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Objective

To explore the regulatory role of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in the anxiety and depressive-like behavior induced by acute sleep deprivation in mice.

Methods

Forty eight C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups: control group(CON), inhibitor group(LiCl), sleep deprivation group(SD), and inhibitor + sleep deprivation group (SD+LiCl), with 12 mice in each group. The model of acute sleep deprivation in mice was established by modified multiple platform method(modified multiple platform method,MMPM), Elevated Plus Maze(EPM)、Open Field Test(OFT)、Forced Swim Test(FST) and Tail Suspension Test(TST)were used to evaluate the behavior of mice. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of hippocampal neurons. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression ofNF-κB and NLRP3 in hippocampal tissues.

Results

Compared with the CON group, the body weight, hippocampal weight, and hippocampal organ coefficient of the SD group mice were significantly reduced (F=0.452, P=0.006; F=6.553, P=0.009; F=1.428, P=0.001).In OFT, Compared with the CON group, the LiCl group had no significant difference in the number of visits to the center(F=5.084,P=0.744), and the SD group significantly decreased(F=0.028,P=0.017). In EPM, the time of entering the open arm in the LiCl group was not significantly shorter than that in the CON group(F=0.09,P=0.113),but the SD group was significantly shorter(F=0.085,P=0.011). In FST,there was no significant difference in the immobility time between the LiCl group and the CON group(F=3.422,P=0.260). In TST, Compared with the CON group, the immobility time of the suspension tail increased in the SD group(F=11.218,P=0.005). HE staining results showed, Compared with CON group, pathological changes were found in hippocampus of SD group and SD+LiCl group. RT-PCR showed thatCompared with CON group, the mRNA expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 in LiCl group were not significantly different(F=4.629,P=0.147, F=15.555,P=0.107).However, the SD group were significantly increased (F=6.969,P<0.001,F=15.833,P=0.017).

Conclusion

NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway may play a regulatory role in the development of SD-induced anxiety-depression-like behavior in mice.

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目的

探讨NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在急性睡眠剥夺致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为中的调控作用。

方法

选取48只8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为4组:对照组(CON)、抑制剂组(lithium chlo-ride,LiCl)、睡眠剥夺组(sleep deprivation,SD)和睡眠剥夺+抑制剂组(SD+LiCl),每组12只。采用多平台水环境改良法(modified multiple platform method,MMPM)构建小鼠急性睡眠剥夺模型,利用高架十字迷宫实验、旷场实验、悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验评估小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为学改变,HE染色观察小鼠海马组织病理学改变,RT-PCR法检测小鼠核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein3,NLRP3)的mRNA表达。

结果

与CON组相比,SD组小鼠体重、海马重量、海马脏器系数均显著降低(F=0.452,P=0.006;F=6.553,P=0.009;F=1.428,P=0.001)。在旷场实验中,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入中心区域次数无统计学差异(F=5.084,P=0.744),SD组显著减少(F=0.028,P=0.017)。在高架十字迷宫实验中,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入开放臂时间无统计学意义(F=0.09,P=0.113),SD组显著减少(F=0.085,P=0.011)。强迫游泳实验结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组小鼠不动时间无统计学差异(F=3.422,P=0.260)。悬尾实验表明,与CON组相比,SD组悬尾不动时间显著增加(F=11.218,P=0.005)。HE染色结果显示,与CON组相比,SD组以及SD+LiCl组小鼠海马组织均出现显著病理学改变。RT-PCR结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组NF-κB和NLRP3的mRNA表达无统计学差异(F=4.629,P=0.147;F=15.555,P=0.107),而SD组均显著增高(F=6.969,P<0.001;F=15.833,P=0.017)。

结论

NF-κB/NLRP3通路可能在SD致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的发生过程中发挥调控作用。

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张英英,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YOWef7+ibsSeHT3FII8pTw==, magXml=cj2u7WSpn3cH/YYv2XN3tw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Jd90W1GtvRBSqXRm/4uisw==, pdfFileSize=1608047, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=d2t3TBnO2CQLrcm3rPvCnA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=d5xkSNd3EmoOdc7aGOW9jQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘芸(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:分子流行病

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Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 5667., articleTitle=Development of a characterised tool kit for the interrogation of NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent responses, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240633250767491431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, awardId=82103938, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年项目(82103938), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240633250876543348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, awardId=2020L0176, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0176), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240633250993983870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, awardId=20210302124038, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省基础研究计划青年项目(20210302124038), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240633251136590215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, awardId=XD1916, language=CN, fundingSource=校级博士启动基金项目(XD1916), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240633251203699085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, awardId=JCYJ202003010103, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市瑞普逊干细胞再生医学研究院科技计划项目(JCYJ202003010103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240633242911560651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240633242915754956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, companyId=1240633242911560651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240633242924143567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, companyId=1240633242911560651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,山西 太原 0300011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240633243029001173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240633243037389782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, companyId=1240633243029001173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240633247479156893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of hippocampal organ coefficients among different groups of mice, figureFileSmall=lfjXj8sNlXflgC49csdhlw==, figureFileBig=d2t3TBnO2CQLrcm3rPvCnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633247621763246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组小鼠海马脏器系数比较

注:A:体重,B:海马重量,C:海马脏器系数,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=lfjXj8sNlXflgC49csdhlw==, figureFileBig=d2t3TBnO2CQLrcm3rPvCnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633247810506947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pathological morphology of hippocampal tissue, figureFileSmall=5M5qedZt8T//wTgrY98oLA==, figureFileBig=/mnopwNtlZPjR2w/fwzFeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633247932141773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海马组织病理学形态(HE染色,400×), figureFileSmall=5M5qedZt8T//wTgrY98oLA==, figureFileBig=/mnopwNtlZPjR2w/fwzFeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633248011833557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of open filed test, figureFileSmall=nAPs9w7RV9uwuSRWTbF+Vg==, figureFileBig=1/DUMBB5Lxmtzk84mUpZQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633248129274082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图3, caption=旷场实验结果

注:A:进入中心区域次数,B:中心区域时间百分比,C:进入中心区域时间,D:Z归一化后进入中心区域时间,E:旷场距离比,F:Z归一化后旷场距离比,G:旷场实验得分,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=nAPs9w7RV9uwuSRWTbF+Vg==, figureFileBig=1/DUMBB5Lxmtzk84mUpZQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633248234131693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of elevated plus maze test, figureFileSmall=Fh853yo6qLxBxzGVq31c+A==, figureFileBig=tY+bnTKtcC1qxZSyW2sN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633248372543741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图4, caption=高架十字迷宫实验结果

注:A:进入开放臂时间,B:Z归一化后进入开放臂时间,C:开闭臂比例,D:Z归一化后开闭臂比例,E:高架十字迷宫实验得分,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=Fh853yo6qLxBxzGVq31c+A==, figureFileBig=tY+bnTKtcC1qxZSyW2sN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633249857327369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Results of forced swim test and tail suspension test, figureFileSmall=HBVeD1Gkgt82oNwOeCQydA==, figureFileBig=hmdlAVjs9XC+7W5QOCAsdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633249978962201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图5, caption=悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验结果

注:A:强迫游泳不动时间,B:Z归一化后强迫游泳不动时间,C:强迫游泳实验得分,D:悬尾不动时间,E:Z归一化后悬尾不动时间,F:悬尾实验得分,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=HBVeD1Gkgt82oNwOeCQydA==, figureFileBig=hmdlAVjs9XC+7W5QOCAsdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633250058653987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Total score for anxiety emotion, figureFileSmall=vuEb2yJAGxQ5Xzg+Zr20Zg==, figureFileBig=uFRRtGif35ZWHq0QrBFLCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633250142540074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图6, caption=情绪总得分

注:A:焦虑情绪总得分,B:抑郁情绪总得分,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=vuEb2yJAGxQ5Xzg+Zr20Zg==, figureFileBig=uFRRtGif35ZWHq0QrBFLCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633250226426163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=mRNA expression levels of NF-κB/NLRP3, figureFileSmall=S/V2/PwBLoH9eCCt8Y+Q0Q==, figureFileBig=6WCUDaAfZRLTmJcPvt72aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633250348060994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=图7, caption=NF-κB/NLRP3的mRNA表达水平

注:A:NF-κB的mRNA表达水平,B:NLRP3的mRNA表达水平,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=S/V2/PwBLoH9eCCt8Y+Q0Q==, figureFileBig=6WCUDaAfZRLTmJcPvt72aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240633250457112909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The Primer of PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因方向序列 (5’-3’)
NF-κBForwardAGCAACCAAAACAGAGGGGA
ReverseTGCAAATTTTGACCTGTGGGT
NLRP3ForwardTCTGCACCCGGACTGTAAAC
ReverseCATTGTTGCCCAGGTTCAGC
GAPDHForwardAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
ReverseTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1240633250603913561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240633239291876170, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因方向序列 (5’-3’)
NF-κBForwardAGCAACCAAAACAGAGGGGA
ReverseTGCAAATTTTGACCTGTGGGT
NLRP3ForwardTCTGCACCCGGACTGTAAAC
ReverseCATTGTTGCCCAGGTTCAGC
GAPDHForwardAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
ReverseTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
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NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在急性睡眠剥夺致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为中的调控作用
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潘芸 1 , 王洁 1 , 张文平 2 , 张英英 1
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024,51(10): 1852-1859
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024, 51(10): 1852-1859
NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在急性睡眠剥夺致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为中的调控作用
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潘芸1, 王洁1, 张文平2, 张英英1
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,山西 太原 0300011
  • 2. 煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室
  • 潘芸(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:分子流行病

通讯作者:

张英英,E-mail:
Effects of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in acute sleep deprivation-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of mice
Yun PAN1, Jie WANG1, Wen-ping ZHANG2, Ying-ying ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311003
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目的

探讨NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在急性睡眠剥夺致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为中的调控作用。

方法

选取48只8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为4组:对照组(CON)、抑制剂组(lithium chlo-ride,LiCl)、睡眠剥夺组(sleep deprivation,SD)和睡眠剥夺+抑制剂组(SD+LiCl),每组12只。采用多平台水环境改良法(modified multiple platform method,MMPM)构建小鼠急性睡眠剥夺模型,利用高架十字迷宫实验、旷场实验、悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验评估小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为学改变,HE染色观察小鼠海马组织病理学改变,RT-PCR法检测小鼠核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein3,NLRP3)的mRNA表达。

结果

与CON组相比,SD组小鼠体重、海马重量、海马脏器系数均显著降低(F=0.452,P=0.006;F=6.553,P=0.009;F=1.428,P=0.001)。在旷场实验中,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入中心区域次数无统计学差异(F=5.084,P=0.744),SD组显著减少(F=0.028,P=0.017)。在高架十字迷宫实验中,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入开放臂时间无统计学意义(F=0.09,P=0.113),SD组显著减少(F=0.085,P=0.011)。强迫游泳实验结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组小鼠不动时间无统计学差异(F=3.422,P=0.260)。悬尾实验表明,与CON组相比,SD组悬尾不动时间显著增加(F=11.218,P=0.005)。HE染色结果显示,与CON组相比,SD组以及SD+LiCl组小鼠海马组织均出现显著病理学改变。RT-PCR结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组NF-κB和NLRP3的mRNA表达无统计学差异(F=4.629,P=0.147;F=15.555,P=0.107),而SD组均显著增高(F=6.969,P<0.001;F=15.833,P=0.017)。

结论

NF-κB/NLRP3通路可能在SD致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的发生过程中发挥调控作用。

急性睡眠剥夺  /  焦虑样行为  /  抑郁样行为  /  NF-κB/NLRP3通路  /  氯化锂
Objective

To explore the regulatory role of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in the anxiety and depressive-like behavior induced by acute sleep deprivation in mice.

Methods

Forty eight C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups: control group(CON), inhibitor group(LiCl), sleep deprivation group(SD), and inhibitor + sleep deprivation group (SD+LiCl), with 12 mice in each group. The model of acute sleep deprivation in mice was established by modified multiple platform method(modified multiple platform method,MMPM), Elevated Plus Maze(EPM)、Open Field Test(OFT)、Forced Swim Test(FST) and Tail Suspension Test(TST)were used to evaluate the behavior of mice. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of hippocampal neurons. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression ofNF-κB and NLRP3 in hippocampal tissues.

Results

Compared with the CON group, the body weight, hippocampal weight, and hippocampal organ coefficient of the SD group mice were significantly reduced (F=0.452, P=0.006; F=6.553, P=0.009; F=1.428, P=0.001).In OFT, Compared with the CON group, the LiCl group had no significant difference in the number of visits to the center(F=5.084,P=0.744), and the SD group significantly decreased(F=0.028,P=0.017). In EPM, the time of entering the open arm in the LiCl group was not significantly shorter than that in the CON group(F=0.09,P=0.113),but the SD group was significantly shorter(F=0.085,P=0.011). In FST,there was no significant difference in the immobility time between the LiCl group and the CON group(F=3.422,P=0.260). In TST, Compared with the CON group, the immobility time of the suspension tail increased in the SD group(F=11.218,P=0.005). HE staining results showed, Compared with CON group, pathological changes were found in hippocampus of SD group and SD+LiCl group. RT-PCR showed thatCompared with CON group, the mRNA expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 in LiCl group were not significantly different(F=4.629,P=0.147, F=15.555,P=0.107).However, the SD group were significantly increased (F=6.969,P<0.001,F=15.833,P=0.017).

Conclusion

NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway may play a regulatory role in the development of SD-induced anxiety-depression-like behavior in mice.

Acute sleep deprivation  /  Anxiety-like behaviors  /  Depression-like behaviors  /  NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway  /  Lithium chloride
潘芸, 王洁, 张文平, 张英英. NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在急性睡眠剥夺致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为中的调控作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1852 -1859 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311003
Yun PAN, Jie WANG, Wen-ping ZHANG, Ying-ying ZHANG. Effects of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in acute sleep deprivation-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of mice[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (10) : 1852 -1859 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311003
睡眠不足是全球范围内普遍存在的公共卫生问题,被美国疾病控制和预防中心(2015)称作 “公共卫生流行病”[1]。调查显示,美洲、欧洲和亚洲三分之一或更多成年人每天睡眠时间少于公共卫生当局为健康维护建议的每晚7小时[2],并且呈现逐渐年轻化趋势[3]。睡眠是生命所必需的生理需求,对身体、心理和情绪健康起着根本性的作用[4]。众多流行病学和实验研究发现,睡眠不足不仅与高血压、心血管疾病、中风、糖尿病和肥胖等疾病显著相关,还会增加抑郁、焦虑等神经系统疾病、炎症性疾病和传染病的风险,并对全因死亡率有贡献[5]
急性睡眠剥夺(SD)是指没有睡眠或总睡眠时间减少,通常持续 1~2 天,清醒时间超过典型 16~18 小时[4]。研究表明,睡眠不足往往伴随有神经炎症的发生,NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路发挥关键调控作用。NLRP3炎性小体是先天免疫反应的关键组成部分[6],是特征最明确的炎症小体之一[7],NF-κB信号转导参与启动 NLRP3 进行激活,是炎症反应中的关键调控途径[8]。抑郁患者和抑郁动物模型均发现,NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路被激活[8-10]。在应激性焦虑的啮齿动物模型中,海马和皮质脑区域均有NLRP3的激活[11]。然而,NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在睡眠不足诱发的焦虑抑郁样行为发生过程中的调控作用尚不明确。
锂盐是治疗抑郁-躁狂的重要药物,其神经保护作用受到广泛关注,实验表明锂对多种原因引起神经细胞的凋亡具有保护作用。本文通过构建小鼠急性睡眠剥夺模型,同时利用LiCl进行干预,研究急性睡眠剥夺对于小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的影响,考察LiCl对小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的改善作用,并探讨NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在上述过程中的调控作用,为解释日益显著的睡眠障碍问题以及干预治疗提供科学依据。
8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠48只,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[许可证号码:SCXK(京)2021-0006],12h/12h光照黑暗周期的标准条件下饲养,自由饮水和进食,室温(24±2)℃,湿度(50±5)%,适应 1 周后开始实验。本研究已经过山西医科大学实验动物伦理委员会审批(伦理审批号:2020GLL042)。
悬尾箱(深圳瑞沃德公司),ASP300S型组织脱水机和RM2235型切片机(德国leica公司),ES300型石蜡包埋机(中国华速公司),高速低温离心机(德国Eppendorf公司),化学发光凝胶成像仪(美国 Bio-Rad 公司)。开放旷场实验装置(深圳瑞沃德公司),高架十字迷宫实验装置(深圳瑞沃德公司),Smart 3.0软件录像分析系统(西班牙Panlab公司),电子天平(美国SARTORIUS),Bio-Rad CFX PCR仪(Bio-Rad公司,美国),移液器(Eppendorf),超纯水仪(美国Millipore 公司),全自动样品研磨仪(中国上海净信公司),LiCl(上海生工生物工程有限公司),苏木素-伊红试剂盒(武汉博士德公司),Trizol试剂(北京全式金生物),反转录试剂盒(北京全式金生物),荧光定量PCR试剂(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。
小鼠按体重用随机数字表法分组为4组,每组12只:对照组(CON)、抑制剂组(LiCl)、睡眠剥夺组(SD组)、睡眠剥夺+抑制剂组(SD+LiCl组),SD组和SD+LiCl组用MMPM小平台急性睡眠剥夺72h,CON组和LiCl组置于大平台,LiCl组和SD+LiCl组腹腔注射LiCl(20 mg/kg)溶液,CON组和SD组注射等量生理盐水,实验前后记录小鼠体重变化。睡眠剥夺结束后断头处死,冰上迅速分离海马组织,每组随机选取3只做HE染色,部分做行为学检测,部分取组织做RT-PCR检测。
使用MMPM睡眠剥夺箱构建小鼠SD模型[12]。MMPM为40 cm×30 cm×30 cm的长方形箱体,内部设置12个直径为3 cm,高20 cm的圆柱形小平台,小鼠可在平台间随意移动,箱内加水至平台下1 cm处,实验期间四组均可自由获得水和食物。MMPM建模原理:小鼠进入睡眠状态后肌肉松弛,容易掉入水中,导致突然惊醒,因小鼠在水里不能安睡,迫使小鼠睡眠被人为干预剥夺。在实验开始前两天,每天将小鼠放入与正式实验相同条件下进行环境适应性训练2 h,避免由于应激影响实验结果准确性。实验期间,将每组12只同时放置于平台,急性睡眠剥夺12 h,箱内水温保持(24±11),每天更换一次水保持清洁。
小鼠断头处死后,置于冰上快速分离海马组织,4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,脱水石蜡包埋,二甲苯常规脱蜡,梯度乙醇水化,苏木素染色5 min,1%盐酸酒精分化3 s,伊红染色20 s,冲洗,脱水,透明,封片,置于倒置显微镜下观察海马病理学改变并采图。
旷场实验主要是评估小鼠在陌生环境中自主行为,探究行为与紧张度的一种方法,敞箱规格为40 cm×40 cm×40 cm,底部中心4格被定义为中央格其余为外周格,小鼠放置中间格子使其自由探索,时间为5 min,采用Smart 3.0视频追踪系统记录并分析5 min内小鼠进入中心区域次数,中心区域停留时间。每次实验结束后用75%酒精擦拭实验箱,清理小鼠遗留气味以及排泄物,待自然干燥后进行下一只小鼠实验。
高架十字迷宫实验主要用于评估实验小鼠的焦虑样行为,高架十字迷宫主要是由两个开放臂和闭合臂十字交叉而成的结构,臂长35 cm,迷宫距离地面高50 cm,交叉形成区域为中央区域,闭合臂为不透明高臂,顶部开放。将实验小鼠面向一侧开放臂放置,用行为学软件记录5 min内小鼠的运动轨迹,观察小鼠身体中心部分进入开放臂和闭合臂次数以及在开放臂和闭合臂各自停留时间。每只小鼠测试结束后用75%的酒精擦拭十字迷宫,消除前一只小鼠留下的气味线索,减少影响。
强迫游泳实验是主要用来评估啮齿类动物抑郁样水平的行为学实验,将小鼠放入装有清水的透明圆柱形玻璃缸中(水温24℃,水深>30 cm),让其自由游泳,近处使用摄像机记录小鼠游泳行为,研究人员通过行为学软件记录分析每只小鼠后5 min的视频图像,其放弃挣扎表现为典型的漂浮不动状态,即行为绝望。每只小鼠完成实验后,应立即吹干毛发,放入笼中。
悬尾实验是比较小鼠被倒置悬挂后的绝对不动时间,可在一定程度上反映小鼠的抑郁状态,用医用胶带将小鼠尾部1/3固定,使其头部朝向地面,悬挂于悬尾箱内,头部距离地面20 cm,小鼠为克服不正常体位而挣扎活动,但在活动一段时间后出现间断性不动,表现出绝望状态,以小鼠头部向下,四肢自然下垂,无明显挣扎行为作为悬尾不动的标准,观察并记录小鼠在5 min中内不动时间。
26-score又称标准分数(standard score, standardized variable),是实测值与平均数的差再除以标准差。X为观察参数的单个数据,μ为平均值,σ为对照组的标准差。
焦虑抑郁评分具体计算参考Guilloux等[13]。通过评估焦虑抑郁水平的各项实验得出Z分数来计算个体焦虑抑郁总得分,从而避免一个实验引起的潜在偏差,调整分数的方向性,使分数的增加反映出情绪性的增加。公式如下所示:
使用Trizol reagent试剂盒从小鼠海马中提取总RNA,分离出RNA使用全式金反转录试剂盒合成反转,以反转完成的cDNA为模板做定量PCR分析,热循环条件为95℃预变性30s,95℃变性15s,60℃退火/延伸30s,40循环数,每个基因使用3个平行样,统计各基因的CT值,并用内参基因GAPDH的CT值标准化。使用2-ΔΔCT计算表达量相对变化,本实验所用引物见表1
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据分析,数据表示为均数±标准误()表示,多组间采用单因素方差分析,两组间采用t检验分析,并在GraphPad Prism 9中绘制图形,所有检验水准α=0.05。
体重及海马脏器系数结果显示,各组间差异有统计学意义(F=3.837,P=0.022),与CON组相比,LiCl组无统计学意义(F=0.050,P=0.141;F=0.023,P=0.138;F=0.286,P=0.135),SD组体重、海马重量以及海马脏器系数均显著降低(F=0.452,P=0.006;F=6.553,P=0.009;F=1.428,P=0.001),见图1
HE染色结果显示,CON组CA1、CA3区域海马组织结构完整清晰,各区域锥体细胞层细胞排列整齐、致密,细胞数量正常,胞核清晰,SD组以及SD+LiCl组均出现不同程度的细胞排列散乱,细胞间距显著增宽,且轮廓较CON组模糊不清,见图2
图3为旷场实验各组小鼠运动轨迹示意图,由图可见,CON组与LiCl组小鼠在旷场中心区运动轨迹较密集且进入次数较多,SD组和SD+LiCl组明显减少。进一步的统计结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入中心区域次数无统计学差异(F=5.084,P=0.744),SD组小鼠进入中心区域次数、进入中心区域时间均显著减少(F=0.028,P=0.017;F=0.683,P=0.028)(图3A、C),表明SD小鼠出现焦虑样行为。对进入中心区域时间和旷场距离比进行归一化(图3D、F),并取平均值以获得ZOFT,结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组旷场实验得分无统计学差异(F=8.211,P=0.929),SD组显著降低(F=7.261,P=0.038)(图3G)。
高架十字迷宫结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组进入开放臂时间无统计学意义(F=0.09,P=0.113),SD组显著减少(F=0.085,P=0.011),与SD组相比,SD+LiCl组开放臂停留时间增加(F=13.128,P=0.019)(图4A、B),表明SD小鼠出现焦虑样行为。ZEPM结果表明,与CON组相比,SD组高架十字迷宫实验得分明显降低,见图4E
强迫游泳实验结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组小鼠强迫游泳不动时间无统计学差异(F=3.422,P=0.260)(图5A)。对强迫游泳不动时间进行归一化处理(图5B),取归一化后的数据平均值以获得每只小鼠ZFST图5C)。
悬尾实验结果显示,与CON组相比,LiCl组小鼠悬尾不动时间无统计学差异(F=12.748,P=0.052),SD组增加(F=11.218,P=0.005)(图5D),表明SD小鼠出现抑郁样行为。同理获得ZTST,结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组悬尾实验得分无统计学差异(F=11.846,P=0.976),SD组增加(F=0.806,P=0.002),SD+LiCl组较SD组有所减少(图5F)。
为了避免OFT和EPM运动中任何加权影响,取两种行为测试ZOFTZEPM平均值,获得每只小鼠焦虑情绪总得分。结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组焦虑情绪总得分无统计学差异(F=4.399,P=0.427),SD组显著增加(F=8.943,P=0.018),SD+LiCl组较SD组焦虑样行为有所缓解(F=2.044,P=0.012)(图6A)。接着,对ZFSTZTST进行平均,以获得每只小鼠抑郁情绪总得分。结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组小鼠抑郁情绪总得分无统计学差异(F=1.341,P=0.275),SD组出现抑郁行为(F=1.328,P=0.02)。 SD+LiCl组较之SD组抑郁样行为有所缓解(F=1.871,P=0.017)(图6B)。
小鼠海马组织中NF-κB和NLRP3的RT-PCR结果表明,与CON组相比,LiCl组NF-κB和NLRP3的mRNA表达水平无统计学差异(F=4.629,P=0.147;F=15.555,P=0.107),而SD组小鼠NF-κB和NLRP3的mRNA水平均显著增高(F=6.969,P<0.001;F=15.833,P=0.017),与SD组相比,SD+LiCl组NF-κB和NLRP3的mRNA水平降低(F=2.148,P=0.013;F=15.325,P=0.017)(图7)。
随着社会现代化和老龄化发展,睡眠障碍发病率迅速升高,以睡眠-觉醒障碍为例,全球发病率为27%,而我国高达38.2%。根据我国睡眠研究会2021年3月发布的《2021年运动与睡眠白皮书》显示,我国有3亿多人面临睡眠障碍及相关问题[14]。研究表明,MMPM破坏了小鼠90%~95%的快速眼动睡眠[15]。本研究通过MMPM方法成功构建小鼠SD模型,发现小鼠有焦虑抑郁样行为,LiCl有改善作用,且NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路可能参与调控。
抑郁即长期情绪低落,对几乎所有活动缺乏积极情绪,丧失目标。焦虑症是指在日常生活中人们会感到恐惧或者过度担忧,从而干扰正常的日常功能,两者均会导致严重的自我损伤[16-17]。研究表明重度抑郁症和焦虑症破坏性强且高度普遍,是全球致残的主要原因之一[17]。自我描述的睡眠障碍是焦虑抑郁的常见特征,研究表明,睡眠和情绪障碍之间存在双向关系[15]。先前的一项动物研究显示,睡眠剥夺小鼠在高架十字迷宫的开臂时间中没有观察到焦虑样行为,且相较对照组焦虑缓解[18]。而另一项研究通过旷场试验、高架十字迷宫实验、明暗箱试验等表明,MMPM构建的6h睡眠剥夺模型强烈诱导小鼠焦虑样行为[12]。小鼠的行为是多模式的、完全可量化的情绪评估(包括焦虑抑郁的行为),动物之间的可变性和不同的实验测试条件,以及小鼠可能在短时间内处于不同的情绪状态,都会导致难以解释的实验结果。之前的研究大多是通过行为学实验单个评估小鼠情绪变化,例如旷场实验中进入中心区域时间或高架十字迷宫中进入开臂时间和次数,而没有跨范式的综合分析,因此2011年Guilloux等提出通过Z评分整合在多个行为测试中获得的行为参数,更加全面分析小鼠焦虑和抑郁样状态[13]。本研究中,小鼠急性睡眠剥夺72h后,在单个评估抑郁水平的强迫游泳实验中小鼠没有出现抑郁行为且实验结果为相反趋势,但是基于悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验综合评估小鼠抑郁样行为的结果表明SD组小鼠抑郁水平较CON组上升,出现抑郁样行为。因此,在评估焦虑抑郁时候,应该多种行为学实验综合评估,减少某一种实验的加权比重。并且本实验表明SD小鼠经LiCl干预后,焦虑抑郁有所缓解,这与之前研究结果显示LiCl在慢性睡眠剥夺中缓解小鼠焦虑抑郁行为相一致[19]
研究发现,SD与全身炎症的诱发有关[20]。临床研究证明NLRP3炎症小体在重度抑郁症患者的血细胞中被激活,促炎因子的增加与贝克抑郁量表评分呈正相关,表明NLRP3可能在介导抑郁的过程中发挥关键作用。动物实验研究显示,慢性轻度应激抑郁模型大鼠增强前额叶皮层中IL-1、NLRP3、ASC、TLR2、NF-κB、p-IKKα和IKKβ的水平,而氟西汀则逆转这些改变,并且海马小胶质细胞中P2X7R和NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白的激活介导抑郁样行为[21]。因此,NLRP3炎症小体可能是抑郁症等情绪障碍的潜在治疗靶点,NF-κB作为NLRP3炎症小体激活所需的启动信号的关键介质,响应各种细胞因子和模式识别受体(PRR)配体触发NLRP3的转录表达[22]。本研究结果显示,72h急性睡眠剥夺后炎性小体NLRP3的mRNA表达水平显著升高,NF-κB作为转录因子在本次研究中也显示其mRNA表达水平明显提高。
综上所述,本研究发现,72h急性睡眠剥夺可以导致小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的发生,其海马组织中NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路可能发挥调控作用。但是,值得进一步探讨的是,该信号通路的激活如何导致焦虑抑郁样行为的改变,以及神经炎性是否在其中发挥调控作用。本研究的结果为睡眠障碍患者情绪变化的机制研究提供了一些新的证据,并为诊断和治疗神经精神障碍提供了可能的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(82103938)
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0176)
  • 山西省基础研究计划青年项目(20210302124038)
  • 校级博士启动基金项目(XD1916)
  • 深圳市瑞普逊干细胞再生医学研究院科技计划项目(JCYJ202003010103)
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2024年第51卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311003
  • 接收时间:2023-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(82103938)
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0176)
山西省基础研究计划青年项目(20210302124038)
校级博士启动基金项目(XD1916)
深圳市瑞普逊干细胞再生医学研究院科技计划项目(JCYJ202003010103)
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    1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,山西 太原 0300011
    2. 煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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