Article(id=1240413933228577747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667327457, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667327457, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667327457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667327457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2775, endPage=2779, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413933580899328, articleId=1240413933228577747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effect of passive smoking after birth on the neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children: a cohort study in rural areas, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the relationship between postnatal passive smoking and neuropsychological development in rural 2-year-old children.

Methods

This study, based on a birth cohort study conducted in rural Yunnan Province in the previous period, followed up with assessments of passive smoking at ages 1 and 2, and a total of 293 mother-child pairs were included in the study. Passive smoking exposure was assessed through self-reports and children's urinary cotinine tests. At age 2, cognitive, language, and motor development were evaluated using the Bayley-III scales. Stata software and multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between between postnatal passive smoking exposure and neuropsychological development in 2-year-old children.

Results

Passive smoking exposure rates of 293 toddlers were 45.73%at age 1 and 65.19% at age 2. Mean cognitive, language, and motor scores at age 2 were 100.73±18.60, 99.50±16.99, and 101.05±19.86, with developmental delay rates of 7.51%, 15.07%, and 14.43%, respectively. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that passive smoking at age 1 increased the risk of language development delay (OR=2.036, 95%CI: 1.025-4.046).

Conclusion

Passive smoking in infancy is a risk factor for lagging language development in 2-year-old children. It is recommended to create a smoke-free growing environment for infants and toddlers to protect and promote early neuropsychological development.

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目的

探讨农村2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟与其神经心理发育之间的关系。

方法

本研究基于云南农村前期开展的出生队列研究,在1岁和2岁时随访评估被动吸烟,共纳入293对母子。被动吸烟通过自我报告和儿童尿液可替宁检测联合评估,儿童2岁时使用贝利婴幼儿发育量表第三版评估其认知、语言、运动发育水平,采用Stata软件和多因素二分类logistic回归模型分析2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟与神经心理发育的关联。

结果

293名幼儿在1岁和2岁时的被动吸烟暴露率分别为45.73%、65.19%。2岁幼儿神经心理发育认知、语言和运动领域得分分别为(100.73±18.60)、(99.50±16.99)和(101.05±19.86)分,其中,认知、语言和运动领域的发育落后率分别为7.51%、15.07%、14.43%。Logistic回归分析发现,1岁时被动吸烟会使幼儿语言发育落后的风险增加(OR=2.036,95%CI:1.025~4.046)。

结论

婴儿期被动吸烟是2岁幼儿语言发育落后的危险因素。建议为婴幼儿营造无烟生长环境,保障其早期神经心理发育的良好环境。

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肖霞,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ed0Vk6gLw5Q1vLQvAxGjYQ==, magXml=FDGl5BuWG2zq8fI5wYnyJA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eoFbKFMbZExWeBu+ZlomCg==, pdfFileSize=618426, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KAZ6/ViL7v9s/ftV1NI2qg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘雅萍(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2017,217(2): 167-175., articleTitle=Causality, and confusion: the role of intermediate variables in interpreting observational studies in obstetrics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240424349728043499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, awardId=202101AY07 0001-058, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省科技厅-昆明医科大学联合专项资金(202101AY07 0001-058), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240424344078315742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424344086704351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, companyId=1240424344078315742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health Kunming Medical University Kunming Yunnan 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424344095092960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, companyId=1240424344078315742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240424348897571230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of neuropsychological development scores among 2-year-old children with different characteristics (, points)

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变量人数认知语言运动变量人数认知语言运动
性别身长别体重(kg)
150100.07±17.9098.20±16.56101.04±20.213297.19±12.8298.22±11.8798.45±16.83
143101.43±19.33100.85±17.39101.06±19.55178102.81±19.84101.48±17.92103.02±20.26
P0.5300.1830.9928397.65±17.1995.70±16.0597.77±19.68
父亲年龄(岁)P0.0580.0340.104
<20597.00±14.40105.60±12.22103.00±17.49民族
20~34230101.04±18.8099.45±16.91101.34±20.08汉族258101.10±18.8699.67±17.11101.40±19.96
≥355899.83±18.3099.16±17.7999.76±19.34非汉族3598.00±16.5098.23±16.3198.51±19.17
P0.8180.7170.847P0.3550.6380.421
母亲年龄(岁)父亲受教育程度
<2033100.30±18.62100.33±17.36104.13±20.87小学及以下7999.94±18.9596.91±17.1596.69±20.10
20~34232101.31±18.9899.37±16.93100.72±19.56初中15799.46±18.5899.71±16.40102.81±19.71
≥352896.43±15.0299.57±17.68100.29±21.51高中及以上57105.35±17.70102.46±18.12102.11±19.37
P0.4190.9550.648P0.1110.1690.077
是否早产母亲受教育程度
284100.97±18.7699.43±17.16101.06±19.75小学及以下10399.08±17.7896.50±17.3697.50±20.22
993.33±10.31101.56±10.74100.88±25.02初中13899.86±18.8999.83±16.36102.10±19.14
P0.2260.7130.980高中及以上52106.35±18.69104.50±16.97105.17±20.28
出生体重SGA P0.0530.0200.053
243100.14±18.3299.50±16.62100.66±19.22家庭年收入(元)
50103.60±19.8299.50±18.90 102.96±22.80≤15 000136100.75±17.2997.91±15.21100.88±19.09
P值0.2321.0000.456>15 000138101.47±19.28101.05±17.72101.62±19.87
出生身长SGA拒绝回答1994.21±19.2494.79±19.0597.05±24.27
287100.56±18.6299.38±17.05100.73±19.74P0.2740.1510.634
6109.17±16.56105.33±14.25116.17±21.35主要照顾者
P
0.2620.3960.059母亲22899.74±17.8998.59±16.40100.34±19.67
出生头围SGA其他人65104.23±20.66102.69±18.70103.54±20.45
25699.84±18.4398.75±16.74100.01±19.51P0.0860.0860.253
37106.89±18.80104.70±18.04108.22±21.01睡眠时间
P
0.0310.0460.019睡眠充足201101.97±19.27100.16±16.93102.30±20.15
睡眠不足9298.04±16.8098.08±17.1398.31±19.01
P0.0940.3320.112
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349015011751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征2岁幼儿的神经心理发育得分比较[(),分]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数认知语言运动变量人数认知语言运动
性别身长别体重(kg)
150100.07±17.9098.20±16.56101.04±20.213297.19±12.8298.22±11.8798.45±16.83
143101.43±19.33100.85±17.39101.06±19.55178102.81±19.84101.48±17.92103.02±20.26
P0.5300.1830.9928397.65±17.1995.70±16.0597.77±19.68
父亲年龄(岁)P0.0580.0340.104
<20597.00±14.40105.60±12.22103.00±17.49民族
20~34230101.04±18.8099.45±16.91101.34±20.08汉族258101.10±18.8699.67±17.11101.40±19.96
≥355899.83±18.3099.16±17.7999.76±19.34非汉族3598.00±16.5098.23±16.3198.51±19.17
P0.8180.7170.847P0.3550.6380.421
母亲年龄(岁)父亲受教育程度
<2033100.30±18.62100.33±17.36104.13±20.87小学及以下7999.94±18.9596.91±17.1596.69±20.10
20~34232101.31±18.9899.37±16.93100.72±19.56初中15799.46±18.5899.71±16.40102.81±19.71
≥352896.43±15.0299.57±17.68100.29±21.51高中及以上57105.35±17.70102.46±18.12102.11±19.37
P0.4190.9550.648P0.1110.1690.077
是否早产母亲受教育程度
284100.97±18.7699.43±17.16101.06±19.75小学及以下10399.08±17.7896.50±17.3697.50±20.22
993.33±10.31101.56±10.74100.88±25.02初中13899.86±18.8999.83±16.36102.10±19.14
P0.2260.7130.980高中及以上52106.35±18.69104.50±16.97105.17±20.28
出生体重SGA P0.0530.0200.053
243100.14±18.3299.50±16.62100.66±19.22家庭年收入(元)
50103.60±19.8299.50±18.90 102.96±22.80≤15 000136100.75±17.2997.91±15.21100.88±19.09
P值0.2321.0000.456>15 000138101.47±19.28101.05±17.72101.62±19.87
出生身长SGA拒绝回答1994.21±19.2494.79±19.0597.05±24.27
287100.56±18.6299.38±17.05100.73±19.74P0.2740.1510.634
6109.17±16.56105.33±14.25116.17±21.35主要照顾者
P
0.2620.3960.059母亲22899.74±17.8998.59±16.40100.34±19.67
出生头围SGA其他人65104.23±20.66102.69±18.70103.54±20.45
25699.84±18.4398.75±16.74100.01±19.51P0.0860.0860.253
37106.89±18.80104.70±18.04108.22±21.01睡眠时间
P
0.0310.0460.019睡眠充足201101.97±19.27100.16±16.93102.30±20.15
睡眠不足9298.04±16.8098.08±17.1398.31±19.01
P0.0940.3320.112
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349128257970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grouping of BSID-III scores for neuropsychological development in 2-year-old children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
领域人数非常优秀优秀高于平均水平平均水平低于平均水平边缘水平发育迟缓
人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%
认知2933110.58155.123812.9714449.154314.68175.8051.71
语言292124.11299.93289.5913847.264114.043511.9993.08
运动291299.97289.623512.0310837.114916.843913.4031.03
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349266670014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2岁幼儿神经心理发育的BSID-Ⅲ得分分组情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
领域人数非常优秀优秀高于平均水平平均水平低于平均水平边缘水平发育迟缓
人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%人数%
认知2933110.58155.123812.9714449.154314.68175.8051.71
语言292124.11299.93289.5913847.264114.043511.9993.08
运动291299.97289.623512.0310837.114916.843913.4031.03
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349434442190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression results of postnatal passive smoking and cognitive, language, and motor development in 2-year-old children

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模型暴露时间认知语言运动
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11岁1.023(0.414,2.527)0.9612.053(1.038,4.064)0.0391.136(0.569,2.265)0.718
模型22岁1.164(0.448,3.021)0.7550.854(0.426,1.709)0.6551.035(0.498,2.151)0.926
模型31岁1.040(0.418,2.587)0.9322.036(1.025,4.046)0.0421.141(0.570,2.282)0.710
2岁1.169(0.448,3.053)0.7490.923(0.456,1.869)0.8241.049(0.503,2.187)0.899
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349543494103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413933228577747, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟与其认知、语言、运动发育的logistic回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型暴露时间认知语言运动
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11岁1.023(0.414,2.527)0.9612.053(1.038,4.064)0.0391.136(0.569,2.265)0.718
模型22岁1.164(0.448,3.021)0.7550.854(0.426,1.709)0.6551.035(0.498,2.151)0.926
模型31岁1.040(0.418,2.587)0.9322.036(1.025,4.046)0.0421.141(0.570,2.282)0.710
2岁1.169(0.448,3.053)0.7490.923(0.456,1.869)0.8241.049(0.503,2.187)0.899
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农村2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟对其神经心理发育影响的队列研究
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刘雅萍 , 李雪 , 吴显敏 , 宋肖肖 , 李燕 , 肖霞
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(15): 2775-2779
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(15): 2775-2779
农村2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟对其神经心理发育影响的队列研究
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刘雅萍, 李雪, 吴显敏, 宋肖肖, 李燕, 肖霞
作者信息
  • 昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 刘雅萍(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

通讯作者:

肖霞,E-mail:
Effect of passive smoking after birth on the neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children: a cohort study in rural areas
Ya-ping LIU, Xue LI, Xian-min WU, Xiao-xiao SONG, Yan LI, Xia XIAO
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health Kunming Medical University Kunming Yunnan 650500, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503151
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目的

探讨农村2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟与其神经心理发育之间的关系。

方法

本研究基于云南农村前期开展的出生队列研究,在1岁和2岁时随访评估被动吸烟,共纳入293对母子。被动吸烟通过自我报告和儿童尿液可替宁检测联合评估,儿童2岁时使用贝利婴幼儿发育量表第三版评估其认知、语言、运动发育水平,采用Stata软件和多因素二分类logistic回归模型分析2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟与神经心理发育的关联。

结果

293名幼儿在1岁和2岁时的被动吸烟暴露率分别为45.73%、65.19%。2岁幼儿神经心理发育认知、语言和运动领域得分分别为(100.73±18.60)、(99.50±16.99)和(101.05±19.86)分,其中,认知、语言和运动领域的发育落后率分别为7.51%、15.07%、14.43%。Logistic回归分析发现,1岁时被动吸烟会使幼儿语言发育落后的风险增加(OR=2.036,95%CI:1.025~4.046)。

结论

婴儿期被动吸烟是2岁幼儿语言发育落后的危险因素。建议为婴幼儿营造无烟生长环境,保障其早期神经心理发育的良好环境。

被动吸烟  /  神经心理发育  /  2岁儿童  /  队列研究
Objective

To examine the relationship between postnatal passive smoking and neuropsychological development in rural 2-year-old children.

Methods

This study, based on a birth cohort study conducted in rural Yunnan Province in the previous period, followed up with assessments of passive smoking at ages 1 and 2, and a total of 293 mother-child pairs were included in the study. Passive smoking exposure was assessed through self-reports and children's urinary cotinine tests. At age 2, cognitive, language, and motor development were evaluated using the Bayley-III scales. Stata software and multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between between postnatal passive smoking exposure and neuropsychological development in 2-year-old children.

Results

Passive smoking exposure rates of 293 toddlers were 45.73%at age 1 and 65.19% at age 2. Mean cognitive, language, and motor scores at age 2 were 100.73±18.60, 99.50±16.99, and 101.05±19.86, with developmental delay rates of 7.51%, 15.07%, and 14.43%, respectively. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that passive smoking at age 1 increased the risk of language development delay (OR=2.036, 95%CI: 1.025-4.046).

Conclusion

Passive smoking in infancy is a risk factor for lagging language development in 2-year-old children. It is recommended to create a smoke-free growing environment for infants and toddlers to protect and promote early neuropsychological development.

Passive smoking  /  Neuropsychological development  /  2-year-old children  /  Cohort study
刘雅萍, 李雪, 吴显敏, 宋肖肖, 李燕, 肖霞. 农村2岁幼儿出生后被动吸烟对其神经心理发育影响的队列研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2775 -2779 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503151
Ya-ping LIU, Xue LI, Xian-min WU, Xiao-xiao SONG, Yan LI, Xia XIAO. Effect of passive smoking after birth on the neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children: a cohort study in rural areas[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2775 -2779 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503151
儿童神经心理发育涵盖感知觉、运动、语言、认知、社会与情绪等多个方面。出生后前两年是大脑生长发育最为快速且可塑性最强的时期[1]。这一阶段的神经系统发育对儿童未来的认知与行为能力具有决定性影响,因此,保护儿童免受不良环境因素的影响至关重要。被动吸烟(passive smoking)作为一种常见的环境危害,已被证实对儿童健康产生多方面的不良影响。以往国内外研究多聚焦于孕期被动吸烟暴露对婴幼儿神经心理发育的影响,尤其是在认知、语言和运动发育方面,均显示出显著的负面作用。美国的一项队列研究发现孕期被动吸烟暴露与1岁和2岁儿童的认知、语言及运动发育均存在负相关[2]。中国台湾研究发现,孕期较高的二手烟暴露水平与幼儿的精细运动和语言发育呈负相关,同时婴儿期的被动吸烟暴露也与儿童精细运动发育滞后有关[3]。目前关于出生后被动吸烟暴露对我国农村地区幼儿神经心理发育影响的研究仍较为有限。本研究依托云南宣威农村地区出生队列,选取出生后接受随访的婴幼儿为研究对象,聚焦于出生后被动吸烟暴露与其2岁时神经心理发育水平之间的关联,旨在为农村地区婴幼儿控烟干预及早期发育促进策略的制定提供科学依据。
基于云南省宣威农村地区建立的出生队列,研究对象为2019—2022年随访的1岁和2岁婴幼儿。纳入标准:(1)单胎活产儿;(2)无出生窒息史和出生缺陷史;(3)无长期外出或搬离计划;(4)父母知情同意,自愿参加本研究。排除标准:(1)随访期间出现伤残、神经系统感染等;(2)患有先天性疾病(如先天性心脏病等);(3)患有影响神经系统发育的疾病,如脑瘫、听力障碍等。根据入组条件,304名活产儿的家长知情同意进入队列,11名幼儿因随务工父母搬离该地失访,缺失率为3.6%,最终纳入293对母子。本研究已获昆明医科大学伦理委员会审批(伦理号:KMMU2020MEC089),所有研究对象已签署知情同意书。
使用自行设计的调查问卷,调查人员接受过专门培训。问卷内容包括人口学特征、被动吸烟暴露及婴幼儿喂养情况。其中,父母年龄和受教育程度、儿童性别、出生体重、身长和头围等数据来自既往队列,婴幼儿期主要照顾者、儿童被动吸烟自我报告、睡眠时长等信息由随访时问卷获取。
随访期间统一使用专用采集器收集10 ml婴幼儿尿样。取1.0 ml尿样,经萃取、洗脱、烘干、洗脱物过滤后采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测尿液可替宁浓度。将信噪比为3时的尿可替宁所对应浓度定义为最低检出限(limit of detection,LOD),本研究LOD为0.08 ng/ml。当尿液可替宁浓度大于LOD时即认为存在被动吸烟[4]
2岁幼儿神经心理发育采用贝利婴幼儿发育量表第三版(BSID-Ⅲ)评估,其是国内外使用最广泛的儿童早期发育评估工具,具有较好的信度和效度[5]。可对婴幼儿从出生至42个月的神经心理发育进行全面评估,包括认知、语言、运动、社会情绪、以及适应性行为五个维度[6]。本研究使用BSID-Ⅲ的认知、语言、运动领域三个量表评估2岁幼儿神经心理发育状况。根据BSID-III使用手册的标准及换算表将量化的粗分(raw score)转换成标化分,按照得分可评估为:≥130分为非常优秀,120~129分为优秀,110~119分为高于平均水平,90~109分为平均水平,80~89分为低于平均水平,70~79分为边缘水平,≤69分为发育迟缓[7];本研究设定的神经心理发育落后为标化分小于80分[8]
(1)被动吸烟:测量方法主要为环境标记物检测法、问卷调查法和生物标志物检测法[9]。以往研究对于儿童出生后被动吸烟的测量多采用尿液可替宁检测、问卷调查的自我报告和两者联合评估三种方法[10-11]。本研究由于婴儿使用尿布或尿不湿尿液采集困难,被动吸烟测量使用尿液可替宁检测和问卷调查的自我报告联合评估。问卷自我报告的具体问题包括:(1)“过去1周,与您孩子同住的家人中是否有吸烟者?”;(2)“过去1周,拜访您家的客人在您孩子面前是否吸烟?”;(3)“过去1周,当您孩子在室外时,是否有人在您孩子周围(3 m范围内)吸烟?”。对于上述问题,任意一个问题回答为“是”则认定为存在被动吸烟,全部回答为“否”则为无被动吸烟。尿液可替宁检测中,若浓度大于0.08 ng/ml,则视为存在被动吸烟。联合判定时,如果问卷或尿液检测中任一方法报告存在被动吸烟,则认定为存在被动吸烟;两者均报告时,优先采用尿液检测结果。
(2)小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age, SGA):根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的标准,SGA指新生儿出生体重、身长或头围低于同性别同胎龄新生儿第10百分位(P10[12],用于评估新生儿是否存在生长受限。
(3)睡眠不足:按照世界卫生组织相关指南[13],2岁幼儿每日应保持11~14 h的睡眠,低于11 h则定义为睡眠不足。
(4)身长别体重:根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的儿童营养状况标准,采用标准差评价法对身长别体重进行分组:<()为下等、≥()且<()为中等、≥()为上等,进而将儿童身长别体重划分为下等、中等和上等三类[14]
采用stata 17.0进行数据分析。研究对象的不同特征采用(均数±标准差)以及率和构成比描述,BSID-Ⅲ得分使用(均数±标准差)描述,被动吸烟和神经心理发育落后情况使用率和构成比描述。采用方差分析比较不同人口学特征幼儿神经心理发育得分。构建多因素二分类logistic回归模型分析1岁、2岁被动吸烟暴露与2岁幼儿的认知、语言、运动领域发育落后的关联。协变量依据文献和单因素分析结果,结合有向无环图(directed acyclic graphs,DAGs)确定,纳入母亲受教育程度、家庭年收入、幼儿出生体重SGA、出生头围SGA、2岁时身长别体重、睡眠时间、主要照顾者。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入293对母子,基本情况见表1。2岁幼儿神经心理发育在认知、语言、运动三个维度的得分分别为(100.73±18.60)、(99.50±16.99)和(101.05±19.86)分。2岁幼儿在不同出生头围SGA组中的认知得分(P=0.031)、语言得分(P=0.046)和运动得分(P=0.019)存在统计学差异;在不同身长别体重组(P=0.034)和母亲受教育程度不同组(P=0.020)中,语言得分的差异亦具有统计学意义。其余不同特征幼儿神经心理发育得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1岁和2岁的被动吸烟暴露率分别为45.73%、65.19%,但差异未达到统计学显著性(χ2=3.2751,P=0.070)。同时,1岁和2岁均暴露的有65人(24.90%)。
2岁幼儿的神经心理发育BSID-Ⅲ得分中,三个领域的得分均以平均水平占比最高,其中三个领域发育落后分别为认知22人(7.51%)、语言44人(15.07%)、运动42人(14.43%)。见表2
本研究的因变量是2岁幼儿在认知、语言、运动三个领域的神经心理发育情况,自变量是2岁幼儿在1岁和2岁时的被动吸烟暴露情况;在控制多个混杂因素后,多因素二分类logistic回归分析表明,1岁被动吸烟暴露显著增加2岁幼儿语言发育落后的风险(OR=2.053,95%CI:1.038~4.064)。当同时纳入1岁和2岁被动吸烟暴露时,仍然发现1岁被动吸烟暴露可使2岁幼儿语言发育落后风险增加1.04倍(OR= 2.036,95%CI:1.025~4.046)。尚未发现2岁时被动吸烟暴露与2岁幼儿认知、语言和运动发育之间的统计学关联。见表3
本研究采用问卷自我报告和尿液可替宁检测两种方法综合评估婴幼儿被动吸烟暴露情况。结果显示,1岁婴幼儿的被动吸烟暴露率为45.73%,高于美国的11%[15]、日本的3.9%[16]、我国上海市闵行区的19.2%[17]与新疆市的34.9%[18]。2岁时的被动吸烟暴露率为65.19%,高于美国纽约的4.07%[19]、我国香港的31.5%[20]与新疆的44.0%[18]。被动吸烟暴露率的差异可能与国家、地区差异以及被动吸烟测量方法有关。本次研究1岁和2岁的被动吸烟暴露率均高于其他研究,且四分之一的儿童1岁和2岁被动吸烟均暴露提示农村地区婴幼儿被动吸烟暴露普遍,干预需求迫切。
本研究2岁幼儿认知、语言和运动得分高于陕西省农村地区6~24月婴幼儿,其得分分别为(96.00±12.56)、(92.41±13.47)和(97.21±16.57)分[5];低于中国西北省份22个农村地区6~24个月婴幼儿,其得分分别为(105.00±9.60)、(109.00±12.30)和(107.00±14.00)分[21]。本研究认知、语言、运动领域发育落后率分别为7.51%、15.07%、14.43%,三个领域均低于中国西南地区6~24个月婴幼儿的52%、53%、31%[22],其中认知发育落后率低于常州市18月龄婴幼儿的发育落后率(15%)[23];不同地区幼儿神经心理发育水平存在差异,可能与当地经济发展水平、家庭养育环境、早期教育资源及儿童营养状况等因素密切相关。
本研究探讨了1岁和2岁被动吸烟暴露对2岁幼儿神经心理发育的联合影响,logistic回归结果显示1岁时被动吸烟暴露增加了2岁幼儿语言发育迟缓的风险。这一发现与西班牙的研究结果一致,该研究提示婴儿期二手烟暴露与幼儿语言发育呈负相关[24]。婴儿期是语言发育的关键敏感窗口[25-26],早期被动吸烟暴露可能通过干扰语言相关脑区突触发育,导致语言能力受损,从而增加2岁幼儿语言发育迟缓的风险。但是,与中国台湾研究[3]发现不同,本研究尚未发现婴儿期的被动吸烟暴露对运动发育的影响。此外,本研究未发现2岁幼儿在2岁时被动吸烟暴露对其神经心理发育存在显著影响,以往和近期的研究多显示孕期被动吸烟暴露与婴幼儿神经心理发育的关联[2,27],尚未见2岁时暴露与神经心理发育间关系的报道。这可能与儿童认知、语言等发育的关键期在生命早期1 000 d有关[28]。而低水平被动吸烟暴露要何时足以对神经心理发育产生可检测的影响,仍有待进一步验证。综上,提示应高度关注婴幼儿的生长发育环境,提升农村地区婴幼儿主要照顾者对被动吸烟危害的认知,降低婴幼儿的被动吸烟暴露水平,以促进其神经心理的健康发展。
既往研究多聚焦于儿童出生后单一时期被动吸烟暴露对学龄前及学龄儿童神经心理发育的影响,而本研究聚焦于2岁幼儿早期阶段,填补了相关研究空白。本研究的被动吸烟测量使用尿液可替宁检测和问卷调查的自我报告联合评估,解决了研究对象尿液采集困难的问题,提高了被动吸烟暴露判定的客观性与准确性。另外,本研究通过构建DAGs可正确选择需要控制的变量避免偏倚[29]。但本研究未考虑其他环境有毒物质、孕期压力等因素对幼儿神经心理发育的影响。因此,未来研究需要进一步探讨多重环境暴露对幼儿神经心理发育的复合效应。
综上所述,本次研究中的幼儿在出生后2岁时被动吸烟暴露普遍,婴儿期被动吸烟是2岁幼儿语言发育落后的危险因素,提示婴儿期是儿童语言发育受被动吸烟影响的关键时期。因此建议社会、家长为婴幼儿营造无烟生长环境,保护和促进婴幼儿早期的神经心理发育。
  • 云南省科技厅-昆明医科大学联合专项资金(202101AY07 0001-058)
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503151
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12
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云南省科技厅-昆明医科大学联合专项资金(202101AY07 0001-058)
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    昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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