Article(id=1240651439802995277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240651438955754377, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403323, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723953437, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723953437, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723953437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240651438955754377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723953236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723953236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2121, endPage=2126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240651439979156047, articleId=1240651439802995277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analytic methods review for evaluating patterns of multiple birth defects, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Multiple birth defects, also known as multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs), are defined as the simultaneous presence of defects in two or more different systems, organs or tissues in the same individual. MCAs account for 20% to 30% of all children with birth defects and have become an important public health issue in the prevention and control of birth defects. MCAs can occur as random events or as etiologically related patterns of abnormal. Identifying MCAs patterns can provide important clues for revealing the underlying aetiology, elucidating the mechanism, predicting the development trend, and formulating strategiesforprevention and treatment. Currently, there are many methods for assessing the pattern of MCAs, and each calculation method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we reviewed five commonly used statistical analysis methods for evaluating the pattern of MCAs, including the proportion method, multiple regression analysis, cluster analysis, log-linear analysis, and O/E (Observed/Expected) ratio. Moreover, we elaborated on their applications, strengths, and limitations in the birth defects surveillance system. Given the large birth defects surveillance system and rich data resources in China, which provides good conditions for MCAs research, the current review of the MCAs analysis methods is of great significance for making full use of these resources to conduct related research.

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多发出生缺陷,又称多发畸形(MCAs),是指同一个体发生两种或以上不同系统、器官或组织的缺陷,占所有出生缺陷儿的20%~30%,已成为出生缺陷防控领域重要的公共卫生问题。MCAs的发生可能是随机事件,也可能是病因相关的异常模式。识别MCAs模式可为揭示潜在病因、阐明机制、预测发展趋势以及制定防治策略提供重要线索。目前评估MCAs模式的方法较多,每种计算方法各具优劣。本文综述了五种常用的统计分析策略,包括比例法、多元回归分析、聚类分析、对数线性分析和O/E(Observed/Expected)比,并深入探讨了它们在出生缺陷监测系统中的具体应用、优势和局限。鉴于我国拥有大型出生缺陷监测系统和丰富的数据资源,为MCAs模式研究提供了良好的条件,当前综述MCAs模式的分析方法对充分利用这些资源展开相关研究具有重要意义。

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李文艳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qaLu2x+0YmZweqZSw0n9lA==, magXml=/b+j2HAx/9BpT8sPJ5GkEQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MXsEwMIpqORugXLLRNM6dQ==, pdfFileSize=672757, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XzgBayTT8BKZcc5aZ6R95w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈志余(1994—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:出生缺陷监测与防控

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陈志余(1994—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:出生缺陷监测与防控

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Birth Defects Research, 2019, 111(18): 1356-1364., articleTitle=Co-occurring defect analysis: A platform for analyzing birth defect co-occurrence in registries, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651445524026111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, awardId=82103858, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82103858), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240651445658243845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, awardId=2021YJ0212, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科学技术厅应用基础研究(2021YJ0212), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651440788656727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651440792851032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, companyId=1240651440788656727, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring of China, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651440801239641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, companyId=1240651440788656727, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西第二医院中国出生缺陷监测中心,出生缺陷与相关妇儿疾病教育部重点实验室,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240651445096207070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of major studies for evaluating patterns of multiple congenital anomaliesa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者年份监测系统/研究人群分析方法研究内容
Xu等[23]2022中国出生缺陷监测网络比例法先天性肺气道畸形合并畸形情况
刘磊等[24]2022广州市出生缺陷监测系统比例法先天性单脐动脉合并畸形情况
Bermejo-Sánchez等[25]2011国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心比例法先天性肢体短缺合并畸形情况
Orioli等[26]2011国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心比例法先天性并腿畸形合并畸形情况
Källén等[27]2000法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析验证OEIS复合体相关畸形情况
Källén等[28]2001法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析描述VATER非随机关联畸形情况
Källén等[29]1999法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析验证CHARGE联合征相关畸形情况
Källén等[30]2004法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析识别OAV综合征相关畸形
Evans等[31]1994匈牙利先天性畸形登记系统聚类分析先天性肢体缺陷的合并畸形
Evans等[32]1992匈牙利先天性畸形登记系统聚类分析描述肢端肾畸形联合征情况
Beaty等[33]1991亚特兰大大都会先天性畸形项目对数线性分析检验7种单一出生缺陷之间可能的关联
Khoury等[34]1990亚特兰大大都会先天性畸形项目O/E比确认VACTERL联合征与中线缺陷或“分裂”缺陷之间的关联
Prieto等[21]1996西班牙先天性畸形合作研究O/E比评估两种出生缺陷之间的关联
Oluwafemi等[35]2020德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性腹裂和脐膨出合并畸形情况
Diaz等[36]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性13三体综合征合并畸形情况
Ludorf等[37]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性尿道下裂合并畸形情况
Schraw等[38]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性无眼和小眼合并畸形情况
Sanchez等[39]2022德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性唇腭裂合并畸形情况
Schraw等[40]2023德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性无耳和小耳合并畸形情况
), ArticleFig(id=1240651445205258980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

评估多发出生缺陷模式的主要研究a

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者年份监测系统/研究人群分析方法研究内容
Xu等[23]2022中国出生缺陷监测网络比例法先天性肺气道畸形合并畸形情况
刘磊等[24]2022广州市出生缺陷监测系统比例法先天性单脐动脉合并畸形情况
Bermejo-Sánchez等[25]2011国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心比例法先天性肢体短缺合并畸形情况
Orioli等[26]2011国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心比例法先天性并腿畸形合并畸形情况
Källén等[27]2000法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析验证OEIS复合体相关畸形情况
Källén等[28]2001法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析描述VATER非随机关联畸形情况
Källén等[29]1999法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析验证CHARGE联合征相关畸形情况
Källén等[30]2004法国中东部、意大利、拉丁美洲和瑞典先天性畸形登记系统多元回归分析识别OAV综合征相关畸形
Evans等[31]1994匈牙利先天性畸形登记系统聚类分析先天性肢体缺陷的合并畸形
Evans等[32]1992匈牙利先天性畸形登记系统聚类分析描述肢端肾畸形联合征情况
Beaty等[33]1991亚特兰大大都会先天性畸形项目对数线性分析检验7种单一出生缺陷之间可能的关联
Khoury等[34]1990亚特兰大大都会先天性畸形项目O/E比确认VACTERL联合征与中线缺陷或“分裂”缺陷之间的关联
Prieto等[21]1996西班牙先天性畸形合作研究O/E比评估两种出生缺陷之间的关联
Oluwafemi等[35]2020德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性腹裂和脐膨出合并畸形情况
Diaz等[36]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性13三体综合征合并畸形情况
Ludorf等[37]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性尿道下裂合并畸形情况
Schraw等[38]2021德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性无眼和小眼合并畸形情况
Sanchez等[39]2022德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性唇腭裂合并畸形情况
Schraw等[40]2023德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统O/E比先天性无耳和小耳合并畸形情况
), ArticleFig(id=1240651445297533678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of methods for evaluating patterns of multiple birth defects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析方法优点缺点参考文献
比例法1.简单易理解;2.快速提供单一合并畸形谱信息1.未经过统计学检验;2.未控制混杂因素;3.无法计算高阶组合模式[22-26]
多元回归分析可控制混杂因素无法计算高阶组合模式[20,41]
聚类分析1.结果可视化;2.可计算高阶组合模式1.未控制混杂因素;2.不适应样本量和缺陷病种大的数据[18,20,42]
对数线性分析1.可控制混杂因素;2.可计算高阶组合模式要求结果变量数量足够大[20,33]
O/E比1.简单易理解;2.有免费的计算平台;3.可计算高阶组合模式;4.样本量和缺陷病种大的数据可适用未控制混杂因素[20,47]
), ArticleFig(id=1240651445398196983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240651439802995277, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多发出生缺陷模式分析方法优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析方法优点缺点参考文献
比例法1.简单易理解;2.快速提供单一合并畸形谱信息1.未经过统计学检验;2.未控制混杂因素;3.无法计算高阶组合模式[22-26]
多元回归分析可控制混杂因素无法计算高阶组合模式[20,41]
聚类分析1.结果可视化;2.可计算高阶组合模式1.未控制混杂因素;2.不适应样本量和缺陷病种大的数据[18,20,42]
对数线性分析1.可控制混杂因素;2.可计算高阶组合模式要求结果变量数量足够大[20,33]
O/E比1.简单易理解;2.有免费的计算平台;3.可计算高阶组合模式;4.样本量和缺陷病种大的数据可适用未控制混杂因素[20,47]
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多发出生缺陷模式分析方法概述
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陈志余 , 刘珍 , 周嘉园 , 高瑜阳 , 许文丽 , 代礼 , 李文艳
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(12): 2121-2126
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(12): 2121-2126
多发出生缺陷模式分析方法概述
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陈志余, 刘珍, 周嘉园, 高瑜阳, 许文丽, 代礼, 李文艳
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西第二医院中国出生缺陷监测中心,出生缺陷与相关妇儿疾病教育部重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
  • 陈志余(1994—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:出生缺陷监测与防控

通讯作者:

李文艳,E-mail:
Analytic methods review for evaluating patterns of multiple birth defects
Zhi-yu CHEN, Zhen LIU, Jia-yuan ZHOU, Yu-yang GAO, Wen-li XU, Li DAI, Wen-yan LI
Affiliations
  • National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring of China, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403323
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多发出生缺陷,又称多发畸形(MCAs),是指同一个体发生两种或以上不同系统、器官或组织的缺陷,占所有出生缺陷儿的20%~30%,已成为出生缺陷防控领域重要的公共卫生问题。MCAs的发生可能是随机事件,也可能是病因相关的异常模式。识别MCAs模式可为揭示潜在病因、阐明机制、预测发展趋势以及制定防治策略提供重要线索。目前评估MCAs模式的方法较多,每种计算方法各具优劣。本文综述了五种常用的统计分析策略,包括比例法、多元回归分析、聚类分析、对数线性分析和O/E(Observed/Expected)比,并深入探讨了它们在出生缺陷监测系统中的具体应用、优势和局限。鉴于我国拥有大型出生缺陷监测系统和丰富的数据资源,为MCAs模式研究提供了良好的条件,当前综述MCAs模式的分析方法对充分利用这些资源展开相关研究具有重要意义。

多发出生缺陷  /  多发畸形  /  出生缺陷监测  /  MCAs  /  统计分析

Multiple birth defects, also known as multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs), are defined as the simultaneous presence of defects in two or more different systems, organs or tissues in the same individual. MCAs account for 20% to 30% of all children with birth defects and have become an important public health issue in the prevention and control of birth defects. MCAs can occur as random events or as etiologically related patterns of abnormal. Identifying MCAs patterns can provide important clues for revealing the underlying aetiology, elucidating the mechanism, predicting the development trend, and formulating strategiesforprevention and treatment. Currently, there are many methods for assessing the pattern of MCAs, and each calculation method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we reviewed five commonly used statistical analysis methods for evaluating the pattern of MCAs, including the proportion method, multiple regression analysis, cluster analysis, log-linear analysis, and O/E (Observed/Expected) ratio. Moreover, we elaborated on their applications, strengths, and limitations in the birth defects surveillance system. Given the large birth defects surveillance system and rich data resources in China, which provides good conditions for MCAs research, the current review of the MCAs analysis methods is of great significance for making full use of these resources to conduct related research.

Multiple birth defects  /  Multiple congenital anomalies  /  Birth defects monitoring  /  MCAs  /  Statistical analysis
陈志余, 刘珍, 周嘉园, 高瑜阳, 许文丽, 代礼, 李文艳. 多发出生缺陷模式分析方法概述. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2121 -2126 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403323
Zhi-yu CHEN, Zhen LIU, Jia-yuan ZHOU, Yu-yang GAO, Wen-li XU, Li DAI, Wen-yan LI. Analytic methods review for evaluating patterns of multiple birth defects[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (12) : 2121 -2126 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403323
出生缺陷指婴儿出生前由任何原因导致的功能、结构或代谢异常[1]。根据累及的器官、系统,出生缺陷可分为单发出生缺陷和多发出生缺陷[2]。据统计,世界范围内约20%~30%的出生缺陷儿属于多发出生缺陷[3-4]。与单发出生缺陷相比,多发出生缺陷的婴幼儿更易发生死胎、流产、围产儿死亡、早产和低出生体重等不良妊娠结局[5-6]。此外,致畸物少有针对某个特定系统的单一作用,常导致多发出生缺陷的发生,遗传变异也常常导致多个系统出生缺陷并发,因此通过对多发出生缺陷进行流行病学分析对于及时发现环境或药物暴露引起的出生缺陷发生率增加十分重要[6]。目前,针对多发出生缺陷的研究主要集中在验证已知多发出生缺陷组合和识别新的组合,这不仅依赖于临床评估和生物学理解,还需要充足的病例样本和有效的统计分析[7]。因此,本研究从统计学方法角度,概括了适合开展多发出生缺陷组合的统计分析策略,包括方法论、应用场景以及各自的优势和局限性。
多发出生缺陷是指同一个体发生两种或以上不同系统、器官或组织的缺陷[8],临床上也被称为多发畸形(Multiple congenital anomalies, MCAs)[2,9]。由同一个体内多个单一出生缺陷组成的特定多发出生缺陷组合,被称为多发出生缺陷模式,又称MCAs模式[10],可随机或以一定规律出现。部分MCAs模式代表某种由单一原因引起的综合征、序列征或联合征,如21-三体综合征[11]。据估计,50%在医学遗传学诊所就诊的多发出生缺陷患儿未能充分诊断其MCAs模式[12],尤其是排除已知的MCAs模式后,其他组合的分布情况尚不清楚[10]。评估MCAs模式可帮助研究人员获悉出生缺陷组合在人群中的流行情况,也可为揭示潜在病因、阐明机制、预测发展趋势和制定防治策略提供重要的线索和证据[13-14]。一些常见的致畸物也与特定的MCAs模式相关,例如巨细胞病毒感染易导致先天性心脏病和腭裂的共同发生[15],因此对MCAs模式的监测和评估也被认为是发现环境中致畸物的敏感监测器[7,16-17]
传统观点认为,早期的MCAs模式是由临床医生在临床人群中以表观或遗传明显相似为特征发现,并通过病例报告或病例系列分析形式记录[10]。此外,也有研究通过文献评价、横断面调查或队列研究等收集到的数据集进行报告[18]。然而,这些方法往往只能识别最明显的、已知的出生缺陷组合,如VACTERL(椎骨异常-肛门闭锁-心脏畸形-气管食管瘘-肾脏异常-四肢畸形联合征)[19]。对于罕见或新发的MCAs模式,因临床实践或单项调查中所观察到的群体人数有限,则很难被发现[20]
为及时、准确地识别新发模式,越来越多的研究选择在规模大、病例多的出生缺陷监测系统中开展。出生缺陷监测是指在某一地区或全国选择有代表性的医院或人群,对其中发生的出生缺陷进行长期持续的动态观察[8]。最早的出生缺陷监测系统建立于20世纪60年代,英国、德国等国家相继报告了孕妇服用反应停后,出生了大量以肢体短缩为主要特征的MCAs,为及时掌握畸形的发生情况,英国、色列、芬兰等多个国家率先开展了出生缺陷监测。随后多个国家和地区陆续建立了区域性、全国性乃至国际性的出生缺陷监测系统[8]。近几十年来,随着监测策略的调整、计算机算法的优化和监测内容的精进,监测系统已经得到不断的完善,数据质量、病例检出能力、信息化建设、代表性和稳定性都有很大程度的提高,为评估MCAs模式的研究提供了良好的条件。目前,基于国内外的出生缺陷监测系统已经开展了多项研究,例如Benjamin等利用德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记处数据发现一种以膈肌-脊柱-脾脏-心脏缺陷联合发生的新MCAs模式[10],Mastroiacovo通过国际出生缺陷监测信息交换中心数据验证VATER联合征(椎骨异常-肛门闭锁-气管食管瘘-肾脏异常联合征)[17],Prieto等评估了西班牙先天性畸形合作研究系统中两个特定畸形的关联程度[21],Chen等发现中国出生缺陷监测网络中心血管系统畸形是先天性膈疝最常见的伴发畸形之一[22]等。
比例法是一种常用于评估出生缺陷合并畸形谱的方法,通过使用简单的构成比或率来衡量单个特定出生缺陷合并其他出生缺陷的发生频率。该方法需要选定一类出生缺陷(缺陷A),然后根据其伴发的其他出生缺陷(缺陷X)的构成比进行排序,构成比最高者即为最易与缺陷A共同发生的出生缺陷。缺陷X可以是单一出生缺陷或是多个缺陷的组合。Xu等在中国出生缺陷监测网络中运用比例法发现非孤立性先天性肺气道畸形中43.2%的附加畸形发生在循环系统[23];刘磊等将比例法运用至广州市出生缺陷监测系统后发现,单脐动脉易伴发的其他畸形分别是心血管畸形(43.5%)、泌尿生殖系统畸形(17.5%)和消化系统畸形(1.51%)[24];Bermejo-Sánchez等发现国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心中先天性肢体短缺缺陷儿中69%为MCAs,最常见的合并畸形为肌肉骨骼缺陷[25];Orioli等在国际出生缺陷监测和研究中心运用比例法发现约一半的并腿畸形患儿同时伴有生殖器、大肠和泌尿系统缺陷(见表1[26]。比例法可以快速、直观地提供感兴趣的出生缺陷的合并畸形谱信息。然而,比例法未经过统计学检验,无法排除缺陷A与缺陷X组合之间存在的随机关联或一般性关联风险,也无法排除混杂因素的干扰。此外,比例法适用于分析低阶的出生缺陷组合(两类或三类特定出生缺陷组合的MCAs模式),无法计算高阶的出生缺陷组合模式(如四类及以上特定出生缺陷组合的MCAs模式)(见表2)。
多元回归分析用于评估多个自变量(例如缺陷X)对一个结果变量(例如缺陷A的存在与否)的影响,同时考虑其他相关变量(例如出生年份、性别、母亲年龄等)作为协变量。通过调整协变量,多元回归分析可以解释大型出生缺陷监测系统中不同子单元之间的变异性[41]。Källén等使用多元回归分析调整了监测系统(法国中东部先天性畸形登记、意大利先天性畸形多中心登记、拉丁美洲先天性畸形合作研究、瑞典先天性畸形登记)、出生年份、母亲年龄和出生缺陷数量等变量,进一步确认了已识别的MCAs模式,包括OEIS(脐膨出-外翻-肛门-闭锁-脊柱裂复合体)[27],与VATER相关的上组和下组缺陷[28],CHARGE(眼残缺-心脏病变-后鼻孔闭锁-生长发育障碍和/或中枢神经系统畸形-性腺发育不良-耳畸形和/或耳聋综合征)[29],VATER、CHARGE、OEIS分别与OAV(眼-耳-脊柱发育不良综合征)之间的关联[30]等(见表1)。多元回归分析可通过调整协变量的形式控制潜在的混杂因素的影响,但是该方法在考虑计算高阶组合时,结果变量数量会偏少,自变量数量会相对偏多,计算过程复杂(见表2)。
聚类分析是根据研究对象特征对研究对象进行分类的一种动员分析技术,把性质相近的个体归为一类,同类个体高度同质,不同类的个体高度异质[42]。聚类分析中,每一个出生缺陷初始被视作一个独立的“类”,通过计算机算法可识别并组合最相关的出生缺陷,形成一个新的“类”。这个过程不断重复,直至无法继续组建新的“类”。通过不断的重复,可以观察到由单个出生缺陷、MCAs或单个出生缺陷与MCAs的组合形成的新的“类”,并以树状图的形式进行可视化[20]。聚类过程包括多种方法、度量和技术,例如分层聚类,块分析或节点分析,将单个病例或单个缺陷作为评估对象[43]。Evans等已将聚类分析成功应用于匈牙利先天性畸形登记系统中,评估与肢体缺陷相关的MCAs模式[31]、肢端肾畸形联合征[32]等领域(见表1)。聚类分析可将新组建的MCAs模式进行可视化,适用于评估样本量较小和出生缺陷病种较少的数据集。对于样本量较大、出生缺陷病种繁多的出生缺陷监测数据,聚类分析可能会面临计算复杂和可视化效果受限的挑战(见表2)。
对数线性分析用于将多元分类数据解释为主效应、双向交互、三阶或更高阶交互的组合。当应用至MCAs模式分析时,可将感兴趣的MCAs模式中的单一出生缺陷作为分类变量处理,并使用列联表计算其绝对数。通过比值比(Odds ratio, OR)来衡量特定MCAs模式之间的关联程度。在最简单的两缺陷(例如缺陷A和缺陷X)的组合中,OR值表示有缺陷A的个体中同时也有缺陷X的发生概率。OR值大于1.0表明在缺陷A存在的情况下,缺陷X出现的概率增加,而OR值小于1.0则意味着缺陷X存在的可能性较低[33]。这种方法同样适用于评估高阶组合的相互作用。尽管对数线性分析在理论上适用于分析特定MCAs模式,但由于计算条件的限制,实际的MCAs模式研究中采用对数线性分析并不常见,Beaty等是少数将对数线性模型应用至实际研究的案例之一,他们在亚特兰大先天性畸形项目中评估七种特定单一出生缺陷之间的组合,发现了三个三阶组合(神经管缺陷-唇腭裂-脐膨出,神经管缺陷-唇腭裂-肢体短缩,肢体短缩-膈疝-神经管缺陷)之间的重叠效应(见表1[33]。与多元回归分析的方法相似,对数线性模型主要用于证实已知的MCAs模式,通过比较观察值与预期值,并对混杂因素进行调整,可以综合评估高阶组合的效应。然而,对数线性分析在模型构建过程中要求有足够的数据量,当特定MCAs模式的数量较少时,可能会导致统计效能不足[29](见表2)。
O/E(Observed/Expected)比,即观察到有缺陷的婴儿数量(Observed, O)与预期有缺陷婴儿数量(Expected, E)之比,也被称为综合指数[34]。预期数量通常是由单一出生缺陷的发生率相乘得出[34]。O/E比大于1代表个体出现这些缺陷是非随机事件,反之则为随机事件。然而,许多非特异性的MCAs发生频率高于预期,常常也会出现O/E比大于1的情况[44]。为解决这个问题,研究者不断地提出改进方法。
一种方法是计算“多态O/E比”,即在多发畸形人群中计算O/E比[45]。具体而言,计算多发畸形儿的发生率时使用的分母不再是出生人数,而是存在多发畸形情况的人数。此方法有助于降低O/E比的数值。目前,多态O/E比主要用于分析已知的综合征,并进一步描述它们的合并畸形情况[17,46]。尽管这种方法简单易懂,允许自动化计算,尤其在高阶组合的计算分析时优势明显。但它无法考虑不同缺陷之间可能的相互作用或混淆。当三个缺陷之间存在统计学上的相互作用时,第三个缺陷的存在或不存在会影响前两个缺陷之间的两两关联,所以往往易导致虚假低的O/E比值。此外,多态O/E比也不能直接控制潜在的混杂因素的影响。
另一种方法是在O/E比基础上乘以一个调整系数,即“调整后O/E比”。调整系数是基于全出生缺陷人群和多发出生缺陷人群估算的[34]。Khoury等在亚特兰大大都会先天性畸形项目数据库中使用此方法确认VACTERL联合征与中线缺陷或“分裂”缺陷之间的关联[34];Prieto等将此方法扩展到分析西班牙先天性畸形合作研究数据库中两出生缺陷组合之间的关联(见表1[21]。Benjamin等将此方法进行了简化和升级,基于R软件建立了分析平台 “COPD(co-occurring defect analysis)”并免费对外开放[47]。目前,多项研究在德克萨斯州出生缺陷登记系统中使用COPD,验证了与腹裂[35]、脐膨出[35]、13三体综合征[36]、尿道下裂[37]、无眼[38]、小眼[38]、唇腭裂[39]、无耳[40]和小耳[40]等特定出生缺陷相关的MCAs模式(见表1)。此方法易于理解,基于COPD平台时操作简单,克服了在多发畸形人群中各个缺陷之间非特异性聚类趋势的影响(见表2)。
研究MCAs模式对于识别新的出生缺陷关联以及揭示潜在共享病因机制具有重要意义。本文综述了五种常用于出生缺陷监测系统中发现特定MCAs模式的统计学方法,最主要的目的是想从统计学角度来明确多发畸形的发生是偶然的、非特异性和一般性聚集的,还是非随机、特异性的关联,甚至是特定因果关系的多样性表现,例如孟德尔突变[21]。随着全球各个国家和地区大型出生缺陷监测系统的建立和数据资源的积累,出生缺陷监测系统为MCAs模式研究提供了良好的条件,当前综述MCAs模式的分析方法对充分利用这些资源展开相关研究具有重要意义。
在选择统计方法时,研究者需要根据具体情况进行判断(见表2)。比例法可初步揭示单一出生缺陷合并的畸形谱,但可能会掩盖与潜在风险因素的关联。O/E比简单且常见,但却不能解释潜在的混杂因素的影响。对于需要考虑调整混杂因素的情况,可以选择更为复杂的多元回归分析,但在识别高阶组合时却不适用。在高阶组合适用的聚类分析和对数线性分析中,又因为大型出生缺陷监测数据库庞大的数据量和多样的出生缺陷病种等,可能会导致计算过程变得复杂。尽管当前存在多种统计分析方法用于探索新发的MCAs模式,每种方法都存在一定的局限性。未来的研究可以集中于多种统计分析方法的交叉验证和评估,以及探索开发更适用的统计工具,如依托大数据算法、AI智能工具和贝叶斯统计等进行优化调整。此外,统计学关联也必须结合临床、遗传和流行病学信息综合解释,以便更好地理解先天性畸形的生物学机制,并制定针对性的预防和治疗策略。
大型出生缺陷监测系统和可利用的数据资源为采用自动化、大数据策略对MCA模式开展研究提供了良好的条件,可为深入理解出生缺陷的共发机制提供新的见解。目前,国外已经开展相关研究,涵盖从两缺陷组合到高阶组合,从单数据库到多数据库,以及从单病种的合并畸形到全病种的MCAs模式。中国人口基数庞大,出生缺陷发生率在5.6%左右,每年新增出生缺陷数约90万例[1]。自1988年建立出生缺陷监测系统以来,国家级、省级、地市级各级监测系统不断建立、运行、完善,数据量不断积累,出生缺陷病种日益丰富。然而,对于出生缺陷监测数据在MCAs领域的应用仅限于使用比例法进行简单描述,尚未广泛采用复杂统计方法开展相关研究。未来的研究可以利用大数据分析技术,结合统计分析方法,深入探索出生缺陷的MCAs模式,从而为出生缺陷的预防、诊断和治疗提供更为科学和精准的理论依据,对于降低我国出生缺陷发生率,提高人口素质,具有重要的现实意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82103858)
  • 四川省科学技术厅应用基础研究(2021YJ0212)
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2024年第51卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403323
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
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国家自然科学基金(82103858)
四川省科学技术厅应用基础研究(2021YJ0212)
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    四川大学华西第二医院中国出生缺陷监测中心,出生缺陷与相关妇儿疾病教育部重点实验室,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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