Article(id=1240633243083535292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710950400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719615002, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719615002, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719615002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719615002, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240633237542851387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719613680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773720039302, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240635022806405371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240633237542851387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1839, endPage=1844, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240633243368747985, articleId=1240633243083535292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Impacts of the Integrated County Medical Community Pilot on hospital efficiency, Sichuan, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the marginal effects of inputs on hospital outputs and the impacts of Integrated County Medical Community on hospital efficiency.

Methods

A stochastic frontier model was employed to estimate the production frontier and efficiency of each hospital, and a difference-in-difference method was utilized to identify the net effect of Integrated County Medical Community on hospital efficiency, including a heterogeneity analysis of this effect.

Results

Our findings revealed that, in contrast to investments in fixed assets and equipment, hospital output exhibited a heightened elasticity in response to investments in beds, practicing physicians, and registered nurses. From 2016 to 2022, hospitals in Sichuan Province demonstrated an augmented level of efficiency, with a more conspicuous improvement observed subsequent to the initiation of Integrated County Medical Community. The net positive effect of this policy on hospital efficiency in was approximately 1.17 percentage points (P<0.001), where for-profit hospitals exhibited a greater sensitivity to this effect (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The Integrated County Medical Community pilot in Sichuan Province significantly improved the overall efficiency of hospitals, with a notably greater improvement observed in for-profit hospitals.

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目的

评估各投入要素对医院产出的边际效应,并识别紧密型县域医共体建设对医院效率的影响。

方法

采用时变随机前沿模型估计各医院前沿生产面与医院效率,并通过双重差分模型识别医共体政策对于医院效率的净效应,分析该效应在不同类型医院间的异质性。

结果

相较于对固定资产、万元以上设备的投入,医院产出对床位、执业医师与注册护士投入弹性更大;2016年至2022年四川省内医院效率有所增加,且在医共体政策试点后增幅更为明显;观察期内,医共体政策对医院效率约有1.17个百分点的净提升效应(P<0.001),且营利性医院对于该效应更为敏感(P<0.05)。

结论

医共体政策提高了试点区县医院效率,对营利性医院提升更大。

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潘杰;E-mail:
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卢鑫(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学、卫生政策评估

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The European Journal of Health Economics, 2023, 24(6): 999-1017., articleTitle=Does competition improve hospital performance: a DEA based evaluation from the Netherlands, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240633247743406280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240633247768572109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, companyId=1240633247743406280, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240633247785349328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, companyId=1240633247743406280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院,四川 成都 610044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240633251413422490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in hospital input indicators in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2022, figureFileSmall=PgUiBUfX8cQaER9YxPPTUw==, figureFileBig=z6p0xogPT+XstBM79Mvdkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633251564417443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川省内2016年至2022年医院投入指标变化趋势, figureFileSmall=PgUiBUfX8cQaER9YxPPTUw==, figureFileBig=z6p0xogPT+XstBM79Mvdkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633251828658619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Results of parallel trend test, figureFileSmall=Z+hEGtSuJ5LwtqUNCV532A==, figureFileBig=5Df1lV/llJPqQwBfuHMTUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633251962876357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平行趋势检验图

注:1.本研究以政策发布时点2019年6月作为政策实施时间,即使考虑政策实施滞后性,2019年度内仍有半年的政策影响窗口期,故本研究将2019年作为政策实施基期2.为避免多重共线性,本研究舍去基期前一期效应。

, figureFileSmall=Z+hEGtSuJ5LwtqUNCV532A==, figureFileBig=5Df1lV/llJPqQwBfuHMTUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633252092899787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Eigenvalues, contribution ratio and cumulative contribution ratio in principal component analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份项目主成分
C1C2C3C4
2016年特征根1.921.330.630.10
贡献比0.480.330.160.03
累计贡献比0.480.810.971.00
2017年特征根1.951.020.930.10
贡献比0.490.250.230.02
累计贡献比0.490.740.981.00
2018年特征根1.941.010.960.09
贡献比0.480.250.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.730.980.02
2019年特征根1.921.010.980.09
贡献比0.480.250.250.02
累计贡献比0.480.730.981.00
2020年特征根1.921.030.960.09
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
2021年特征根1.931.030.960.08
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
2022年特征根1.931.030.960.08
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252218728914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主成分特征根、贡献比及累计贡献比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份项目主成分
C1C2C3C4
2016年特征根1.921.330.630.10
贡献比0.480.330.160.03
累计贡献比0.480.810.971.00
2017年特征根1.951.020.930.10
贡献比0.490.250.230.02
累计贡献比0.490.740.981.00
2018年特征根1.941.010.960.09
贡献比0.480.250.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.730.980.02
2019年特征根1.921.010.980.09
贡献比0.480.250.250.02
累计贡献比0.480.730.981.00
2020年特征根1.921.030.960.09
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
2021年特征根1.931.030.960.08
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
2022年特征根1.931.030.960.08
贡献比0.480.260.240.02
累计贡献比0.480.740.981.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252336169434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of hospital production frontier estimation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目前沿面估计系数(95%CI标准误
变量
固定资产对数项0.03c(0.02~0.04)0.00
万元以上设备数对数项0.07c(0.06~0.08)0.01
床位数对数项0.34c(0.33~0.36)0.01
执业医师数对数项0.29c(0.27~0.30)0.00
注册护士数对数项0.11c(0.09~0.12)0.01
管理人员对数项-0.00(-0.01~0.00)0.00
常数项-0.63(-3.02~1.77)1.22
参数
η0.04a(0.00~0.08)0.02
γ0.35a(0.08~0.62)0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252457804262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

医院生产前沿面估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目前沿面估计系数(95%CI标准误
变量
固定资产对数项0.03c(0.02~0.04)0.00
万元以上设备数对数项0.07c(0.06~0.08)0.01
床位数对数项0.34c(0.33~0.36)0.01
执业医师数对数项0.29c(0.27~0.30)0.00
注册护士数对数项0.11c(0.09~0.12)0.01
管理人员对数项-0.00(-0.01~0.00)0.00
常数项-0.63(-3.02~1.77)1.22
参数
η0.04a(0.00~0.08)0.02
γ0.35a(0.08~0.62)0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252550078956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Estimation of difference-in-difference analysis for hospital efficiency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2
估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误
Timet2.88c(2.78~2.98)0.052.29c(2.17~2.41)0.06
Policyi0.05(-1.05~1.15)0.560.00(-0.00~0.01)0.00
Timet×Policyi1.19c(0.94~1.44)0.131.17c(0.92~1.42)0.13
医院产权性质(vs.民营医院)
公立医院0.38(-0.54~1.30)0.47
营利性质(vs.营利性医院)
非营利性医院-0.77c(-1.12~-0.42)0.18
医院等级(vs.未定级医院)
一级医院2.01c(1.81~2.21)0.10
二级医院1.89c(1.64~2.14)0.13
三级医院2.70c(2.25~3.15)0.23
截距值
个体固定效应
时间固定效应
F1 911.09653.62
观测值15 89115 891
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252667519479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

医院效率双重差分模型估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2
估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误
Timet2.88c(2.78~2.98)0.052.29c(2.17~2.41)0.06
Policyi0.05(-1.05~1.15)0.560.00(-0.00~0.01)0.00
Timet×Policyi1.19c(0.94~1.44)0.131.17c(0.92~1.42)0.13
医院产权性质(vs.民营医院)
公立医院0.38(-0.54~1.30)0.47
营利性质(vs.营利性医院)
非营利性医院-0.77c(-1.12~-0.42)0.18
医院等级(vs.未定级医院)
一级医院2.01c(1.81~2.21)0.10
二级医院1.89c(1.64~2.14)0.13
三级医院2.70c(2.25~3.15)0.23
截距值
个体固定效应
时间固定效应
F1 911.09653.62
观测值15 89115 891
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252793348608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Estimation of heterogeneity of policy effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型3模型4模型5
估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误
Timet2.30c(2.18~2.42)0.062.30c(2.18~2.42)0.062.30c(2.18~2.42)0.06
Policyi0.00(-0.00~0.00)0.000.00(-0.18~0.18)0.090.00(-0.18~0.18)0.09
Timet×Policyi1.23c(0.94~1.52)0.151.46c(1.13~1.79)0.171.00c(0.55~1.45)0.23
医院产权性质(vs.民营医院)
公立医院0.39(-0.53~1.31)0.470.39(-0.53~1.31)0.470.39(-0.53~1.31)0.47
营利性质(vs.营利性医院)
非营利性医院-0.76c(-1.11~-0.41)0.18-0.70c(-1.05~-0.35)0.18-0.77c(-1.12~-0.42)0.18
医院等级(vs.未定级医院)
一级医院2.09c(1.89~2.29)0.102.07c(1.87~2.27)0.102.09c(1.89~2.28)0.10
二级医院1.88c(1.63~2.13)0.131.87c(1.62~2.12)0.131.85c(1.60~2.10)0.13
三级医院2.71c(2.28~3.14)0.222.72c(2.27~3.17)0.232.68c(2.13~3.13)0.23
与医院产权性质交互
原交叉项×公立医院-0.15(-0.62~0.32)0.24
与医院营利性质交互
原交叉项×非营利医院-0.56a(-0.99~-0.13)0.22
与医院等级交互
原交叉项×一级医院0.15(-0.36~0.66)0.26
原交叉项×二级医院0.34(-0.21~0.89)0.28
原交叉项×三级医院0.13(-0.60~0.86)0.37
截距值
个体固定效应
时间固定效应
F571.95572.95457.63
观测值15 89115 89115 891
), ArticleFig(id=1240633252898206214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633243083535292, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

政策效应异质性估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型3模型4模型5
估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误估计系数(95%CI标准误
Timet2.30c(2.18~2.42)0.062.30c(2.18~2.42)0.062.30c(2.18~2.42)0.06
Policyi0.00(-0.00~0.00)0.000.00(-0.18~0.18)0.090.00(-0.18~0.18)0.09
Timet×Policyi1.23c(0.94~1.52)0.151.46c(1.13~1.79)0.171.00c(0.55~1.45)0.23
医院产权性质(vs.民营医院)
公立医院0.39(-0.53~1.31)0.470.39(-0.53~1.31)0.470.39(-0.53~1.31)0.47
营利性质(vs.营利性医院)
非营利性医院-0.76c(-1.11~-0.41)0.18-0.70c(-1.05~-0.35)0.18-0.77c(-1.12~-0.42)0.18
医院等级(vs.未定级医院)
一级医院2.09c(1.89~2.29)0.102.07c(1.87~2.27)0.102.09c(1.89~2.28)0.10
二级医院1.88c(1.63~2.13)0.131.87c(1.62~2.12)0.131.85c(1.60~2.10)0.13
三级医院2.71c(2.28~3.14)0.222.72c(2.27~3.17)0.232.68c(2.13~3.13)0.23
与医院产权性质交互
原交叉项×公立医院-0.15(-0.62~0.32)0.24
与医院营利性质交互
原交叉项×非营利医院-0.56a(-0.99~-0.13)0.22
与医院等级交互
原交叉项×一级医院0.15(-0.36~0.66)0.26
原交叉项×二级医院0.34(-0.21~0.89)0.28
原交叉项×三级医院0.13(-0.60~0.86)0.37
截距值
个体固定效应
时间固定效应
F571.95572.95457.63
观测值15 89115 89115 891
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四川省紧密型县域医共体建设对医院效率的影响分析
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卢鑫 , 张晓星 , 潘杰
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024,51(10): 1839-1844
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024, 51(10): 1839-1844
四川省紧密型县域医共体建设对医院效率的影响分析
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卢鑫, 张晓星, 潘杰
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院,四川 成都 610044
  • 卢鑫(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济学、卫生政策评估

通讯作者:

潘杰;E-mail:
Impacts of the Integrated County Medical Community Pilot on hospital efficiency, Sichuan
Xin LU, Xiao-xing ZHANG, Jie PAN
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403391
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目的

评估各投入要素对医院产出的边际效应,并识别紧密型县域医共体建设对医院效率的影响。

方法

采用时变随机前沿模型估计各医院前沿生产面与医院效率,并通过双重差分模型识别医共体政策对于医院效率的净效应,分析该效应在不同类型医院间的异质性。

结果

相较于对固定资产、万元以上设备的投入,医院产出对床位、执业医师与注册护士投入弹性更大;2016年至2022年四川省内医院效率有所增加,且在医共体政策试点后增幅更为明显;观察期内,医共体政策对医院效率约有1.17个百分点的净提升效应(P<0.001),且营利性医院对于该效应更为敏感(P<0.05)。

结论

医共体政策提高了试点区县医院效率,对营利性医院提升更大。

紧密型县域医共体  /  医院效率  /  随机前沿模型  /  双重差分法
Objective

To evaluate the marginal effects of inputs on hospital outputs and the impacts of Integrated County Medical Community on hospital efficiency.

Methods

A stochastic frontier model was employed to estimate the production frontier and efficiency of each hospital, and a difference-in-difference method was utilized to identify the net effect of Integrated County Medical Community on hospital efficiency, including a heterogeneity analysis of this effect.

Results

Our findings revealed that, in contrast to investments in fixed assets and equipment, hospital output exhibited a heightened elasticity in response to investments in beds, practicing physicians, and registered nurses. From 2016 to 2022, hospitals in Sichuan Province demonstrated an augmented level of efficiency, with a more conspicuous improvement observed subsequent to the initiation of Integrated County Medical Community. The net positive effect of this policy on hospital efficiency in was approximately 1.17 percentage points (P<0.001), where for-profit hospitals exhibited a greater sensitivity to this effect (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The Integrated County Medical Community pilot in Sichuan Province significantly improved the overall efficiency of hospitals, with a notably greater improvement observed in for-profit hospitals.

Integrated County Medical Community  /  Hospital efficiency  /  Stochastic frontier analysis  /  Difference-in-difference analysis
卢鑫, 张晓星, 潘杰. 四川省紧密型县域医共体建设对医院效率的影响分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1839 -1844 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403391
Xin LU, Xiao-xing ZHANG, Jie PAN. Impacts of the Integrated County Medical Community Pilot on hospital efficiency, Sichuan[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1839 -1844 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403391
紧密型县域医共体(后简称医共体)以构建更协同、高效的医疗服务网为宗旨,在优化资源配置、提高机构服务能力和提高医院效率等方面发挥着重要作用[1-2]。医共体以县、乡、村三级机构分工协作、联动为标志[3],助力完善分级诊疗制度,促进县域内检查检验结果互认,有望提升县域整体医疗卫生服务水平并提升医院效率[4]
然而,在实证研究中,医共体政策是否能提高医院效率仍然存在争议[5]。一些研究认为,医共体整合了医疗卫生机构间医护、信息与管理等资源,避免重复建设,降低了医院运行成本并提升了医院效率[1]。也有研究发现医共体医院整体运行效率不高,这往往由牵头医院存在过度扩张或基层医疗卫生机构积极性不高的问题所导致[6]。目前关于医共体对医院效率影响的研究大多局限在部分试点区县,缺乏省市层面或更大范围的实证研究[7-8]。此外,相关研究多为关联性分析,缺乏因果证据,其研究结果难以提供实证支持后续的政策调整[7]
基于此,本研究以四川省作为研究区域,通过随机前沿方法评估医院效率,并通过双重差分法识别医共体政策实施与医院效率提升间的因果关系,以期为医共体建设阶段性成果评估与政策调整提供实证支撑。
本研究以四川省为研究区域,评估了2019年四川省医共体政策试点前后医院效率。四川省内地势、经济与人口分布与我国整体分布类似,使本研究对全国有一定借鉴意义;此外,四川省基层医疗卫生服务能力整体较薄弱,区域间医疗卫生服务水平差异大,且发展不充分不均衡[9],这也是医共体政策试图促进优质医疗卫生资源下沉所解决的问题之一。
研究涉及医院投入、产出与医院特征三方面数据,均来源于四川省卫生健康委统计信息中心所提供2016年至2022年医院年报数据。投入数据包括执业医师数、注册护士数与管理人员数等人员情况,以及实有床位数、固定资产与万元以上设备数等资产情况;产出数据包括门诊就诊人次、出院人次、院内死亡率、实际占用总床日等;医院特征数据包括名称、医院编号、产权类型、营利性质、医院级别等。
此外,政策试点地区信息由2019年9月四川省卫生健康委员会联合多部门发文《四川省紧密型县域医疗卫生共同体建设试点实施方案》(川卫发〔2019〕32号)中的试点县(区)名单获得,在四川省内183个行政区县中共37个区县入选试点,以虚拟变量体现政策信息。此外,本研究以四川省行政区划简册(2019年)中所提供的行政区划代码信息匹配区县。
本研究借鉴Cobb-Douglas生产函数构建医院前沿生产面,考虑随机干扰对产出的影响,并计算医院效率。在仅考虑一种资本投入与人力投入时,有:
其中,Outcomei为医院i产出,KiLi分别代表医院i的既定技术条件ea0下的资本投入与人力投入,akal分别代表产出对资本投入与人力投入的弹性。考虑到医院往往难以达到完全效率的状况,有:
其中,0≤Ei≤1表示医院效率,体现医院实际产出占理想产出的比例。在此基础上,考虑医院实际经营会受到各种随机干扰,即:
取对数有:
其中有ui=-lnEi≥0被称为无效率项,εi为随机干扰项且服从均值为0、方差为的正态分布,εiui被称为复合扰动项。本研究中涉及多种投入,参考以上方法构建以下前沿生产面:
其中,Outcomeit为医院i在时间t的产出,即产出得分;assetitequipmentitbeditphysicianitnurseitmanagementit分别为医院i在时间t固定资产投入、万元以上设备数、床位数、执业医师数、注册护士数与管理人员数。uit为无效率项,εit为随机干扰项。医院效率可被表示为:
相较于过往研究使用平均住院日等单一指标衡量医院效率,本研究的效率指标能包含更多的医院信息[10]。为满足随机前沿模型对单一产出指标的要求,本研究使用主成分分析对四个产出指标进行降维处理,以其线性组合构造主成分,并通过各主成分的累计贡献比判断所选取主成分组合所含原数据中的信息,既而计算各医院产出得分。
本研究使用以下模型评估政策效应:
其中,Eit为医院效率,本研究考虑其百分点变动。Timet为医共体试点前后时间虚拟变量(2016年至2018年取值为0,2019年至2022年取值为1),Policyi为该区县试点虚拟变量(试点区县取值为1,非试点区县取值为0);Timet×Policyi为前述虚拟变量的交互项,其系数β3则为政策净效应;λi为医院固定效应;τt为时间固定效应;γit为误差项。此外,为探讨政策响应程度在不同医院产权、经营性质与医院等级中的异质性,本研究继而在模型(7)的基础上纳入了上述医院特征分类变量与Timet×Policyi的交互项,其系数体现政策净效应的异质性。检验水准α=0.05,统计分析在软件Stata 17.0中完成。
观察期内,各医院出院人数、院内死亡差异较大,符合四川省各类型、级别医院众多与其服务能力差异较大的特点。观察期内各医院平均门诊人数大致呈现出逐年上升的态势,居民对医疗卫生服务需求增长更多集中于门诊服务。此外,四川省内平均院内死亡率略有上升,提示医院服务质量提升可能未及疾病谱变化预期。表1是对产出指标进行主成分分析的结果,各年份前两个主成分大部分能达到70%到80%的累计贡献比,同时其特征根均大于1,可以很好反映原始数据中的信息。因此,本研究选取前两个主成分,以每个主成分贡献比除以其累计贡献比得到其主成分权重,对前两个主成分与其对应权重相乘并求和,得到产出得分。
就医院投入指标而言,固定资产投入、注册护士数与管理人员数均逐年稳步增长,体现医院对于基础设施、医护服务与管理建设重视程度增加;万元以上设备数、实有床位数与执业医师数在部分年份有不同程度回落,但长期跨度内稳步增长,表明四川省内各医院对先进诊疗设备、床位数量资源与服务提供能力投入增加。观察期内各投入指标随时间变化的详细情况见图1
基于上述模型设定,本研究构建了2016年至2022年医院生产随机前沿面(表2)。估计结果显示,无效率项方差占复合扰动项方差的比例γ=0.35(P<0.05)表明医院在生产过程中受到了随机干扰,应使用随机前沿模型;η=0.04(P<0.05)表明无效率项(或医院效率)在时间维度上存在变异,应使用时变随机前沿模型。结果显示,医院产出对固定资产投入弹性为0.03(P<0.001),对医院价值万元以上设备数弹性为0.07(P<0.001),对医院床位数弹性为0.34(P<0.001),对执业医师数弹性为0.29(P<0.001),对注册护士数弹性为0.11(P<0.001)。综合而言,对床位与医护人员的引入更有助于提升医院在理想状态下的最大产出水平,这提示医院应留意其要素投入组合,以提升床位数容量、医护资源等边际收益更高的方式提高医院绩效,而非“粗犷式”地进行医武竞争。
本研究接着计算了各医院不同年份的效率。结果显示,不同年份间各医院效率均值大致在70%左右,2016年至2022年间四川省内的医院平均效率值分别为71.53%、70.31%、70.62%、71.00%、70.78%、70.90%、70.80%与70.85%。其中,民营医院、非营利性医院与级别较低医院表现出更低效率。平均而言,观察期内四川省内的医院效率并没有达到最优效率状态,这提示各医院进行技术改善以提高效率的必要性。
基准模型回归分析结果如表3所示。未纳入控制变量的结果显示(模型1),医共体政策虚拟变量与政策实施时间虚拟变量交互项系数为1.19,提示医共体政策对医院效率有正向净效应(P<0.001)。控制医院性质变量后(模型2),交互项系数为1.17(P<0.001),仍提示医共体政策提高了医院效率。控制变量系数显示,非营利性医院效率显著低于营利性医院医院约0.77个百分点(P<0.001),而三级医院(P<0.001)、一级医院(P<0.001)与二级医院(P<0.001)均表现出更高效率。
为进一步研究医共体建设对医院效率影响在不同性质医院间政策效应的异质性,本研究在模型2的基础上分别引入了模型2中交叉项与医院产权性质、营利性质与医院等级之间的交叉项(表4)。加入与医院产权性质交互项后(模型3),原交叉项的系数变为1.23(P<0.001),原交叉项与医院产权性质的交叉项系数为-0.15,但并不显著,提示政策对医院效率影响在不同产权性质医院间不存在异质性。加入与医院营利性质交互项后(模型4),原交叉项与医院营利性质的交叉项系数为-0.56(P<0.05),原交叉项的系数变为1.46(P<0.001),提示政策对营利性医院效率的影响更大。加入与医院等级交互项后(模型5),各交互项系数均不显著,提示政策对不同等级医院影响不存在异质性。
为了验证使用双重差分法的合理性,本研究进行以下平行趋势检验。图2展示了本研究中政策效应在不同年份间变化趋势。显然,在政策实施前不存在显著的政策效应;在政策实施后,医共体政策对于医院效率有着显著正向的效应。政策实施前后效应对比符合本研究对因变量医院效率平行趋势的假设,可使用双重差分法。
为避免指标选择导致偏误,本研究以平均住院日作为医院效率的代理变量做敏感性分析。结果仍显示医共体政策显著降低了医院平均住院日且提升了医院效率(P<0.05),证明了本研究结果的稳健性。此外,考虑医院效率值连续且存在截断,此时一般线性回归可能存在估计量不一致,故本研究采用Tobit模型验证研究结果对模型选择的敏感性。Tobit回归的结果显示医共体政策对医院效率存在显著正向净效应(P<0.001),同样证明本研究结果是稳健的。
2016年至2022年间,四川省内医院效率明显提升,其均值均能够达到0.70以上,处于相对有效率的状态。2016年至2018年医院效率均值略有下降,而2019年至2022年略有上升。本研究推测,在2016年四川省被列入全国综合医改试点省份后,医疗资源投入增加提升了医院前沿生产水平,而投入与产出间的时滞导致短期内医院效率下降[11]。2019年医共体政策实施后,不同医院在诊疗、信息等方面加强协作,尤其是部分地区医共体内人员编制统一管理,提升了医院服务能力与管理效率,释放了医院潜在的服务供给能力,体现效率提升。
随机前沿模型结果显示,医院产出水平对床位数、执业医师数与注册护士数的弹性更大,而对固定资产、万元以上设备等指标弹性较小。这表明在同等条件下,医院更应以患者的实际服务需求为导向,加强在服务供给能力与质量的建设。在医疗卫生资源稀缺背景下,应以在特色专科、重难点学科建设等方面加大专业人才培养或引进力度为抓手,加强基层机构服务能力建设与帮扶,以此提升资源边际产出。同时,对于固定资产、大型医疗设备等投入,应避免“医武竞争”,合理配置资源,实现综合服务能力提升[12]
本研究结果显示医共体建设带来了约1.17个百分点的医院效率净提升(P<0.001),这一结果在不同医院效率指标与回归模型下保持稳健,提示医共体建设提高了医院效率。结合四川省医共体建设实践,本研究认为可能有以下原因:首先,在“坚持关口前移、资源下沉”的基本原则下,医共体间资源信息共享互认在不明显增加成本的情况下增加了医院的隐性要素投入[13],带来了更高产出,体现为更高的医院效率;其次,医共体建设促进各医院间形成良好的竞争格局,使得级别规模较低的医院在技术、管理等方面向医共体牵头医院看齐,进而提升了医院效率[14]。此外,本研究也发现营利性医院对于医共体建设政策更为敏感,这可能是因为营利性医院相较于非营利性医院在面对政策改革时更有动机去提升资金、人力使用效率,以此增加医院的竞争力。
囿于数据可获得性,本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究从年度层面识别医共体对医院效率影响,缺乏从更精细时间维度上识别政策效应的基础,后续研究可以使用月度数据获得更为精准的结果。其次,由于无法对不同区县、医院的医共体建设的具体举措进行具体量化,本研究无法识别医共体提升医院效率的具体机制,后续研究可以通过个案研究或中介效应分析等方法予以识别。
综上,基于真实的医院经营数据,本研究证明医共体建设显著提升了医院效率,这对于医共体后续建设有着较强的政策启示。整体而言,2016年至2022年间四川省内医院效率有所提升,但也存在进一步细化优化的空间。因此,在医共体建设中注重服务能力建设并优化资源配置将会成为各医院提升效率、增强竞争力的重要抓手。
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2024年第51卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403391
  • 接收时间:2024-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院,四川 成都 610044

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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