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Article(id=1240633245126152201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311551, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719615489, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719615489, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719615489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719615489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240633237542851387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719613680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773720039302, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1884, endPage=1888, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240633246195699771, articleId=1240633245126152201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in Yantai and analyses of antibody levels, 2011-2022, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the prevalence and trend of hepatitis A and E in Yantai from 2011 to 2022, and to conduct serological research on hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the community population so as to provide data for effective prevention and control of two types of hepatitis.

Methods

The case-related information came from the monitoring data of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the prevalence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in Yantai City from 2011 to 2022. Two areas in Yantai were selected bymulti-stage random cluster sampling method to carry out monitoring of hepatitis A and hepatitis E antibody levels in community populations. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum levels of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies.

Results

A total of 858 cases of hepatitis A and 3 145 cases of hepatitis E were reported from 2011 to 2022. The annual average incidence rate of hepatitis A was 1.01/100 000, and the incidence was sporadic throughout the year.The annual average incidence rate of hepatitis E was 3.72/100 000. The incidence was mainly in winter and spring. The reported cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E were mainly concentrated in the northern coastal areas. 86.48% of the reported cases of hepatitis A are 25-69 years old, while 91.86% of the reported cases of hepatitis E were 35-79 years old.The composition of hepatitis A and hepatitis E was mainly men and farmers. A total of 600 blood samples were collected from healthy people, the overall seroprevalence of HAV IgM, HEV IgM, HAV IgG and HEV IgG were 1.83%, 85.67% and 32%, respectively. In terms of age, the positive rate of HAV IgM was the highest in 61-70 years old group (3.9%), HAV IgG positive rate in over 70 years old group was the highest, HEV IgM positive rate in 51-60 years old group was the highest (4.21%),and HEV IgG positive rate in over 70 years old group was the highest. Farmers had the highest positive rates of HAV IgG and HEV IgG, while students, household workers, and unemployed individuals have the highest positive rates of HAV IgM and HEV IgM. Farmers had the highest positive rates of HAV IgG (92.52%) and HEV IgG (46.26%), students had the highest positive rates of HAV IgM (2.78%) and housework and unemployed people had the highest positive rates of HAV IgM and HEV IgM (3.17%).

Conclusion

The incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E remained at a relatively high level in Yantai from 2011 to 2022, and the positive levels of HAV IgG and HEV IgG antibodies were relatively high. Further efforts need to be made to promote and intervene in key populations, especially men and farmers, to carry out relevant prevention and control measures and reduce infection rates.

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目的

了解2011—2022年烟台市甲型病毒性肝炎（简称甲肝）和戊型病毒性肝炎（简称戊肝）的流行特征及人群抗体水平，为甲肝和戊肝提供防控措施。

方法

病例相关信息来源于中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统，采用描述性流行病学方法分析烟台市2011—2022年甲肝和戊肝的流行特征。采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法，选取烟台市2个地区开展社区人群甲肝、戊肝抗体水平监测工作。采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测方法，检测血清中甲型病毒性肝炎病毒（HAV）、戊型病毒性肝炎病毒（HEV）抗体水平。

结果

2011—2022年共报告甲肝病例858例，年均发病率为1.01/10万，呈全年散发。戊肝病例3 145例，年均发病率为3.72/10万。甲、戊肝炎发病均以冬春季为主，报告病例均主要集中在北部沿海区市。86.48%的甲肝报告发病人群年龄集中在25~69岁，91.86%的戊肝报告发病人群集中在35~79岁。甲肝、戊肝发病以男性和农民为主。共采集600份健康人群血标本，血清HAV IgM和HEV IgM总阳性率均为1.83%，血清HAV IgG和HEV IgG总阳性率分别为85.67%和32%。61~70岁组HAV IgM阳性率（3.9%）最高；70岁以上组HAV IgG阳性率（100%）最高；51~60岁组HEV IgM阳性率（4.21%）最高；70岁以上组HEV IgG阳性率（50%）最高。农民的HAV IgG（92.52%）和HEV IgG（46.26%）阳性率最高，学生的HAV IgM（2.78%）和家务及待业人群HEV IgM（3.17%）阳性率最高。

结论

2011—2022年烟台市甲肝和戊肝发病率总体仍处于较高水平，HAV IgG和HEV IgG抗体阳性率水平较高，需进一步加大对重点人群的宣传与干预，特别是中老年、男性和农民，开展相关防制工作，降低感染率。

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陈鹏，E-mail：
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张馨心（1993—），女，硕士，医师，研究方向：免疫预防

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张馨心（1993—），女，硕士，医师，研究方向：免疫预防

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张馨心（1993—），女，硕士，医师，研究方向：免疫预防

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Comparison of antibody levels among different age groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组（岁）调查人数HAVHEV
IgMIgGIgMIgG
阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）
1~105423.704074.0711.851120.37
11~207022.865172.8611.431014.29
21~307211.395880.5611.391926.39
31~409211.097682.6122.172729.35
41~509011.117583.3311.112932.22
51~609511.058993.6844.214244.21
61~707733.907597.4000.002937.66
≥715000.0050100.0012.002550.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240633255205065284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633245126152201, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同年龄组抗体水平比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组（岁）调查人数HAVHEV
IgMIgGIgMIgG
阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）
1~105423.704074.0711.851120.37
11~207022.865172.8611.431014.29
21~307211.395880.5611.391926.39
31~409211.097682.6122.172729.35
41~509011.117583.3311.112932.22
51~609511.058993.6844.214244.21
61~707733.907597.4000.002937.66
≥715000.0050100.0012.002550.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240633255314117194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633245126152201, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of antibody levels among different occupational groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
职业调查人数HAVHEV
IgMIgGIgMIgG
阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）
农民21441.8719892.5252.349946.26
工人7411.356486.4911.351317.57
学生10832.788175.0021.851614.81
家务及待业6300.005688.8923.172031.75
公共场所服务人员7422.706182.4311.352635.14
合计533101.8846086.30112.0617432.65
), ArticleFig(id=1240633255389614670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633245126152201, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同职业人群抗体水平比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
职业调查人数HAVHEV
IgMIgGIgMIgG
阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）阳性人数阳性率（%）
农民21441.8719892.5252.349946.26
工人7411.356486.4911.351317.57
学生10832.788175.0021.851614.81
家务及待业6300.005688.8923.172031.75
公共场所服务人员7422.706182.4311.352635.14
合计533101.8846086.30112.0617432.65
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2011—2022年烟台市甲型和戊型病毒性肝炎流行特征及人群抗体水平分析
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张馨心 1 , 孙源 1 , 张文华 2 , 李霞 1 , 刘彭翡 3 , 陈鹏 1
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024,51(10): 1884-1888
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024, 51(10): 1884-1888
2011—2022年烟台市甲型和戊型病毒性肝炎流行特征及人群抗体水平分析
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张馨心1, 孙源1, 张文华2, 李霞1, 刘彭翡3, 陈鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.烟台市疾病预防控制中心，山东 烟台 264003
  • 2.蓬莱区疾病预防控制中心
  • 3.莱山区疾病预防控制中心

    • 张馨心（1993—），女，硕士，医师，研究方向：免疫预防

通讯作者:

陈鹏，E-mail：
Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in Yantai and analyses of antibody levels, 2011-2022
Xin-xin ZHANG1, Yuan SUN1, Wen-hua ZHANG2, Xia LI1, Peng-fei LIU3, Peng CHEN1
Affiliations
  • Yantai Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311551
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摘要
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目的

了解2011—2022年烟台市甲型病毒性肝炎（简称甲肝）和戊型病毒性肝炎（简称戊肝）的流行特征及人群抗体水平，为甲肝和戊肝提供防控措施。

方法

病例相关信息来源于中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统，采用描述性流行病学方法分析烟台市2011—2022年甲肝和戊肝的流行特征。采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法，选取烟台市2个地区开展社区人群甲肝、戊肝抗体水平监测工作。采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测方法，检测血清中甲型病毒性肝炎病毒（HAV）、戊型病毒性肝炎病毒（HEV）抗体水平。

结果

2011—2022年共报告甲肝病例858例，年均发病率为1.01/10万，呈全年散发。戊肝病例3 145例，年均发病率为3.72/10万。甲、戊肝炎发病均以冬春季为主，报告病例均主要集中在北部沿海区市。86.48%的甲肝报告发病人群年龄集中在25~69岁，91.86%的戊肝报告发病人群集中在35~79岁。甲肝、戊肝发病以男性和农民为主。共采集600份健康人群血标本，血清HAV IgM和HEV IgM总阳性率均为1.83%，血清HAV IgG和HEV IgG总阳性率分别为85.67%和32%。61~70岁组HAV IgM阳性率（3.9%）最高；70岁以上组HAV IgG阳性率（100%）最高；51~60岁组HEV IgM阳性率（4.21%）最高；70岁以上组HEV IgG阳性率（50%）最高。农民的HAV IgG（92.52%）和HEV IgG（46.26%）阳性率最高，学生的HAV IgM（2.78%）和家务及待业人群HEV IgM（3.17%）阳性率最高。

结论

2011—2022年烟台市甲肝和戊肝发病率总体仍处于较高水平，HAV IgG和HEV IgG抗体阳性率水平较高，需进一步加大对重点人群的宣传与干预，特别是中老年、男性和农民，开展相关防制工作，降低感染率。

甲型病毒性肝炎  /  戊型病毒性肝炎  /  流行特征  /  抗体阳性率
Objective

To understand the prevalence and trend of hepatitis A and E in Yantai from 2011 to 2022, and to conduct serological research on hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the community population so as to provide data for effective prevention and control of two types of hepatitis.

Methods

The case-related information came from the monitoring data of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the prevalence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in Yantai City from 2011 to 2022. Two areas in Yantai were selected bymulti-stage random cluster sampling method to carry out monitoring of hepatitis A and hepatitis E antibody levels in community populations. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum levels of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies.

Results

A total of 858 cases of hepatitis A and 3 145 cases of hepatitis E were reported from 2011 to 2022. The annual average incidence rate of hepatitis A was 1.01/100 000, and the incidence was sporadic throughout the year.The annual average incidence rate of hepatitis E was 3.72/100 000. The incidence was mainly in winter and spring. The reported cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E were mainly concentrated in the northern coastal areas. 86.48% of the reported cases of hepatitis A are 25-69 years old, while 91.86% of the reported cases of hepatitis E were 35-79 years old.The composition of hepatitis A and hepatitis E was mainly men and farmers. A total of 600 blood samples were collected from healthy people, the overall seroprevalence of HAV IgM, HEV IgM, HAV IgG and HEV IgG were 1.83%, 85.67% and 32%, respectively. In terms of age, the positive rate of HAV IgM was the highest in 61-70 years old group (3.9%), HAV IgG positive rate in over 70 years old group was the highest, HEV IgM positive rate in 51-60 years old group was the highest (4.21%),and HEV IgG positive rate in over 70 years old group was the highest. Farmers had the highest positive rates of HAV IgG and HEV IgG, while students, household workers, and unemployed individuals have the highest positive rates of HAV IgM and HEV IgM. Farmers had the highest positive rates of HAV IgG (92.52%) and HEV IgG (46.26%), students had the highest positive rates of HAV IgM (2.78%) and housework and unemployed people had the highest positive rates of HAV IgM and HEV IgM (3.17%).

Conclusion

The incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E remained at a relatively high level in Yantai from 2011 to 2022, and the positive levels of HAV IgG and HEV IgG antibodies were relatively high. Further efforts need to be made to promote and intervene in key populations, especially men and farmers, to carry out relevant prevention and control measures and reduce infection rates.

Hepatitis A  /  Hepatitis E  /  Epidemiological characteristics  /  Antibody positive rate
张馨心, 孙源, 张文华, 李霞, 刘彭翡, 陈鹏. 2011—2022年烟台市甲型和戊型病毒性肝炎流行特征及人群抗体水平分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1884 -1888 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311551
Xin-xin ZHANG, Yuan SUN, Wen-hua ZHANG, Xia LI, Peng-fei LIU, Peng CHEN. Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in Yantai and analyses of antibody levels, 2011-2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1884 -1888 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311551
正文
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甲型病毒性肝炎（简称甲肝）和戊型病毒性肝炎（简称戊肝）是由病毒引起的经粪-口途径传播的疾病。尽管我国生活环境条件逐渐得到改善，甲肝疫苗得到推广，全国甲肝报告发病率呈总体下降趋势，但沿海地区发病形势依然严峻[1]。戊肝疫苗目前未纳入国家免疫规划，监测数据显示，2014—2017年我国戊肝发病率呈逐年上升趋势，尤其在沿海地区发病率较高[2-3]。烟台市地处东部沿海地区，甲肝和戊肝的发病率均居山东省前列。为更好地掌握烟台市近年来人群甲肝、戊肝流行情况及人群感染及免疫状态,以制定有针对性的防控措施，本研究对2011—2022年甲、戊肝流行状况进行分析，并抽样检测社区人群的甲肝和戊肝血清抗体水平。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　病例资料来源
2011—2022年烟台市甲肝、戊肝病例筛选自中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统中现住址为烟台市的病例。
1.2　抗体水平监测
1.2.1　样本量测算
根据既往发表的关于健康人群甲肝、戊肝抗体水平估算[4-5]，估计甲肝、戊肝预期感染率分别约为55.13%，25.1%（p1，p2），应用现况研究的抽样调查公式:测算样本量。容许误差为δ，设δ=0.3×p；当α=0.05，μα=1.96；最终得最小样本量（nc1，nc2）分别为35人、128人。
1.2.2　研究对象
2023年3月—4月，采用多阶段整群随机抽样法开展社区人群甲肝、戊肝抗体水平监测工作。第一阶段抽样：选取烟台市蓬莱区、莱山区作为项目监测点，每个区随机抽取2个村（居）委会；第二阶段抽样：根据最新摸底登记的常住人口信息构建抽样框，8个年龄组（1~10岁，11~20岁，21~30岁，31~40岁，41~50岁，51~60岁，61~70岁，≥70岁）人群构成比例与当地自然人口接近，每个监测点随机抽取300人，共计对600份血清标本进行检测。
1.2.3　试验试剂和方法采集
研究对象3~5 ml的静脉血，按标准步骤对血清进行分离并置于-20℃冰箱保存。通过酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测定血清样本中的甲、戊肝抗体水平，分别使用甲肝病毒IgM和IgG抗体检测试剂盒（潍坊三维生物工程集团有限公司）和戊肝病毒IgM和IgG抗体检测试剂盒（北京万泰生物药业股份有限公司），按说明书进行操作，最后测定450 nm处OD值。
1.2.4　结果判定
HAV IgM 抗体阳性判定标准为OD值≥临界值；临界值=阴性对照OD值+0.1（当阴性对照OD值小于0.05时按0.05计算）。HAV IgG抗体阳性判定标准为OD值≤临界值；临界值=0.3×阴性对照OD平均值(当阴性对照值均值大于1.5时按1.5计算)。HEV IgM抗体阳性判定标准为OD值≥临界值；临界值=阴性对照孔OD均值+0.26。HEV IgG抗体阳性判定标准为OD值≥临界值；临界值=阴性对照孔OD值均值+0.16。
1.3　统计学方法
对2011—2022年烟台市甲肝和戊肝的流行情况用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。不同组别甲肝、戊肝发病率及抗体水平间差异的比较使用χ2检验法，以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　甲肝、戊肝总体流行特征
烟台市2011—2022年共计报告甲肝病例858例，年均发病率为1.01/10万；2020年报告发病率最高（2.37/10万）。2011—2020年烟台市共报告戊肝病例3 145例，年均发病率为3.72/10万；2011—2020年报告发病率总体呈下降趋势，由5.41/10万下降至2.48/10万，2021—2022年略有上升。
2.2　地区分布
2011—2022年，全市14个区市有甲肝和戊肝病例报告，甲肝分别是长岛综试区（2.59/10万）、蓬莱区（2.45/10万）、龙口市（1.53/10万）。戊肝分别是蓬莱区（8.0/10万）、福山区（5.25/10万）、芝罘区（5.15/10万）。
2.3　时间分布
2011—2022年甲肝发病呈全年散发，1—3月病例较多，共报告332例（占比38.88%）。戊肝全年均有发病，每年的1—3月是戊肝发病高峰，共报告1083例（占比34.37%），见图2。
2.4　人群分布
甲肝报告病例以25~69岁者居多，占病例总数的86.48%；其中30~39岁发病率为2.13/10万、40~49岁为1.42/10万、60~69岁为1.09/10万。戊肝报告病例在35~79岁年龄段居多，占总年龄段的91.86%；其中60~69岁、50~59岁、70~79岁发病率分别为9.02/10万、6.43/10万、5.83/10万，见图3。甲肝发病男女性别比为1.68:1，戊肝发病男女性别比为2.62:1。甲肝病例中，农民占比最多，共报告484例，占56.28%；其次是工人和家务及待业人员，各110例，占12.80%。戊肝病例中，农民占比最多，共报告1875例，占59.41%；其次是家务及待业人员，共468例，占14.83%；离退休人员位列第三，共297例，占9.41%。
2.5　抗体水平检测
2.5.1　总体情况　共采集600份健康人群血标本，血清HAV IgM抗体阳性11人，总阳性率为1.83%。血清HAVIgG 抗体阳性514人，总阳性率为85.67%。血清HEV IgM抗体阳性11人，总阳性率为1.83%。血清HEV IgG 抗体阳性192人，总阳性率为32.0%。
2.5.2　不同年龄组健康人群抗体水平HAV IgG阳性率最低和最高的年龄组分别为11~20岁组（72.86%）和70岁以上组（100%），差异有统计学意义（χ2=39.87，P<0.01）。HEV IgG阳性率最低和最高的年龄组分别为11~20岁组（14.29%）和70岁以上组（50%），差异有统计学意义（χ2=29.88，P<0.01）。HAV IgM和HEV IgM抗体阳性率在各年龄组之间的差异没有统计学意义（χ12=5.16，χ22=4.88，P>0.05）。见表1。
2.5.3　不同性别人群抗体水平女性HAV IgM阳性率（2.54%）高于男性（1.05%），男性HAV IgG阳性率（87.02%）高于女性（84.44%）；男性HEV IgM阳性率（2.46%）高于女性（1.27%），男性HEV IgG阳性率（37.19%）高于女性（27.30%）且差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.73，P<0.01）。
2.5.4　不同职业人群抗体水平对5个主要职业人群进行分析，其中农民的HAV IgG 和HEV IgG阳性率最高，分别为92.52% 和46.26%，学生和家务及待业人群的HAVIgM和HEV IgM阳性率最高，分别为2.78%和3.17%。不同职业人群HAV IgG 和HEV IgG 阳性率差异均有统计学意义（χ12= 19.98，P<0.01；χ22=41.54，P<0.01）。见表2。
3　讨论
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甲肝和戊肝发病率的差异受多种社会因素的影响，如经济发展状况、环境卫生状况、人民生活水平和人口流动等。烟台市甲肝、戊肝报告发病率长期位居山东省首位，尤其是烟台北部沿海地区甲、戊肝年均发病率较高可能与当地人多有生食或半生食海产品等饮食习惯有关，有研究表明近海海产品为甲、戊肝流行的食源性危险因素[6-7]；也与传染病报告意识的增强和监测敏感性的提高有关。烟台市甲肝、戊肝高发于1—3月，在春节期间人群的大规模流动成为病原体传播的有利条件，加上食用海鲜类食品增加了传播风险，因此发病高峰通常在春节期间或春节后的一个潜伏期内[8]。
甲肝发病年龄主要集中在25岁以上人群，一方面高年龄人群较少接种甲肝疫苗，另一方面该年龄段人群社会活跃度高，增加了感染风险。戊肝发病高峰出现在60岁以上人群，与既往研究结果一致[9]，可能与老年人饮食卫生习惯不佳以及随着年龄增长，免疫力逐渐减弱有关。甲肝和戊肝发病均以男性和农民为主，与既往研究结论[10-11]一致，可能与该人群在外就餐机会多、生活环境卫生条件差、暴露风险高以及缺乏卫生知识有关[12]。
IgM抗体是甲肝、戊肝感染的早期或复发标志，本次调查首次对烟台市健康人群HAV IgM和HEV IgM进行检测。抗体IgM是感染甲肝（HAV）病毒、戊肝病毒（HEV）后最早出现的抗体，为感染早期或复发的标志。本次调查中HAV-IgM、HEV-IgM阳性率较低，并且在年龄、性别和职业上均无明显差异，从一定程度上可以反映血清流行病学的实际情况。健康人群HAV IgG阳性率为85.67%，当人群抗体阳性率在80%以上时，可形成群体性免疫屏障[13]。HEV IgG阳性率为32%，高于2013年山东省调查结果（11.47%）[14]，说明烟台市的戊型肝炎感染率保持在较高水平。
HAV IgG和HEV IgG阳性率均随年龄增长而增高，说明低年龄组人群接触传染源的机会较少，随着年纪渐长，人群社交领域扩大，暴露的机会增加，导致抗体阳性率呈明显上升趋势。高年龄组人群由于身体机能减退，免疫力降低，导致感染率更高[15]。男性HEV IgG 阳性率较女性略高，可能与男性在外就餐次数多，接触传染源机会多有关。农民的HAV IgG和HEV IgG最高，可能与缺乏卫生意识且多数未接种甲肝疫苗，采取主动防护措施较少有关。
综上所述，2011—2022年烟台市甲肝和戊肝发病率总体仍处于较高水平，HAV IgG和HEV IgG抗体阳性率水平较高，为切实降低甲肝与戊肝的流行，建议积极开展针对中老年、男性和农民等高危人群的健康教育，加强职业人群的个人防护；可以加强适龄人群甲肝疫苗的及时接种，并建议高危人群和相关从业人员积极接种戊肝疫苗，从而有效阻断甲肝、戊肝的传播。
基金
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  • 烟台市科技局项目(2022MSGY069)
  • 中联肝健康促进中心项目(CLH2023-F-HEV-13)
文献
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2024年第51卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311551
  • 接收时间：2023-11-30
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-30
基金
烟台市科技局项目(2022MSGY069)
中联肝健康促进中心项目(CLH2023-F-HEV-13)
作者信息
    1.烟台市疾病预防控制中心，山东 烟台 264003
    2.蓬莱区疾病预防控制中心
    3.莱山区疾病预防控制中心

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陈鹏，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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