Article(id=1240633246157951029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719615735, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719615735, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719615735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719615735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240633237542851387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719613680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773720039302, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1895, endPage=1900, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240633246929703033, articleId=1240633246157951029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research progress on randomization methods in clinical trials, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize the performance and implementation status of various randomization methods, and to provide clinical researchers with a guide for choosing an appropriate randomization method and executing it in a standardized manner.

Methods

The review elucidated the conceptual and implementation integrity of randomization, and illuminated the developmental history and application of major randomization methods, as well as their performance in the two competitive dimensions of group allocation randomness and group sample balance.

Results

Restricted randomization was frequently used to maintain an appropriate treatment balance in practice. Block randomization was the most widely used, but its allocation sequence lacked sufficient randomness and could be predicted, elevating the risk of selection bias, especially in open-label trials. Methods offering a superior trade-off between randomness and balance included MTI restricted randomization methods like the big stick design and maximal procedure, as well as combinations of multiple randomization methods such as the block urn design and sandwich mixed randomization. Many clinical researchers still had misconceptions about the randomization concept itself and often overlooked its critical methodological rigor and standardized implementation.

Conclusion

Researchers should meticulously choose a suitable randomization method and report implementation details in a standardized manner, allowing peer researchers to evaluate the internal validity and evidence strength of the study. Due to its high predictability, the widely used block randomization method should be substituted by alternative methods with better performance. Future randomization procedures can be explored and developed based on the MTI restrictive methods and the combinations of existing methods.

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目的

总结各类随机化方法的性能及应用现状,为临床研究人员选择合适的随机化方法并规范实施提供参考。

方法

梳理随机化的概念和实施过程,概述主要随机化方法的发展应用情况以及在组别分配随机性和组间样本均衡性两个竞争性维度上的表现。

结果

实践中通常采用限制性随机化以保持适当的样本均衡性,其中区组随机化应用最广泛,但其分配序列随机性不足,容易被预测而增加选择偏倚风险,在开放性试验中尤为严重。能更好权衡随机性和均衡性的方法包括大棒设计与最大化法等MTI限制性随机化方法,区组瓮设计与三明治混合随机化等多种随机化方法的组合等。多数临床研究者对随机化本身仍存在误解,未能充分重视其方法学严谨性和规范实施的重要性。

结论

研究者应选择合适的随机化方法并规范报告实施细节,以便同行评估该研究的内部有效性和证据强度。广为使用的区组随机化由于可预测性过高,应被其他性能更优的方法替代,未来的随机化程序可在MTI限制性方法及已有方法组合的基础上进一步探索发展。

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王炳顺,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SWyiHqI8DcNd1Jc1BRnqZA==, magXml=oOftifay4AvIWgCf6E7vSQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3DGOkzN4roq/M3+tRMcddg==, pdfFileSize=909075, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Y2ULJt4asvK9YQM+PfMu1g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=m+wYScgCyhQqVHCL+EB+xg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴思齐(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床研究方法学

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注:图中阴影所示的五种方法为基于最大允许不平衡的限制性随机化方法。

, figureFileSmall=sOdzVaJsT1HXTFPjQLo3DQ==, figureFileBig=iOaddLVjKPOC/oXsre8gkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633252776563202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633246157951029, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of common restricted randomization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机化方法MTI限制优点缺点
区组随机化组间样本均衡性较好随机性不足,可预测性较高
Efron偏币设计分配随机性有所改善;实施相对简单不能实现一致的均衡性控制;仅适用于两组间等比例分配
Wei氏瓮设计分配随机性有所改善;可用于多组分配不能实现一致的均衡性控制;不适用于分配比例不等的试验
广义偏币设计可通过改变参数ρ来控制随机性和均衡性,灵活性高参数选择复杂;不同样本量下性能不稳定
区组瓮设计能适用于多组不均等分配试验无法控制不平衡低于指定阈值,可能超出容忍限度
大棒设计在随机性和均衡性之间达到了最佳的权衡仅适用于两组间等比例分配
带不平衡限制的偏币设计允许在一定程度上控制不平衡的程度,灵活性高需预先设置调整概率,不够简便高效
最大化法具有较高的随机性;能适用于两组不均等分配没有明确的条件分配概率,实现较复杂
渐近最大化方法能适用于多组不均等分配需要较多计算资源,实现仍不够简便
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252894003723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633246157951029, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见限制性随机化方法的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机化方法MTI限制优点缺点
区组随机化组间样本均衡性较好随机性不足,可预测性较高
Efron偏币设计分配随机性有所改善;实施相对简单不能实现一致的均衡性控制;仅适用于两组间等比例分配
Wei氏瓮设计分配随机性有所改善;可用于多组分配不能实现一致的均衡性控制;不适用于分配比例不等的试验
广义偏币设计可通过改变参数ρ来控制随机性和均衡性,灵活性高参数选择复杂;不同样本量下性能不稳定
区组瓮设计能适用于多组不均等分配试验无法控制不平衡低于指定阈值,可能超出容忍限度
大棒设计在随机性和均衡性之间达到了最佳的权衡仅适用于两组间等比例分配
带不平衡限制的偏币设计允许在一定程度上控制不平衡的程度,灵活性高需预先设置调整概率,不够简便高效
最大化法具有较高的随机性;能适用于两组不均等分配没有明确的条件分配概率,实现较复杂
渐近最大化方法能适用于多组不均等分配需要较多计算资源,实现仍不够简便
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临床试验随机化方法的发展与应用
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吴思齐 1, 2 , 王筱金 2 , 王炳顺 2
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024,51(10): 1895-1900
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024, 51(10): 1895-1900
临床试验随机化方法的发展与应用
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吴思齐1, 2, 王筱金2, 王炳顺2
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学公共卫生学院,上海 200025
  • 2.上海交通大学医学院临床研究中心生物统计教研室
  • 吴思齐(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床研究方法学

通讯作者:

王炳顺,E-mail:
Research progress on randomization methods in clinical trials
Si-qi WU1, 2, Xiao-jin WANG2, Bing-shun WANG2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311245
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目的

总结各类随机化方法的性能及应用现状,为临床研究人员选择合适的随机化方法并规范实施提供参考。

方法

梳理随机化的概念和实施过程,概述主要随机化方法的发展应用情况以及在组别分配随机性和组间样本均衡性两个竞争性维度上的表现。

结果

实践中通常采用限制性随机化以保持适当的样本均衡性,其中区组随机化应用最广泛,但其分配序列随机性不足,容易被预测而增加选择偏倚风险,在开放性试验中尤为严重。能更好权衡随机性和均衡性的方法包括大棒设计与最大化法等MTI限制性随机化方法,区组瓮设计与三明治混合随机化等多种随机化方法的组合等。多数临床研究者对随机化本身仍存在误解,未能充分重视其方法学严谨性和规范实施的重要性。

结论

研究者应选择合适的随机化方法并规范报告实施细节,以便同行评估该研究的内部有效性和证据强度。广为使用的区组随机化由于可预测性过高,应被其他性能更优的方法替代,未来的随机化程序可在MTI限制性方法及已有方法组合的基础上进一步探索发展。

随机对照试验  /  治疗分配  /  随机性  /  不可预测性  /  均衡性
Objective

To summarize the performance and implementation status of various randomization methods, and to provide clinical researchers with a guide for choosing an appropriate randomization method and executing it in a standardized manner.

Methods

The review elucidated the conceptual and implementation integrity of randomization, and illuminated the developmental history and application of major randomization methods, as well as their performance in the two competitive dimensions of group allocation randomness and group sample balance.

Results

Restricted randomization was frequently used to maintain an appropriate treatment balance in practice. Block randomization was the most widely used, but its allocation sequence lacked sufficient randomness and could be predicted, elevating the risk of selection bias, especially in open-label trials. Methods offering a superior trade-off between randomness and balance included MTI restricted randomization methods like the big stick design and maximal procedure, as well as combinations of multiple randomization methods such as the block urn design and sandwich mixed randomization. Many clinical researchers still had misconceptions about the randomization concept itself and often overlooked its critical methodological rigor and standardized implementation.

Conclusion

Researchers should meticulously choose a suitable randomization method and report implementation details in a standardized manner, allowing peer researchers to evaluate the internal validity and evidence strength of the study. Due to its high predictability, the widely used block randomization method should be substituted by alternative methods with better performance. Future randomization procedures can be explored and developed based on the MTI restrictive methods and the combinations of existing methods.

Randomized controlled trials  /  Treatment allocation  /  Balance  /  Randomness  /  Unpredictability
吴思齐, 王筱金, 王炳顺. 临床试验随机化方法的发展与应用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1895 -1900 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311245
Si-qi WU, Xiao-jin WANG, Bing-shun WANG. Research progress on randomization methods in clinical trials[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1895 -1900 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311245
随机对照临床试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)被认为是药物疗效评估及其他临床研究的金标准[1]。而随机化(randomization)是临床试验方法学的核心,也是产生高质量临床研究证据的重要基础。通过随机分配,可以使临床试验中参与者的分配不受参与者和研究者主观意愿的影响,降低选择偏倚风险;严格执行随机分配能促使组间基线协变量分布趋于平衡,使组间具有可比性[1];随机化分组使量化随机误差成为可能,根据研究设计规范采集的数据为后续统计推断提供了坚实基础[2]。由此可见规范实施随机化的重要性。然而,实际临床试验过程中,随机化的应用情况与其重要性尚未完全匹配。随机化在临床研究方法学中也一直是争论焦点和研究热点,近年来性能更佳的随机化方法不断出现。本文通过回顾随机化的发展历史,介绍不同随机化方法的特点及其在临床研究中的应用现状,旨在提高临床研究者对随机化方法的理论认识和规范应用。
随机化意为将试验参与者随机地分配到各处理组中,是RCT最核心的组成部分。正确实施随机化即确保随机化完整性是RCT有效性的重要保障。如图1所示,随机化完整性主要取决于两个相互关联的过程:不可预测的分配序列的生成和适当的分配隐藏机制[1, 3]
研究表明,不恰当的随机序列生成(ROR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.90~0.97)和不充分的分配隐藏(ROR: 0.92, 95%CI: 0.88~0.97)都可能导致对随机试验疗效的高估[4]。随着对随机化正确认识的提高以及相关实施技术的演进,只要严格遵循分配隐藏要求,几乎所有RCT都能在随机化实施前和实施过程中有效防止分配序列的直接暴露或间接破坏。然而,不管采用何种分配隐藏机制,如果随机化方法选择不当,仍然存在选择偏倚的风险[5]。因此,本文的主要着眼点是正确使用随机化方法生成恰当的随机分配序列。
受试者按随机分配序列顺序入组并接受治疗[6],会带来两个潜在的偏倚:一方面,如果受试者在入组的时间趋势上存在差异,引起的误差称为时间顺序偏倚(chronological bias),这在入组速度慢及随访期长的试验中尤为重要[7]。另一方面,如果研究者有意或无意地选择可能对治疗有较高反应概率的受试者,引起的误差称为选择偏倚(selection bias)[2]。盲法和分配隐藏分别指隐藏过去和即将到来的治疗分配,是防止选择偏倚的必要条件。然而,即使实施了盲法和分配隐藏,研究人员依然可以通过可识别信息例如药物的特殊药理作用或特定的近期不良事件猜测分组信息,造成选择偏倚[8]
为防止以上两种偏倚,随机分配序列涵盖了组间样本的均衡性和分配序列的随机性这两个竞争性维度。保持试验过程中的均衡性有助于控制时间顺序偏倚。临床试验设计阶段所强调的均衡性通常并非广为误解的协变量均衡性[9]。对于少量的重要预后相关协变量,例如中心、性别及疾病分期等,可在试验设计时采用分层加以控制。实际上,对于大多数试验来说,试验结束后对预先确定的重要协变量进行统计校正更为安全且同样准确[10]。因此,在试验设计阶段,分配序列的均衡主要考虑组间样本量的均衡,以在既定样本量下达到最高的统计检验效能。均衡性最常用的衡量指标是组间例数差的绝对值[11]
RCT中随机性的本质是分配序列的不可预测性(unpredictability)。在开放性试验或具有可识别信息的双盲临床试验中,研究者往往能根据先前参与者的分组结果来预测后续参与者的分组。这就要求随机分配序列具有不可预测性,在分配实施前和实施过程中,研究者和参与者都不能预先知道治疗分组信息,避免因利益冲突或同情用药等主观愿望而影响参与者的组别分配,增加选择偏倚风险。随机性最常用的衡量指标是猜对分配概率(correct guessing,CG),即指按照分配到例数较少的组进行猜测并猜对的比例[12];其次是确定性分配概率(deterministic assignment,DA),即随机序列中确定性分配占总分配次数的比例。
因此,临床试验设计阶段随机化方法的选择尤其重要,应根据实际条件选择合适的随机化方法加以完整贯彻实施,以下概要简述各类随机化方法的性能及历史沿革。
为了防止分配序列的可预测性,同时尽可能减少组间样本量不均衡的影响,研究者不断开发新的随机化程序(如图2)。这些随机化方法往往可归类划分为完全随机化(complete randomization)、限制性随机化(restricted randomization)、应答适应性随机化(response-adaptive randomization) 和协变量适应性随机化(covariate-adaptive randomization)四大类[6]
完全随机化按已知的固定概率将每位参与者随机分配入组,最符合严格的随机化原始定义,在分配序列的不可预测性上优于其他方法;但在小样本时存在组间样本不均衡的风险[12],实际临床试验中很少被使用[13]
应答适应性随机化是根据前一个试验参与者的结局信息对后一个参与者的分配概率进行动态调整,它考虑了医学伦理,让参加者更大程度地从临床试验中受益,但受限于能较快确定临床结局的试验,实际应用中十分少见。
协变量适应性随机化中最常用的是最小化法(minimization method),分组过程中每纳入一个新的参与者都计算一次各组基线特征的不平衡程度,不平衡更小的分配具有更高的概率被选择。与分层随机化相比,最小化能均衡更多的协变量[14]。然而Berger等人认为最小化不属于真正的随机化[15]。一旦患者入组,用于定义不平衡函数的变量对研究者也是已知的,所以最小化并不能减少分配预测,甚至可能会增加对治疗分配的预测程度[16]
两种适应性随机化均为“实时”随机化,随机化序列在受试者参加研究时依次生成,目前临床实践研究中更常采用的是预先生成随机化序列然后据此依次入组的随机化实施步骤。为达到更好的组间样本量均衡,设计阶段往往采用限制性随机化方法来生成随机序列,其中区组随机化广为使用。然而,限制性随机化方法固有特点牺牲了部分随机性会增加选择偏倚风险。
限制性随机化方法中,区组随机化(permuted block design,PBD)由于实现简单且易于解释,成为临床实践中最流行的随机化方法[11]。对已发表临床试验的随机化方法调查显示,约80%的研究选用PBD[14, 17],并且通常没有说明选择PBD的原因[18]
区组随机化将相近时间入组的参与者纳入同一区组,再于区组内随机分组。当参与者的入组速度随时间变化时,PBD可以使得区组内各组的样本量符合试验方案的要求,在试验全程减少时间顺序偏倚的发生风险,对于期中分析更为有益。
随着PBD在临床试验中的广泛应用,其高度可预测性引起的选择偏倚风险越来越受到研究者的关注[18-20]。PBD每个区组内第一位参与者的分配是完全随机的,但如果区组长度已知,研究人员可能会轻易猜测或确定后续参与者的分配情况。例如,在开放性试验中,对于长度为4的区组,当研究者了解区组中前3名参与者的分配时,就会明确知晓最后一名参与者的分配,从而可能会有意识或无意识地基于主观倾向选择特定参与者,极大增加选择偏倚风险[21]
有研究者提出,采用变化区组随机化(permuted block with varingblocksizes,PBVBS)能够降低可预测性[22-23]。但即使区组大小不同且未知,由于区组随机化的强制均衡特性,仍有较大可能对分配进行成功预测[24]。实际上,在Blackwell-Hodges收敛性猜测策略(即猜测下一个参与者将分配到样本例数较少的组)下,采用变化区组长度并不会减少选择偏倚[6]。Berger的模拟试验证明,与PBD相比,PBVBS只能降低确定性分配(DA)概率,而并不能降低猜对分配(CG)概率[18]。国内一项研究结果也表明,在限制性随机化方法中,PBD和PBVBS均显示出较高的DA概率和CG概率,分配序列仍有较高的可预测性[25]。还有模拟结果显示,在给定最大区组长度的情况下,PBVBS的DA概率和CG概率甚至高于PBD[11]。不管是采用固定或变化的区组长度,使用大区组(如20、30)来代替较小的区组(如4、6、8)有助于增加不可预测性[5]。然而,过大的区组长度会限制其应用范围,减弱其组间样本均衡性优势,因此临床研究中很少采用[26]
由此可见,区组随机化及其演变形式都因过于注重样本组间均衡性而具有强制收敛特性,导致高度可预测性,早已有统计学家呼吁临床试验中应当停止区组随机化的使用[27]。PBD的高预测性增加了选择偏倚风险,亟需引起学术界、产业界和监管层的高度重视。临床试验设计阶段急需摆脱对传统区组随机化的路径依赖,拥抱方法学的进展,推广性能优于PBD的随机化设计。
区组随机化在均衡性方面表现出色,但随机性相对较差。是否存在可替代的其他更好的限制性随机方法?一些统计学家提出基于最大允许不平衡(maximal tolerated imbalance,MTI)作为限制条件的随机化方法,即设定随机化过程中组间例数差的上限,在达到MTI时强制纠正不平衡。与区组末端固定的强制性确定分配不同,MTI程序在随机化的全过程中提供弹性的强制分配,能生成更具随机性的序列,减少对后续治疗分配的可预测性[12]
Efron偏币设计(biased coin design, BCD)和Wei氏瓮设计(urn design, UD)等方法属于非MTI限制的随机化,它们通过修改试验过程中的分配概率来鼓励分配过程中的平衡,但不实行强制平衡[28]。BCD的偏币概率是固定的,在生成分配序列时缺乏灵活性。Wei氏瓮设计则是一种自适应的偏币设计,其分配概率根据不平衡程度进行调整。BCD只适用于两组间的分配,瓮设计则能推广到多组,但它们都不适用于分配比例不等的试验。在这两种方法的基础上,发展出了一系列对其进行调整和改良的偏币设计和瓮设计,例如广义偏币设计(generalized biased coin designs, GBCDs)、区组瓮设计(block urn design,BUD)[20]等。
比较典型的MTI方法是Soares等提出的大棒设计(big stick design,BSD)[29],它将BCD的偏币概率替换为一个MTI值,在组间例数差达到MTI时施加确定性分配,将下一例参与者分到例数较少的组,从而实现强制平衡。在达到MTI前,分配不受任何限制,每组的分配概率都相等。Chen提出的带不平衡限制的偏币设计(biased coin design with imbalance tolerance, BCDWIT)则是为BCD直接增加了MTI限制[30]。但与BCD一样,BSD和BCDWIT只适于两组间等比例分配的试验[6]
为了在控制时间顺序偏倚的同时尽可能减少随机程序的限制性,Berger提出了最大化法 (the maximal procedure,MP)[31]。它通过增加可行分配序列的数量来减少分配的可预测性,能适用于不均等分配的试验。最大化法也是一种强制平衡程序,但它没有明确的条件分配概率公式,因此实现起来非常复杂。有学者提出渐近最大化方法(asymptotic maximal procedure, AMP),采取渐近值替代的方法得出MP的分配概率[32]
不同随机化方法可以组合使用,比单种方法能更好地同时控制时间顺序偏倚与选择偏倚[33]。前文所述区组瓮设计即为PBD与瓮设计的组合,旨在降低可预测性,同时适用于不均等分配。Schulz和Grimes提出的混合随机化 (mixed randomization, MR) 将完全随机化和变化区组随机化进行组合,前者有助于增加不可预测性,后者主要有助于均衡性[34]。Van der Pas开发的合并区组随机化 (merged block randomization, MBR)通过完全随机的方式组合两个PBD生成最终序列,能用于多中心或多分层的随机化[35]
多项研究对限制性随机化程序进行了蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)模拟,发现与区组随机化相比,其他限制性方法能有效降低CG值,而BSD在随机性和均衡性之间取得了最佳的权衡[12,29]。尽管这些限制性随机化方法在不可预测性方面显著优于PBD和PBVBS,但其概念较为复杂,不易理解,实施过程也相对繁琐,在实际临床试验中远不如区组随机化应用广泛。
新近提出的三明治混合随机化(sandwich mixed randomization, SMR)方法组合了研究者熟悉的条件完全随机化和变化区组大小的区组随机化。通过蒙特卡罗模拟研究显示,三明治混合随机化在均衡性上接近区组随机化,但极大减少了可预测性,在多组、不均等比例以及区组随机化适用的任何试验中都能应用,是可以取代PBD的极具应用前景的随机化方法[36]
随机化的规范应用是确保临床试验高质量的基石,但它没有得到与其重要性相对应的重视,甚至仍然存在许多误解[9]。多项研究表明,临床试验中对随机化过程的描述并不完整[17,37]。许多试验只简单地声称试验是随机的,而没有描述随机序列生成的方法。国家药监局在2022年发布的《药物临床试验随机分配指导原则(试行)》中明确要求,临床研究方案中应阐明随机分配方法和随机化过程中的必要细节[26]。根据2010版CONSORT声明,RCT应报告用于生成随机分配序列的方法、随机化方法的类型以及限制性的详细信息(例如区组及区组长度)[38]。SPIRIT 2013也强调,为降低随机序列的可预测性,任何限制的详细信息应在单独的文件中提供[39]。因此,随机化方法应在文章中清楚地报告和解释,以便读者确认是否采用了适当的随机化,从而判断研究的内部有效性及其证据强度。
随机化旨在生成均衡可比的处理组,而对此目标的威胁之一是研究者对于组别分配高度的可预测性。多年来,区组随机化因其高预测性受到广泛批评,即使采用变化的区组长度也未能有效减少可预测性。区组随机化不宜被继续使用,而应采用其他新提出的随机性更好的方法来替代。例如,大棒设计、最大化法等MTI限制性随机化方法,区组瓮设计、三明治混合随机化等多种随机化组合的方法。这些方法在随机性和均衡性方面提供了更好的权衡。大棒设计的局限性在于其只适用于两组等比例分配,尽管国内已有研究团队将其拓展到三组等比例分配,但在更多组或不均等分配的情况下仍然不适用[40]。计算机技术的进步使复杂方法的应用变得更加简便可行[11]。R软件包“blockrand”主要用于区组随机化,也可相对容易地实现混合随机化(MR)[41]。R软件包“randomizeR”可实现Efron偏币设计、Wei氏瓮设计、广义偏币设计、大棒设计、带不平衡限制的偏币设计、最大化法等15个随机化程序[42]。MATLAB中“RARtool”包可以实现应答适应性随机化[43]。最大化法还建立了在线网站来帮助研究者实现随机分配功能[44]。三明治混合随机化(SMR)则提供了在线随机化网页工具,为研究者提供了便捷的使用途径[36]
随机化方法的选择需要考虑临床试验的规模、样本量的平衡、协变量的均衡等多个因素。对于样本量足够大(N>200)且入组速度快、随访期短的试验,可以采用完全随机化,牺牲少量精度以控制选择偏倚。如果需要控制的协变量较多,则可使用最小化法[10]。大棒设计可在两组等比例分配的情况下被优先选择;区组随机化、最大化法及三明治混合随机化等方法则不受样本量大小、组别和分配比例的限制。
MTI限制性方法可以更好地防止选择偏倚和时间顺序偏倚,不同随机化方法的有效组合将有助于进一步减少可预测性。预计未来的随机化程序会在此基础上得到进一步的发展,取代诟病多年但目前仍普遍使用的区组随机化。通过推动性能更优越的随机化方法在各医学领域的临床试验工作中得到广泛应用,必将提供更多、更为坚实可靠的临床研究证据,确保可靠的临床研究成果最终能够转化为诊疗指南,提升整体医疗保健水平。
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2024年第51卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311245
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
基金
上海促进市级医院临床技能与临床创新第二轮临床三年行动计划项目监查服务项目(2021SK001)
上海市《促进市级医院临床技能与临床创新三年行动计划》重大临床研究项目(SHDC2020CR1026B)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学公共卫生学院,上海 200025
    2.上海交通大学医学院临床研究中心生物统计教研室

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王炳顺,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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