Article(id=1240413929885717292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667326661, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667326661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667326661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667326661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2786, endPage=2791, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413930238038856, articleId=1240413929885717292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between longitudinal changes in blood pressure and new-onset cardiovascular disease in older adults with hypertension in the Suzhou community, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the relationship between longitudinal changes in blood pressure and new-onset cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in older adults with hypertension in the community of Suzhou, and to provide a reference threshold for blood pressure management in older adults.

Methods

The physical examination data from 4 019 older adults with hypertension who participated in health check-ups at a community health service center in Suzhou from 2021 to 2023 were collected.Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Restricted Cubic Splines(RCS) models were used to analyze the association between blood pressure changes and new-onset CVD in older adults with hypertension.

Results

A total of 365 new cases of new-onset CVD were observed among older adults, with a cumulative incidence rate of 9.1%. GEE analysis showed that after adjusting for the control variables, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was negatively associated with the risk of new-onset CVD (OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.98, P<0.001), while pulse pressure (PP) was positively associated with the risk of new-onset CVD (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.01, P<0.05). The RCS model showed that there were significant non-linear dose-response relationships between low DBP and the increased risk of new-onset CVD, and between low PP and the decreased risk of new-onset CVD (non-linear test P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that DBP≤84 mm Hg and ≥95 mm Hg, and PP between 77 to 88 mm Hg in the uncontrolled systolic blood pressure(SBP) group were significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset CVD,while PP≤51 mm Hg in the controlled SBP group was significantly associated with a decreased risk of new-onset CVD.

Conclusion

Low and/or high DBP may increase the risk of new-onset CVD in older adults with hypertension in the community, while low PP has a protective effect on new-onset CVD. However, when SBP is not controlled, PP will increase the risk of new-onset CVD in a higher threshold range.

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目的

剖析苏州市老年高血压患者血压纵向变化与新发心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVD)的关系,为老年人群血压管理提供参考阈值。

方法

采集4 019例苏州市某社区卫生服务中心2021—2023年参加健康体检老年高血压患者的体检数据,采用广义估计方程和限制性立方样条模型分析老年人血压变化与新发CVD的关联。

结果

老年高血压患者新发CVD共365例,累积发病率为9.1%。多因素广义估计方程校正控制变量后显示,舒张压与新发CVD风险负相关(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.96~0.98,P<0.001),脉压与新发CVD风险正相关(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.01,P<0.05);限制性立方样条模型显示,低舒张压与新发CVD风险增加和低脉压与新发CVD风险降低存在显著的非线性剂量反应关系(非线性检验P<0.05);分组分析显示,收缩压未控制组舒张压≤84 mm Hg和≥95 mm Hg以及脉压在77~88 mm Hg与新发CVD风险增加显著相关,收缩压控制组脉压≤51 mm Hg与新发CVD风险降低显著相关。

结论

在社区老年高血压患者中低舒张压和/或高舒张压可增加新发CVD风险,而低脉压对新发CVD具有保护作用,但当收缩压未控制的情况下,脉压会在较高的阈值范围内增加新发CVD风险。

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林陶玉,E-mail:
唐志红,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=l6YpxpokVp9nckUxgHiJGA==, magXml=DWtZ2n20d2N1k97so12pDw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=iRxFxGCmOvDxmvmTtvCQjQ==, pdfFileSize=869403, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/gtqCOdgVKEbrUZ14+6Rag==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UZK54nEJcISBm7yJ/EkG/A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

林陶玉与唐志红为共同通信作者

林陶玉(1974—),女,博士,主任护师,研究方向:慢性病健康管理,卫生服务体系

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Journal of the American Heart Association, 2018, 7(2):e007621., articleTitle=Relationship of arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure with cardiovascular disease and mortality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424362541642726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=664, pageEnd=669, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=袁空军, 赵创艺, 杨媛, journalName=中国卫生统计, refType=null, unstructuredReference=袁空军,赵创艺,杨媛,等.基于限制性立方样条模型分析体检人群血清尿酸和血脂异常关联性研究[J].中国卫生统计202340(5):664-669., articleTitle=基于限制性立方样条模型分析体检人群血清尿酸和血脂异常关联性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424362629723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=664, pageEnd=669, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Yuan KJ, Zhao CY, Yang Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan KJ, Zhao CY, Yang Y, et al. Study on the association between serum uric acid and dyslipidemia based on restricted cubic spline model[J].Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 2023, 40(5): 664-669.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the association between serum uric acid and dyslipidemia based on restricted cubic spline model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424362701026283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=25, issue=3, pageStart=235, pageEnd=243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Mancusi C, Losi MA, Izzo R, journalName=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mancusi C, Losi MA, Izzo R, et al. Higher pulse pressure and risk for cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension: The Campania Salute Network[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2018, 25(3): 235-243., articleTitle=Higher pulse pressure and risk for cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension: The Campania Salute Network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240424357772718923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, awardId=72064033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72064033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240424357877576531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, awardId=MSXM2024081, language=CN, fundingSource=苏州市“科教强卫”面上项目(MSXM2024081), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240424349283447233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424349308613060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, companyId=1240424349283447233, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Suzhou New District People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215129, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424349321195974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, companyId=1240424349283447233, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州高新区人民医院,江苏 苏州 215129)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240424349421859276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424349442830799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, companyId=1240424349421859276, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.石河子大学医学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240424349564465626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424349598020062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, companyId=1240424349564465626, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.上海交通大学公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240424356623479558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Dose-response relationship between changes in DBP and PP and new-onset CVD, figureFileSmall=GU9c125QBziZiYu5peD3+w==, figureFileBig=cunmZiiIzh9t3z7objlMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424356686394123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=CN, label=图1, caption=舒张压和脉压变化与新发CVD的剂量-反应关系, figureFileSmall=GU9c125QBziZiYu5peD3+w==, figureFileBig=cunmZiiIzh9t3z7objlMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424356816417557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Dose-response relationship between blood pressure changes and new-onset CVD in different control groups of SBP, figureFileSmall=JTGIt/Rh+k6Hrf+YsP5E/w==, figureFileBig=4QrfjpkFxueCguatYN2Wpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424356925469468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=CN, label=图2, caption=收缩压不同控制组别的血压变化与新发CVD的剂量-反应关系, figureFileSmall=JTGIt/Rh+k6Hrf+YsP5E/w==, figureFileBig=4QrfjpkFxueCguatYN2Wpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424357030327074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline and follow-up information of older adults with hypertension in the community [MP25P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目基线随访终点χ2/ZP
收缩压(mm Hg)149(134,159)148(136, 156)1.2970.195
舒张压(mm Hg)81(75,88)77(72, 81)24.512<0.001
脉压(mm Hg)65(52,76)67(55,84)-10.322<0.001
心率(次/分)70(63, 78)70(64, 77)-1.8400.066
BMI(kg/m2)24.8(22.8, 26.8)24.6(22.5, 26.7)2.0140.044
腰围(cm)85(80, 91)87(81, 93)-5.060<0.001
糖尿病
203(5.05)848(21.10)455.380<0.001
3816(94.95)3171(78.90)
高脂血症
61(1.52)224(5.57)96.652<0.001
3958(98.48)3795(94.43)
服药依从性
2516(62.60)2450(60.96)2.2950.130
1,503(37.40)1569(39.04)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424357151961897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社区老年高血压患者基线和随访基本情况[MP25P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目基线随访终点χ2/ZP
收缩压(mm Hg)149(134,159)148(136, 156)1.2970.195
舒张压(mm Hg)81(75,88)77(72, 81)24.512<0.001
脉压(mm Hg)65(52,76)67(55,84)-10.322<0.001
心率(次/分)70(63, 78)70(64, 77)-1.8400.066
BMI(kg/m2)24.8(22.8, 26.8)24.6(22.5, 26.7)2.0140.044
腰围(cm)85(80, 91)87(81, 93)-5.060<0.001
糖尿病
203(5.05)848(21.10)455.380<0.001
3816(94.95)3171(78.90)
高脂血症
61(1.52)224(5.57)96.652<0.001
3958(98.48)3795(94.43)
服药依从性
2516(62.60)2450(60.96)2.2950.130
1,503(37.40)1569(39.04)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424357256819501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate generalized estimating equation analysis of new-onset CVD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目OR(95%CI)ZP
年龄(岁)1.08(1.05~1.10)0.017.10<0.001
性别(参照组=女性)
男性1.05(0.85~1.31)0.120.470.641
BMI(kg/m2)0.99(0.99~1.00)0.00-0.610.544
腰围(cm)0.99(0.99~1.00)0.01-0.890.374
心率(次/分)1.01(0.99~1.01)0.001.440.149
收缩压(mm Hg)1.00(0.99~1.01)0.00-0.280.781
舒张压(mm Hg)0.97(0.96~0.98)0.00-7.22<0.001
脉压(mm Hg)1.01(1.00~1.01)0.003.79<0.001
糖尿病(参照组=无)
1.91(1.54~2.38)0.215.79<0.001
高脂血症(参照组=无)
3.06(2.18~4.30)0.536.45<0.001
服药依从性(参照组=差)
1.15(0.94~1.41)0.121.330.183
), ArticleFig(id=1240424357361677108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新发CVD的单因素广义估计方程分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目OR(95%CI)ZP
年龄(岁)1.08(1.05~1.10)0.017.10<0.001
性别(参照组=女性)
男性1.05(0.85~1.31)0.120.470.641
BMI(kg/m2)0.99(0.99~1.00)0.00-0.610.544
腰围(cm)0.99(0.99~1.00)0.01-0.890.374
心率(次/分)1.01(0.99~1.01)0.001.440.149
收缩压(mm Hg)1.00(0.99~1.01)0.00-0.280.781
舒张压(mm Hg)0.97(0.96~0.98)0.00-7.22<0.001
脉压(mm Hg)1.01(1.00~1.01)0.003.79<0.001
糖尿病(参照组=无)
1.91(1.54~2.38)0.215.79<0.001
高脂血症(参照组=无)
3.06(2.18~4.30)0.536.45<0.001
服药依从性(参照组=差)
1.15(0.94~1.41)0.121.330.183
), ArticleFig(id=1240424357474923320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate generalized estimating equation analysis of new-onset CVD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模型1模型2
年龄(岁)1.08(1.05~1.10)***1.07(1.05~1.10)***
糖尿病1.78(1.43~2.21)***1.74(1.40~2.16)***
高脂血症3.03(2.15~4.27)***2.77(1.96~3.92)***
舒张压(mm Hg)0.97(0.96~0.98)***
脉压(mm Hg)1.01(1.00~1.01)*
), ArticleFig(id=1240424357575586624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413929885717292, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

新发CVD的多因素广义估计方程分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模型1模型2
年龄(岁)1.08(1.05~1.10)***1.07(1.05~1.10)***
糖尿病1.78(1.43~2.21)***1.74(1.40~2.16)***
高脂血症3.03(2.15~4.27)***2.77(1.96~3.92)***
舒张压(mm Hg)0.97(0.96~0.98)***
脉压(mm Hg)1.01(1.00~1.01)*
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苏州市社区老年高血压患者血压变化与新发心血管疾病的相关性研究
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林陶玉 1 , 郭晓颖 2 , 陈彦丽 2 , 张亚桃 2 , 王硕 3 , 唐志红 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(15): 2786-2791
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(15): 2786-2791
苏州市社区老年高血压患者血压变化与新发心血管疾病的相关性研究
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林陶玉1 , 郭晓颖2, 陈彦丽2, 张亚桃2, 王硕3, 唐志红1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州高新区人民医院,江苏 苏州 215129
  • 2.石河子大学医学院
  • 3.上海交通大学公共卫生学院
  • 林陶玉(1974—),女,博士,主任护师,研究方向:慢性病健康管理,卫生服务体系

通讯作者:

林陶玉,E-mail:
唐志红,E-mail:
Association between longitudinal changes in blood pressure and new-onset cardiovascular disease in older adults with hypertension in the Suzhou community
Tao-yu LIN1 , Xiao-ying GUO2, Yan-li CHEN2, Ya-tao ZHANG2, Shuo WANG3, Zhi-hong TANG1
Affiliations
  • Suzhou New District People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215129, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502089
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目的

剖析苏州市老年高血压患者血压纵向变化与新发心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVD)的关系,为老年人群血压管理提供参考阈值。

方法

采集4 019例苏州市某社区卫生服务中心2021—2023年参加健康体检老年高血压患者的体检数据,采用广义估计方程和限制性立方样条模型分析老年人血压变化与新发CVD的关联。

结果

老年高血压患者新发CVD共365例,累积发病率为9.1%。多因素广义估计方程校正控制变量后显示,舒张压与新发CVD风险负相关(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.96~0.98,P<0.001),脉压与新发CVD风险正相关(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.01,P<0.05);限制性立方样条模型显示,低舒张压与新发CVD风险增加和低脉压与新发CVD风险降低存在显著的非线性剂量反应关系(非线性检验P<0.05);分组分析显示,收缩压未控制组舒张压≤84 mm Hg和≥95 mm Hg以及脉压在77~88 mm Hg与新发CVD风险增加显著相关,收缩压控制组脉压≤51 mm Hg与新发CVD风险降低显著相关。

结论

在社区老年高血压患者中低舒张压和/或高舒张压可增加新发CVD风险,而低脉压对新发CVD具有保护作用,但当收缩压未控制的情况下,脉压会在较高的阈值范围内增加新发CVD风险。

高血压  /  血压变化  /  心血管疾病  /  广义估计方程  /  限制性立方样条模型
Objective

To analyze the relationship between longitudinal changes in blood pressure and new-onset cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in older adults with hypertension in the community of Suzhou, and to provide a reference threshold for blood pressure management in older adults.

Methods

The physical examination data from 4 019 older adults with hypertension who participated in health check-ups at a community health service center in Suzhou from 2021 to 2023 were collected.Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Restricted Cubic Splines(RCS) models were used to analyze the association between blood pressure changes and new-onset CVD in older adults with hypertension.

Results

A total of 365 new cases of new-onset CVD were observed among older adults, with a cumulative incidence rate of 9.1%. GEE analysis showed that after adjusting for the control variables, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was negatively associated with the risk of new-onset CVD (OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.98, P<0.001), while pulse pressure (PP) was positively associated with the risk of new-onset CVD (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.01, P<0.05). The RCS model showed that there were significant non-linear dose-response relationships between low DBP and the increased risk of new-onset CVD, and between low PP and the decreased risk of new-onset CVD (non-linear test P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that DBP≤84 mm Hg and ≥95 mm Hg, and PP between 77 to 88 mm Hg in the uncontrolled systolic blood pressure(SBP) group were significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset CVD,while PP≤51 mm Hg in the controlled SBP group was significantly associated with a decreased risk of new-onset CVD.

Conclusion

Low and/or high DBP may increase the risk of new-onset CVD in older adults with hypertension in the community, while low PP has a protective effect on new-onset CVD. However, when SBP is not controlled, PP will increase the risk of new-onset CVD in a higher threshold range.

Hypertension  /  Blood pressure changes  /  Cardiovascular diseases  /  Generalized estimating equation  /  Restricted cubic spline model
林陶玉, 郭晓颖, 陈彦丽, 张亚桃, 王硕, 唐志红. 苏州市社区老年高血压患者血压变化与新发心血管疾病的相关性研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2786 -2791 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502089
Tao-yu LIN, Xiao-ying GUO, Yan-li CHEN, Ya-tao ZHANG, Shuo WANG, Zhi-hong TANG. Association between longitudinal changes in blood pressure and new-onset cardiovascular disease in older adults with hypertension in the Suzhou community[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2786 -2791 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502089
心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVD)是导致老年人健康损失和死亡的主要原因。我国于2009年以老年人、慢性病等为重点人群,免费提供基本公共卫生服务。在国家政策的推动下,老年居民CVD的标准化死亡率逐步下降[1],然而,伤残调整生命年却呈现显著的上升趋势[2],其中,归因于高血压的死亡和伤残问题最为严重[3]。随着疾病谱变化和人口老龄化进程加剧,我国CVD的防控形势还将日益严峻,迫切需要深入捕捉高血压与CVD发生发展的内在规律,为后续精准干预提供证据支撑。既往研究明确收缩压(systolic blood pressure)变化与CVD的发生发展密切相关,但舒张压(diastolic blood pressure)及脉压(pulse pressure)变化与CVD发生发展的关联轨迹尚未形成统一定论[4-7]。其次,老年高血压人群血压波动较大,多器官生理储备能力下降使其适应血压波动的能力逐渐减弱,给血压管理的控制靶点带来了不确定性[8]。《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》建议,根据患者血压水平和心血管风险程度及对降压的耐受性制定个性化降压方案[9]。为此,本研究基于苏州市某社区卫生服务中心连续三年参加健康体检老年高血压患者的体检数据构建前瞻性队列,应用广义估计方程和限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)模型剖析老年高血压患者血压纵向变化与新发CVD风险的关系,以期为老年人群血压管理提供阈值参考。
采用整群抽样方法,选取苏州市某社区卫生服务中心2021—2023年参加健康体检老年高血压患者为研究对象。纳入标准:2021年体检时年龄在65岁及以上;既往确诊高血压或基线检测出高血压;基线无CVD;连续三年均参加健康体检。排除标准:身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、腰围、心率、血压等重要体检数据缺失任意一项;病史、用药信息存在漏项;既往肿瘤病史者。依据纳排标准,本研究最终纳入4 019例研究对象。
收集研究对象的基本信息、体格检查和病史信息。基本信息包括登记编号、年份、年龄、性别、体检日期、体检号等;体格检查包括身高、体重、BMI、腰围、心率、收缩压、舒张压等;病史信息包括CVD、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、高尿酸血症等患病情况。健康体检库经匿名化处理,研究者采集的相关信息不会使受试者的身份被直接识别或通过与其相关的识别物识别,本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。
(1)高血压:在未服用降压药的情况下,收缩压≥140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg,或既往已被确诊为高血压[9]。(2)其他慢性代谢性疾病:包括糖尿病、高脂血症和高尿酸血症,上述疾病均已确诊,其中高脂血症包括高胆固醇血症或高三酰甘油血症或高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症或低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症[10]。(3)BMI:BMI=体重(kg)/身高的二次方(m2);(4)血压:收缩压和舒张压以双上臂收缩压和(或)舒张压高值为依据,脉压=收缩压-舒张压。(5)服药依从性:遵医嘱规律服药为服药依从性好,未规律服药为服药依从性差。
以研究对象首次体检为随访起始时间,以末次体检作为随访终点,本研究结局事件为CVD。依据《心血管内科疾病诊疗指南(第3版)》,CVD包括冠心病、不稳定型心绞痛、稳定型心绞痛、心肌梗死、心肌病和心肌炎、心房颤动、心房扑动、心力衰竭等疾病。每年由经过培训的医务人员问诊并收集研究对象的健康体检信息(疾病史、实验室检查指标),记录结局事件的情况,由该社区卫生服务中心所在医联体牵头医院的心血管专业医师对上述信息进行中心化判读。本研究所有诊断均得到牵头医院心血管专业医师的最终判定。
使用SPSS 25.0和Stata 16.0软件进行数据统计分析。分类变量以频数和构成比(%)表示,组间比较用χ2检验,非正态分布的连续变量采用中位数和四分位数间距描述,组间比较用Mann-Whitney U检验;采用单因素和多因素广义估计方程模型,分析血压变化与新发CVD的关联;采用RCS函数分析血压水平与CVD发病风险之间的的剂量-反应关系,参考Harrell等[11]推荐,设置RCS节点为4个(5%、25%、75%及95%)。所有统计检验采用双侧,检验水准α=0.05。
在纳入的4 019例研究对象中,男性1 747例(43.5%),女性2 272例(56.5%);年龄67~95岁之间,[MP25P75)]为72(69,75)岁;新发CVD共计365例,累积发病率为9.1%,其中,男性累积发病率为9.6%(167/1 747),女性累积发病率为8.7%(198/2 272)。比较基线和随访终点体格检查,在收缩压、舒张压、脉压、BMI、腰围方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患病情况及服药依从性比较,随访终点时患有糖尿病和高脂血症者较基线时显著增加(P<0.001),服药依从性较基线时无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表1
以登记编号为主体效应、年份为主体内效应、是否患CVD为因变量进行单因素广义估计方程分析,结果显示,年龄、舒张压、脉压、糖尿病和高脂血症与新发CVD风险有统计关联(P<0.05)。见表2
以是否患CVD为因变量,纳入单因素分析中有统计意义的变量进行逐步多因素广义估计方程分析。模型1结果显示,控制变量年龄、糖尿病和高脂血症均与新发CVD风险存在显著相关性(OR=1.08,95%CI:1.05~1.10,P<0.001;OR=1.78,95%CI:1.43~2.21,P<0.001;OR=3.03,95%CI:2.15~4.27,P<0.001)。模型2校正控制变量后,舒张压与新发CVD风险呈现显著负相关关系(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.96~0.98,P<0.001),脉压与新发CVD风险呈现显著正相关关系(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.01,P<0.05)。见表3
根据《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》和相关研究[12],舒张压和脉压分别以90 mm Hg和60 mm Hg为参照,应用RCS模型分析舒张压和脉压变化与新发CVD的剂量反应关系,见图1。调整年龄、性别、BMI、腰围、心率、糖尿病、高脂血症等因素后,舒张压和脉压变化与新发CVD呈现显著的非线性剂量反应关系(χ2舒张压=16.18,P<0.001;χ2脉压=8.20,P=0.017),舒张压的P5P25P75P95节点(66、73、86和95 mm Hg)的OR(95%CI)分别为2.20(1.71~2.83)、2.39(1.88~3.30)、1.05(0.97~1.15)和1.10(0.93~1.31),当舒张压≤85 mm Hg时,与新发CVD风险正相关关系具有统计学意义(OR及95%CI均大于1);脉压的P5P25P75P95节点(41、55、77和90 mm Hg)的OR(95%CI)分别为0.56(0.39~0.81)、0.91(0.87~0.97)、1.03(0.85~1.25)和0.98(0.79~1.21),当脉压≤59 mm Hg时,与新发CVD风险负相关关系具有统计学意义(OR及95%CI均小于1)。见图1
将收缩压连续三年未达标(≥140 mm Hg)作为未控制组,三年中任意年达标(<140 mm Hg)作为控制组,对其进行亚组分析,结果显示校正年龄、性别、BMI、腰围、心率、舒张压、糖尿病、高脂血症因素后,除收缩压控制组舒张压变化与新发CVD风险不具有显著的非线性剂量反应关系(P>0.05)外,其余各组均有显著的非线性剂量反应关系(P<0.05)。收缩压未控制组舒张压与新发CVD风险呈现“U”型正相关关系,当舒张压≤84 mm Hg和≥95 mm Hg,正相关通过显著性检验(OR及95%CI均大于1);该组脉压与新发CVD风险呈现倒“U”型正相关关系,脉压在77~88 mm Hg与新发CVD风险的正相关关系通过显著性检验(OR及95%CI均大于1)。收缩压控制组脉压与新发CVD风险呈现倒“L”型相关关系,脉压≤51 mm Hg与新发CVD风险显著负相关性通过显著性检验(OR及95%CI均小于1)。见图2
本研究通过分析社区65岁及以上老年高血压患者连续3年体检数据发现,该人群CVD累积发病率为9.1%,高于我国全人群心血管疾病的总体水平(652.21/10万)[13]。这应归因于年龄和高血压风险因素叠加。不同于我国老年人群心血管疾病发病趋势女性高于男性的性别特征[13],本研究发现,男性CVD累积发病率为9.6%,高于女性的8.7%。研究显示,女性绝经后内源性雌激素缺乏,血管老化进程加快,致CVD的发生率急剧增加[14]。然而,相比女性,男性较易暴露于吸烟、饮酒、不合理膳食等行为危险因素中[15]。一项南京市社区老年人群研究显示,45.2%的老年男性群体患有两种及以上CVD危险因素,其中高血压、吸烟和不合理膳食所致的血脂异常、超重或肥胖是最常见的聚集因素[16]。苏州市老年人群研究亦表明[17],吸烟、饮酒、不良生活行为让男性并发高血压与其他慢性病的风险增加。该结果提示样本地区老年男性高血压患者可能并存多种CVD危险因素,当地基层医疗卫生机构应重点针对此类人群健康生活方式进行重塑,将行为危险因素综合防控作为降压治疗的基础和重心。
收缩压是预测CVD发病率和死亡率最强的因素[4-5]。然而,舒张压在CVD中的作用目前尚存在争议。研究表明[18],舒张压与CVD存在“J”关联,当舒张压超过上限或下限,均可增加CVD风险。但孟德尔随机化研究的证据驳斥了“J”形关联,表明舒张压与CVD之间存在线性关系[19-20]。本研究发现年龄、糖尿病和高脂血症与新发CVD风险密切相关,与既往研究基本一致[4-5],但未捕捉到收缩压变化的关联轨迹,这可能与老年高血压患者收缩压总体水平偏高有关。在血压变化中,广义估计方程分析发现舒张压与新发CVD风险出现负相关的表象特征。一项高血压老年人群队列研究也有类似发现,但认为该现象与事实并不相符[21]。本研究通过RCS模型深入分析发现,舒张压与新发CVD风险存在剂量反应关系,当其≤85 mm Hg时,引起新发CVD风险增加,形成显著的“J”关联。在收缩压未控制的情况下,舒张压达到及超过下限阈值与新发CVD风险增加的关联仍然存在,同时其上限≥95 mm Hg时亦会引起新发CVD风险增加,形成典型的“U”型特征。本研究收缩压控制组模型虽未通过显著性检验,但低舒张压与新发CVD风险增加的关联同全样本模型趋同。根据《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》推荐舒张压控制在90 mm Hg及以下的目标,本研究舒张压上下限均临近控制上限。该结果提示老年高血压患者舒张压可调控阈值范围相对较窄。其次,无论收缩压控制与否,过低舒张压均会让老年高血压患者面临更高的新发CVD风险。其原因可能与样本地区高龄、未进行标准降压治疗或标准降压治疗不理想的老年人偏多密切相关。其次,舒张压是冠状动脉充盈的主要驱动因素,老年人需要适度高的舒张压方可确保有效的心肌灌注[7],而降低基线过高或过低的舒张压均会让老年人面临舒张期冠状动脉灌注不足风险,尤其是基线过低的舒张压常与动脉硬化和瓣膜病变有关,其下降引发CVD风险会更高[18]。因此,本研究舒张压上下限阈值可为老年高血压人群舒张压目标调控提供参考。鉴于老年高血压人群血压管理的复杂性,建议医联体牵头医院与基层医疗卫生机构联动,建立“全专”结合的高血压管理团队,以收缩压未控制及控制不理想的老年人为重点人群,结合舒张压风险阈值定制收缩压动态调控目标,避免机械降压的副作用让老年人面临新的风险。
脉压作为动脉硬化的筛查工具,其升高是老年人群最为常见的血压变化,也是CVD风险和死亡重要的独立危险因素[22]。目前,脉压适宜控制参数无统一定论,不能为血压监测和降压治疗提供有益参考[12]。本研究校正年龄、舒张压等因素后发现,当脉压≤59 mm Hg时,可有效降低新发CVD风险,两者呈现显著的倒“L”关联,在收缩压控制组该关联依然成立,且脉压阈值(≤51 mm Hg)与英国一项社区老年人群研究[23]推荐脉压最佳目标值(50.98±13.2)mm Hg接近。基于此,本研究认为脉压≤51 mm Hg作为老年高血压患者的控制目标较为安全。此外,本研究在收缩压未控制组捕捉到脉压在77~88 mm Hg的阈值范围与CVD风险增加相关的关联轨迹,其下限高于北京市老年人群队列研究推荐脉压预测心血管事件的最佳切点(70.25 mm Hg)[12]。后者包含小于65岁及接受降压治疗的人群,其脉压整体水平比本研究低可部分解释两者之间的阈值差异。其次,本研究脉压参考值(60 mm Hg)相对较高,使显著阈值推后可能是另一个主要因素。参考既往以第一分位点为参照的研究[24],未控制组脉压第一个分位点(57 mm Hg)接近60 mm Hg,且脉压≥60 mm Hg可覆盖收缩压≥140 mm Hg引发CVD的风险[25],故选取该参考值较为合理。研究发现,脉压超过88 mm Hg对新发CVD风险增加的影响与60 mm Hg对其的作用并无显著差别,提示该阈值可能是新发CVD风险饱和节点。因此,对于未规范血压治疗的老年人,建议高血压管理团队应优先定位脉压在77~88 mm Hg的人群进行干预,让其从中获益。
综上所述,样本地区新发CVD累积发病率较高,其主要血压变化表现在低舒张压和/或高舒张压与新发CVD风险增加密切相关,而低脉压与新发CVD风险降低存在关联,当收缩压未控制时,脉压会在较高的阈值范围内有效增加新发CVD风险。本研究创新之处在于充分考虑暴露因素的组内相关性和时间累积效应,比以往现况研究更清晰地揭示了暴露因素与CVD结局之间的因果关系,研究结果可为老年高血压患者的血压监测和血压控制提供参考阈值。但本研究也存在一定的局限性:样本数据主要来自单中心,样本的代表性有限,结果外推需谨慎;收集的健康信息有限,缺少生活方式(如饮食、吸烟、饮酒、运动等)等相关信息并加以控制;研究仅关注高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症常见病种对新发CVD的影响,仍可能存在其他慢性病及共病等未量化混杂因素的影响。因此,后续研究将进一步纳入多中心数据,考虑更多相关因素的影响,以期获得更为稳定的结论。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72064033)
  • 苏州市“科教强卫”面上项目(MSXM2024081)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502089
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
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国家自然科学基金(72064033)
苏州市“科教强卫”面上项目(MSXM2024081)
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    1.苏州高新区人民医院,江苏 苏州 215129
    2.石河子大学医学院
    3.上海交通大学公共卫生学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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