对从业人员实际工作情况开展调查,并扩大至其他行政区,不断完善西宁市公共场所化学污染物数据库。
  • 青海省科协中青年科技人才托举工程(2021QHSKXRCTJ21)
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2024年第51卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312495
  • 接收时间:2023-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29
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青海省科协中青年科技人才托举工程(2021QHSKXRCTJ21)
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    1.青海大学医学部公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810000
    2.青海省疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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