Article(id=1240651440977408931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240651438955754377, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723953718, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723953718, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723953718, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953718, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240651438955754377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723953236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2164, endPage=2168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240651441199707054, articleId=1240651440977408931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Source apportionment and health risk assessment of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 in Hefei, 2018-2022, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the air pollution level, to analyze the source apportionment of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 and to evaluate its health risk in the city of Hefei.

Methods

The concentration of 10 elements (As,Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb, Mn,Se, Al and Sb)in PM2.5 samples was collected in Hefei city from January 2018 to December 2022, which was used to analyze the pollution level and source apportionment was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS). Correlation analysis, principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the sources of metals and metalloids. A health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the health risk of population of 4 carcinogenic elements(As,Cd,Cr,Ni) and 5 non-carcinogenicelements(Pb,Mn,Se,Al,Sb).

Results

The total average concentration of 10 elements in PM2.5 was in an order of Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl and presented an obvious seasonal variation characteristic, higher in winter and spring, lower in summer and autumn.The mixed sources of coal burning, traffic and industry, dust and industrial emissions sources were the main sources of metals and metalloids in ambient PM2.5 in Hefei.The respiratory pathway exposures of these elements assessed by annual excess risk were between 1.67×10-7and 4.22×10-15, which were below the acceptable risk level of population (10-6).

Conclusion

The main sources of metals in Hefei are mixed sources, soil dust sources and industrial sources. The respiratory pathway exposures of most of the elements assessed by annual excess risk are below the acceptable risk level of population.

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目的

了解合肥市大气PM2.5中金属和类金属污染水平,分析其来源和评估对人群健康影响。

方法

利用石英滤膜采集2018—2022年合肥市大气PM2.5,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定石英滤膜中铝(Al)、铬(Cr) 锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)等10种金属和类金属元素含量;采用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析方法进行污染来源解析;利用健康风险模型评估4种致癌元素As、Cd、Cr、Ni和5种非致癌元素Pb、Mn、Se、Al、Sb污染对人群健康的影响。

结果

合肥市大气PM2.5中10种金属和类金属元素含量的年平均浓度为Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl,各元素平均浓度呈冬春高、夏秋低的季节性变化,大部分元素年度平均浓度呈逐年下降趋势;污染来源分为包括燃煤、交通和工业生产的混合污染源、以地壳元素Al元素为代表的自然源和工业活动污染源三种;致癌和非致癌元素经呼吸途径对暴露人群的年均超额危险度在4.22×10-15~1.67×10-7之间,较人群可接受的危险度水平(10-6)低。

结论

合肥市PM2.5中被测元素主要来源有混合污染源、工业污染源以及自然源三类,9种元素的年均超额危险度远低于可接受的危险度水平(小于10-6),均处于可接受水平。

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宋晓琼,E-mail:
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宋晓琼(1986—),女,硕士,主管检验技师,研究方向:环境等方面检测研究

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Environmental risk assessment of toxic metal elements in PM2.5 of Quanzhou city[J]. Earth and Environment, 2018, 46(5): 456-462., articleTitle=Environmental risk assessment of toxic metal elements in PM2.5 of Quanzhou city, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651450058076586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, awardId=Hwk2022zc047, language=CN, fundingSource=合肥市卫生健康应用医学研究项目(Hwk2022zc047), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651444093775898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651444097970204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, companyId=1240651444093775898, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui 230061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651444106358812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, companyId=1240651444093775898, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=合肥市疾病预防控制中心,安徽 合肥 230061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240651448455852329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Season average concentrations of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei in 2018—2022, figureFileSmall=J4o9t2UuK7S+BwaAvdTg4g==, figureFileBig=j4CC9YBLPNXymCU/g9JNNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651448577487155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=图1, caption=合肥市2018—2022年主要金属和类金属元素元素夏季、秋季、冬季浓度比较(ng/m3, figureFileSmall=J4o9t2UuK7S+BwaAvdTg4g==, figureFileBig=j4CC9YBLPNXymCU/g9JNNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651448816562507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Tree diagram of cluster analysis of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei in 2018—2022, figureFileSmall=W77i0MHTcOR+y3LlNVv8DQ==, figureFileBig=9+I434+n+aOJqa15n+GIOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651448913031509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=图2, caption=合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中主要金属和类金属元素聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=W77i0MHTcOR+y3LlNVv8DQ==, figureFileBig=9+I434+n+aOJqa15n+GIOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651449022083425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average concentrations, year average concentrations and season average concentrations of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei in 2018-2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素2018—2022年总平均浓度2018—2022年年平均浓度2018—2022年季平均浓度
2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
Al90.274.5100.049.349.3145.1102.052.2101.0102.0
Cr1.52.21.61.11.11.41.61.31.51.9
Mn22.423.826.215.815.819.024.815.922.829.4
Ni1.71.91.11.21.23.11.51.21.51.6
As4.96.35.14.54.54.15.53.84.26.2
Se3.74.94.92.92.92.63.83.13.05.1
Cd0.81.21.00.60.60.60.90.60.61.2
Sb2.73.83.02.22.22.02.82.02.53.8
Tl0.20.40.30.20.20.20.30.20.20.4
Pb26.451.531.813.813.814.825.018.719.744.3
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449114358127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中主要金属和类金属含量的平均浓度,年平均浓度和季平均浓度(ng/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素2018—2022年总平均浓度2018—2022年年平均浓度2018—2022年季平均浓度
2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
Al90.274.5100.049.349.3145.1102.052.2101.0102.0
Cr1.52.21.61.11.11.41.61.31.51.9
Mn22.423.826.215.815.819.024.815.922.829.4
Ni1.71.91.11.21.23.11.51.21.51.6
As4.96.35.14.54.54.15.53.84.26.2
Se3.74.94.92.92.92.63.83.13.05.1
Cd0.81.21.00.60.60.60.90.60.61.2
Sb2.73.83.02.22.22.02.82.02.53.8
Tl0.20.40.30.20.20.20.30.20.20.4
Pb26.451.531.813.813.814.825.018.719.744.3
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449277935990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pearson’s correlation coefficients of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei in 2018-2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlCrMnNiAsSeCdSbTlPb
Al1.000
Cr0.173a1.000
Mn0.394a0.461a1.000
Ni0.086a0.196a0.0551.000
As0.0520.294a0.316a-0.0031.000
Se0.106a0.364a0.577a-0.0180.648a1.000
Cd0.073b0.280a0.412a0.0030.722a0.744a1.000
Sb0.104a0.260a0.436a0.0000.381a0.537a0.492a1.000
Tl0.096a0.286a0.370a0.0300.700a0.739a0.749a0.438a1.000
Pb0.098a0.291a0.371a0.0250.612a0.704a0.749a0.508a0.867a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449407959424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

合肥市2018—2022年 PM2.5中主要金属和类金属元素相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlCrMnNiAsSeCdSbTlPb
Al1.000
Cr0.173a1.000
Mn0.394a0.461a1.000
Ni0.086a0.196a0.0551.000
As0.0520.294a0.316a-0.0031.000
Se0.106a0.364a0.577a-0.0180.648a1.000
Cd0.073b0.280a0.412a0.0030.722a0.744a1.000
Sb0.104a0.260a0.436a0.0000.381a0.537a0.492a1.000
Tl0.096a0.286a0.370a0.0300.700a0.739a0.749a0.438a1.000
Pb0.098a0.291a0.371a0.0250.612a0.704a0.749a0.508a0.867a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449508622731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Principal component analysis results of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei in 2018-2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成分
123
Tl0.899
Cd0.884
Pb0.880
Se0.834
As0.818
Sb0.561
Al0.825
Mn0.752
Ni0.921
Cr0.533
方差贡献/%48.213.00010.000
指示来源混合污染源地壳源工业源
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449634451856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中金属类金属元素因子分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成分
123
Tl0.899
Cd0.884
Pb0.880
Se0.834
As0.818
Sb0.561
Al0.825
Mn0.752
Ni0.921
Cr0.533
方差贡献/%48.213.00010.000
指示来源混合污染源地壳源工业源
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449772863897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation results on human health risk of 9 metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 of Hefei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成年男性成年女性儿童
Sb2.71×10-112.49×10-117.87×10-12
Al8.93×10-108.23×10-102.60×10-10
Pb2.43×10-102.24×10-107.06×10-11
Mn2.96×10-102.73×10-108.60×10-11
Se1.45×10-141.34×10-144.22×10-15
As1.67×10-71.54×10-74.86×10-8
Cd1.17×10-81.08×10-83.41×10-9
Cr1.46×10-71.35×10-74.25×10-8
Ni3.48×10-93.20×10-91.01×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1240651449907081631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651440977408931, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

合肥市PM2.5中9种金属类金属元素的人群健康风险评估值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成年男性成年女性儿童
Sb2.71×10-112.49×10-117.87×10-12
Al8.93×10-108.23×10-102.60×10-10
Pb2.43×10-102.24×10-107.06×10-11
Mn2.96×10-102.73×10-108.60×10-11
Se1.45×10-141.34×10-144.22×10-15
As1.67×10-71.54×10-74.86×10-8
Cd1.17×10-81.08×10-83.41×10-9
Cr1.46×10-71.35×10-74.25×10-8
Ni3.48×10-93.20×10-91.01×10-9
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合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中金属和类金属元素来源解析及健康风险评价
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宋晓琼 , 李建伟 , 李四生 , 葛成相 , 李昌安
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(12): 2164-2168
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(12): 2164-2168
合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中金属和类金属元素来源解析及健康风险评价
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宋晓琼 , 李建伟, 李四生, 葛成相, 李昌安
作者信息
  • 合肥市疾病预防控制中心,安徽 合肥 230061
  • 宋晓琼(1986—),女,硕士,主管检验技师,研究方向:环境等方面检测研究

通讯作者:

宋晓琼,E-mail:
Source apportionment and health risk assessment of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 in Hefei, 2018-2022
Xiao-qiong SONG , Jian-wei LI, Si-sheng LI, Cheng-xiang GE, Chang-an LI
Affiliations
  • Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui 230061, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403076
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目的

了解合肥市大气PM2.5中金属和类金属污染水平,分析其来源和评估对人群健康影响。

方法

利用石英滤膜采集2018—2022年合肥市大气PM2.5,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定石英滤膜中铝(Al)、铬(Cr) 锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)等10种金属和类金属元素含量;采用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析方法进行污染来源解析;利用健康风险模型评估4种致癌元素As、Cd、Cr、Ni和5种非致癌元素Pb、Mn、Se、Al、Sb污染对人群健康的影响。

结果

合肥市大气PM2.5中10种金属和类金属元素含量的年平均浓度为Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl,各元素平均浓度呈冬春高、夏秋低的季节性变化,大部分元素年度平均浓度呈逐年下降趋势;污染来源分为包括燃煤、交通和工业生产的混合污染源、以地壳元素Al元素为代表的自然源和工业活动污染源三种;致癌和非致癌元素经呼吸途径对暴露人群的年均超额危险度在4.22×10-15~1.67×10-7之间,较人群可接受的危险度水平(10-6)低。

结论

合肥市PM2.5中被测元素主要来源有混合污染源、工业污染源以及自然源三类,9种元素的年均超额危险度远低于可接受的危险度水平(小于10-6),均处于可接受水平。

ICP-MS  /  金属和类金属  /  大气污染  /  PM2.5  /  来源解析
Objective

To understand the air pollution level, to analyze the source apportionment of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 and to evaluate its health risk in the city of Hefei.

Methods

The concentration of 10 elements (As,Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb, Mn,Se, Al and Sb)in PM2.5 samples was collected in Hefei city from January 2018 to December 2022, which was used to analyze the pollution level and source apportionment was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS). Correlation analysis, principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the sources of metals and metalloids. A health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the health risk of population of 4 carcinogenic elements(As,Cd,Cr,Ni) and 5 non-carcinogenicelements(Pb,Mn,Se,Al,Sb).

Results

The total average concentration of 10 elements in PM2.5 was in an order of Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl and presented an obvious seasonal variation characteristic, higher in winter and spring, lower in summer and autumn.The mixed sources of coal burning, traffic and industry, dust and industrial emissions sources were the main sources of metals and metalloids in ambient PM2.5 in Hefei.The respiratory pathway exposures of these elements assessed by annual excess risk were between 1.67×10-7and 4.22×10-15, which were below the acceptable risk level of population (10-6).

Conclusion

The main sources of metals in Hefei are mixed sources, soil dust sources and industrial sources. The respiratory pathway exposures of most of the elements assessed by annual excess risk are below the acceptable risk level of population.

ICP-MS  /  Metal and Metalloids  /  Source apportionment  /  PM2.5  /  Source apportionment
宋晓琼, 李建伟, 李四生, 葛成相, 李昌安. 合肥市2018—2022年大气PM2.5中金属和类金属元素来源解析及健康风险评价. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2164 -2168 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403076
Xiao-qiong SONG, Jian-wei LI, Si-sheng LI, Cheng-xiang GE, Chang-an LI. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 in Hefei, 2018-2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2164 -2168 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403076
大气中存在很多颗粒物,这些颗粒物有大有小,当颗粒物的空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5 μm时,人们称之为PM 2.5。PM 2.5可以经呼吸系统进入人体内循环,对人类身体健康造成影响[1]。PM 2.5粒径较小,比表面积大,容易附着的金属成分,对人体危害大,被引起了大家的广泛关注。目前,文献已报道了我国很多城市的PM 2.5中金属成分含量和污染来源[1-3],但对合肥市大气PM 2.5中金属成分情况鲜有报道。为了了解合肥大气PM2.5中金属类金属元素的浓度水平和来源,本文选取合肥市瑶海和滨湖两个区2018年1月至2022年12月期间大气PM 2.5为研究对象,利用石英滤膜每月连续采集七天,共计采集样本954份,ICP-MS测定样品中的铝(Al)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb) 10种金属类金属的元素含量,分析合肥市大气 PM2.5中金属类金属元素的污染特征,研究合肥市大气PM2.5中主要金属和类金属元素的浓度水平,并利用SPSS软件中的聚类分析和因子分析初步探讨各种污染物的来源。根据健康风险评价模型和参数计算9种致癌和非致癌元素经呼吸途径对成年男性、成年女性和儿童的年均超额危险度,分析这些元素污染对人群健康的影响,为相关污染源的控制、保护人群健康提供理论支持和科学依据。
仪器设备:电感耦合等离子体质谱仪ICP-MS (NexION 300D,美国);大流量PM2.5采样器(TH-150F型,山东桑泽仪器有限公司,中国);超声波清洗器(KQ5200E 型,昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
试剂:金属元素混合标准溶液(CL10-105HGY1/CL5-199MKBY1,PE);超纯硝酸(默克超纯硝酸)。
在合肥市滨湖区和瑶海区设立两个采样点,根据《空气污染对人群健康影响监测工作手册》采样方法,两个监测点采样在2018年1月至2022年12月期间,每年采集样品12个月,每月连续七日,每天采样时间不低于20小时,共采集有效滤膜954份。将采样后的石英滤膜放入15 mL的离心管中,用10 mL 5%的硝酸浸泡,然后在70℃水浴中超声浸提3小时,冷却至室温后离心,取上层清液待测。最后,用 ICP-MS测定10种金属类金属元素的含量。
采样、储存以及预处理的过程,均严格按照标准和操作规程,以确保数据准确可靠。金属元素含量分析所涉及的实验用品和容器均使用非金属的塑料、陶瓷等材料的用品,尽量避免本底干扰。在ICP-MS 测试中采用Ge和Rh 作为内标元素进行全程监控,各被测元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均>0.999。
将每个样品所检测到的10种金属和类金属元素浓度导入SPSS软件,并分别代入相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析三种模型进行来源解析。
根据USEPA 综合危险度信息数据库和国际癌症研究机构的研究成果[2-6],本文选择致癌物质As,Cd,Cr和Ni和非致癌物物质Pb,Se,Mn,Sb和Al作为研究对象进行健康风险评价。首先查阅《中国人群暴露参数手册》[6]和相关文献[4]中的数据使用公式(1)计算各元素各人群分别对应的致癌物质暴露剂量(LADD)和非致癌物质暴露剂量(ADD),其次把LADD或ADD代入公式(2)或(3)计算人群年均超额危险度(R),研究各类人群对应相关元素的致癌或非致癌风险。
式(1)中:C为滤膜中各待测元素近五年的平均浓度,单位为mg/m3IR为呼吸速率,成年男性、女性和儿童分别取18.0,14.5和8.7m3/d;ED为暴露持续时间,成人取30×365天,儿童取10×365天;BW为成年男性、女性和儿童的平均体重,分别取65.0,56.8和36.0千克;AT为平均暴露时间,式(1)中各人群的致癌或非致癌AT值分别取70×365和30×365天。
式(2)和(3)中:SF为致癌斜率因子,单位为(kg·d) /mg,RfD为经呼吸暴露下的参考剂量,单位为mg/ (kg· d),本文由USEPA综合危险度信息数据库[2-6]选取20.07,8.4,56,1.19分别作为As,Cd,Cr和Ni 4种致癌元素的SF值,选取4.3×10-4,3.0×10-4,1.0×10-4,4.0×10-4,4.0×10-4,分别作为Pb,Se,Mn,Sb和Al元素5种非致癌元素的RfD值;L:为人均寿命70年。
样品经前处理后,用ICP-MS检测10种金属和类金属含量,计算各待测元素含量浓度的平均值,年平均浓度,季平均浓度等结果见表1。从表1可以看出,10种被测元素均被检出,样品中各元素的平均浓度由高到低排序为Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl,Al、Pb和Mn的浓度明显高于其他元素,占所测定元素的总质量体积浓度的百分比较高。从表1中2018—2022年年平均浓度也能看出从2018年到2022年主要金属和类金属元素除了Al、Mn和Pb与地表相关的元素之外的平均浓度总体呈下降趋势,这一方面说明环境在逐渐好转,另一方面2020—2023年的新冠疫情对人们日常生活和工业生产活动造成一定影响,空气质量有所好转。以铝为代表的其他地表元素呈先降后升状态可能与2022年年均降水量较前几年少的原因有关,同时也可能与疫情以后人们的各项生产活动逐步恢复,对地表元素影响更加直接,造成Al、Mn和Pb三种元素浓度增加。
金属和类金属元素夏季、秋季、冬季浓度比较见图1,从图1中我们可以更直观的看出,合肥市大气PM2.5中各被测元素的含量显现出比较明显的季节性。整体来讲,监测点大部分被测元素的浓度都呈现出从春季到夏季逐渐降低,夏季到秋季逐步增高,到冬季达到最高,国内其他城市如南宁、银川等也呈现出夏秋低冬春高的规律[7-8],并且有文献报道合肥市PM2.5中其他类别污染物含量呈现类似规律[9-10]。这可能与合肥所处地理位置和呈现的气候现象有关,一般来说合肥冬季和春季降雨减少,大气扩散条件较差,雾霾等重污染天气状况频繁出现,市区空气质量明显恶化,相应的PM2.5中各被测元素浓度也会达到最高。而合肥地区夏秋季节空气湿度较大,降雨量增加,湿沉降通过冲刷、雨水等机制使空气质量得到改善,因此全年最低值一般会出现在夏秋季节。
为了探究合肥市区PM2.5中主要金属和类金属的元素相关性,我们利用SPSS软件分析被测元素的皮尔逊相关系数,从表2中可以清楚地看到,除了Al与As相关性较小,Ni与部分元素相关性较小,其他元素均具有相关性,具有同源的可能性较大,同时也说明污染物来源复杂,需要进一步分析。
为了探寻合肥市大气PM2.5中金属和类金属的来源,我们继续用SPSS软件进行了聚类分析,图2中横坐标表示欧氏距离,一般认为,元素在纵坐标距离越短越容易聚成一类,当欧式距离小于5时,可分为三类,从Cd到As元素,7种元素最先聚集在一起,可能来源于石油燃烧和工业排放[11-14]。然后与Pb和Mn元素聚集,可能来自交通污染[11]。Al在地壳金属元素中含量排首位是一种典型的地壳元素,在欧式距离图中可以清楚地看出Al单独成一组,这也跟相关文献的报道一致[12],可能来自恶劣天气带来的灰霾,建筑工地施工作业的扬尘,道路上各类汽车移动带起的灰尘,以及人类农业和林业等活动造成的扬尘等。
经聚类分析得出初步结论后,为了进一步探索合肥市区大气PM2.5中主要金属和类金属元素的来源,本文继续用SPSS软件中因子分析法分析各元素可能的来源。表3为旋转后的成分矩阵,从表3可知,结合元素聚类分析结果,影响合肥大气污染的主要成份有三种,主成份1中Tl、Cd、Pb、Se、As和Sb元素所占载荷较大,方差贡献率达48.2%,其中Cd可能来源于燃煤、燃油和煤矿[15],Se可能来源于煤炭燃烧和金属冶炼,As和Sb也可能由于煤炭燃烧,As也有文献报道来源于农药和杀虫剂,其中较高的Pb有文献报道来源于民用燃煤和汽车尾气[16],因此成份1可认为是包含了燃烧、工业和交通的混合污染源[16]。成份2主要由Al、和Mn 组成,方差贡献率达13.0%,Al作为地壳中含量最高的金属元素,广泛存在于地球表面,Mn也经常被认为是来源于地表[15],可能来源于道路和建筑扬尘属于自然源。成份3由Ni、Cr组成,Cr经常被认为来源于工业冶炼和石油燃烧等工业活动,可认为是工业源[15]
为了评价各元素可能对人群健康造成的影响,本文根据健康风险评价模型和参数计算了9种致癌和非致癌元素通过呼吸途径对成年男性、成年女性和儿童的年均超额危险度,如表4所示,表4中使用公式和数据结果均来自前文1.4中所述。从表4可以看出,9种被测元素中年均超额危险度水平均在4.22×10-14~1.67×10-7之间,其中危险度水平最高的As元素(1.67×10-7),依然较人群可接受的危险度(10-6)低。经排序后可以看出,其中各元素对各人群的超额危险度由高到低排序依次为As>Cr>Cd>Ni>Al>Mn>Pb>Sb>Se,前四种致癌元素对人群的健康风险比非致癌元素高。另外,成年男性的健康风险比成年女性和儿童高,这与很多文献报道相符[17-18]。虽然文中计算出的9种元素的年均超额危险度均处于可接受水平,但由于文中仅使用室外监测站点获得的大气污染物浓度进行暴露评估,没有考虑室内空气污染物对暴露的贡献,以及室内外浓度及成分的差异,可能低估人群的实际暴露水平,增大暴露评估的不确定性。
从本文研究结果可以看出合肥市区大气PM2.5中颗粒物的金属类金属成分复杂,样品中10种待测元素均被检出,其平均浓度由高到低依次排序为Al>Pb>Mn>As>Se>Sb>Ni>Cr>Cd>Tl,其中Al、Pb和Mn三种元素所占比重较大。
经SPSS软件分析数据后得出,大部分元素具有相关性,说明这些元素可能具有同源性。经聚类和因子分析进一步探讨污染来源,可将合肥市区大气污染物来源分为包含了燃烧、工业和交通的混合污染源、包含了建筑和道路扬尘的自然源和包含工业排放和石油燃烧的工业源。
经健康风险评价模型和参数计算后可知,合肥市区PM2.5中9种致癌和非致癌元素的年均超额危险度均比人群可接受的危险度水平低,说明经过这几年相关部门的综合治理,合肥市区大气污染状况在得到有效缓解。
综上所述,合肥市区大气PM2.5中10种被测元素内Al、Pb 及 Mn元素的含量较高,且被测元素具有相关性,这些大气污染元素可能主要来源于工业和交通运输污染以及建筑和扬尘污染。被检测的9种元素的年均超额危险度比人群可接受的危险度水平低,这些结果提醒我们需要在工业生产污染和道路交通运输污染,以及大气扬尘等方面进行多方位综合治理,进一步提高合肥空气质量。
  • 合肥市卫生健康应用医学研究项目(Hwk2022zc047)
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2024年第51卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403076
  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
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合肥市卫生健康应用医学研究项目(Hwk2022zc047)
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    合肥市疾病预防控制中心,安徽 合肥 230061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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