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Article(id=1240413928958776043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667326440, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667326440, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667326440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667326440, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2842, endPage=2847, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413929407566599, articleId=1240413928958776043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Advances in current research on the detection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in companion animals, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges in public health, and the spread of resistance has garnered widespread global attention. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are the root cause of bacterial resistance. ARGs proliferate and transfer through various pathways, migrating and spreading among the environment, animals, and humans, posing a threat to public health. Therefore, it is particularly important to maintain and strengthen surveillance efforts in key areas where ARGs are highly likely to evolve and transfer between organisms. Companion animals share close relationships with humans, which may increase the risk of ARG transmission, yet related reports remain limited. This article primarily reviews the detection methods, results, and transmission status of ARGs in companion animals, aiming to enhance understanding of the prevalence of ARGs originating from companion animals and elucidate the sharing and transmission of ARGs between companion animals and their owners. It provides technical support for research and control of antimicrobial resistance transmission between animals and humans.

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细菌耐药性是公共卫生面临的重大挑战之一，耐药性的传播已引起全球广泛关注。抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs）是细菌产生耐药的根本原因，ARGs通过多种方式增殖转移，在环境-动物-人群之间迁移传播，危害公众健康。因此，针对ARGs在生物体间进化和转移可能性高的重点区域，持续并加强监测工作尤为重要。宠物与人类关系亲密，可能增加ARGs传播风险，然而宠物-人ARGs传播的相关报道仍较少。本文主要针对宠物中ARGs的检测方法、检测结果及传播现状进行综述，有助于加强宠物源ARGs流行现状的认识，了解ARGs在宠物-宠主之间的共享传播情况，为动物-人耐药性传播的研究及控制提供技术支持。

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陈嘉熠，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rVI2JX8FL5DeV2Djre3/lw==, magXml=dquR0tL1p7ylHRuNOv1P8w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=S1gXgWApi80WgrxgEmg8BQ==, pdfFileSize=615291, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gCx8PhKQCT0ddRq08a1z0g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

安龙懿（2000—），女，硕士，无职称，研究方向：微生物与群众健康

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安龙懿（2000—），女，硕士，无职称，研究方向：微生物与群众健康

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安龙懿（2000—），女，硕士，无职称，研究方向：微生物与群众健康

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Antibiotics-Basel, 2022, 11(11):1490., articleTitle=Canine saliva as a possible source of antimicrobial resistance genes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424361455309697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=162, issue=14, pageStart=436, pageEnd=442, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Westgarth C, Pinchbeck GL, Bradshaw JWS, journalName=The Veterinary Record, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Westgarth C, Pinchbeck GL, Bradshaw JWS, et al. Dog-human and dog-dog interactions of 260 dog-owning households in a community in Cheshire[J]. The Veterinary Record, 2008, 162(14): 436-442., articleTitle=Dog-human and dog-dog interactions of 260 dog-owning households in a community in Cheshire, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240424352513053176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, awardId=82373646, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82373646), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240424352617910785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, awardId=2022ZDZX0017, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重大科技专项项目(2022ZDZX0017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240424352739545613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, awardId=2023NSFSC1737, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC1737), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240424347609911491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424347618300099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, companyId=1240424347609911491, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University / West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424347639271621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, companyId=1240424347609911491, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240424352122982873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Application status of detection methods for antibiotic resistance genes in companion animals and their owners

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本来源样本类型靶标检测方法定性或定量检测结果参考文献
猫、犬直肠拭子blaCTX-M-14
blaCMY-2		分离培养定性在大肠杆菌中检测到的β-内酰胺酶基因分别为blaCTX-M-14
（n=2）和blaCMY-2（n=34）		[16]
猫、犬直肠拭子blaNDM-5
blaCTX-M-15		分离培养定性携带blaNDM-5的大肠杆菌的分离率为3.88%[17]
猫、犬直肠拭子blaSHV-1
blaTEM-1
blaCTX-M		分离培养定性在大肠杆菌中检测出blaCTX-M-15、blaSHV、blaTEM-1[18]
犬、人类粪便blaSHV
blaTEM		分离培养定性blaCTX-M、blaSHV、blaTEM检出率分别为18.4%、6.1%、53.5%[19]
猫、犬伤口拭子erA qnrA qnrD strA分离培养定性宠物（猫、犬）中鉴定出10个ARGs，检出率前三的基因分别是
strA、sul3和blaTEM		[20]
犬皮肤拭子tetM mecA blaZ分离培养定性宠物中共检测出17种ARGs，tetM、blaZ、blal在所有分离株中均检出[21]
猫、犬粪便tetW tetQ sul2qPCR定性和定量tetQ、tetW(10-1拷贝/细胞数) sul2 (10-3 拷贝/细胞数)[9]
犬、人类粪便tetM ermF ermBHT-qPCR定性和定量tetM、ermF、ermF的检出率分别为97.1%、97.1%、88.6%[2]
猫、犬粪便blaCTX-M
floR		MGS定性floR、blaCTX-M-15、blaCTX-M-55三种基因检出率分别为100%、10%、
10%		[22]
犬粪便blaCTM-15
blaTEM-1B
blaCMY-2		MGS 定性blaCTM-15的检出率最高[23]
猫粪便tetO ermB InuC MGS 定性和定量猫肠道中ARGs的丰度为（1.809±0.070）拷贝/细胞数，人类肠道中
的ARGs丰度为（1.765±0.185）拷贝/细胞数		[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352248811999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413928958776043, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宠物及宠主中ARGs检测方法应用现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本来源样本类型靶标检测方法定性或定量检测结果参考文献
猫、犬直肠拭子blaCTX-M-14
blaCMY-2		分离培养定性在大肠杆菌中检测到的β-内酰胺酶基因分别为blaCTX-M-14
（n=2）和blaCMY-2（n=34）		[16]
猫、犬直肠拭子blaNDM-5
blaCTX-M-15		分离培养定性携带blaNDM-5的大肠杆菌的分离率为3.88%[17]
猫、犬直肠拭子blaSHV-1
blaTEM-1
blaCTX-M		分离培养定性在大肠杆菌中检测出blaCTX-M-15、blaSHV、blaTEM-1[18]
犬、人类粪便blaSHV
blaTEM		分离培养定性blaCTX-M、blaSHV、blaTEM检出率分别为18.4%、6.1%、53.5%[19]
猫、犬伤口拭子erA qnrA qnrD strA分离培养定性宠物（猫、犬）中鉴定出10个ARGs，检出率前三的基因分别是
strA、sul3和blaTEM		[20]
犬皮肤拭子tetM mecA blaZ分离培养定性宠物中共检测出17种ARGs，tetM、blaZ、blal在所有分离株中均检出[21]
猫、犬粪便tetW tetQ sul2qPCR定性和定量tetQ、tetW(10-1拷贝/细胞数) sul2 (10-3 拷贝/细胞数)[9]
犬、人类粪便tetM ermF ermBHT-qPCR定性和定量tetM、ermF、ermF的检出率分别为97.1%、97.1%、88.6%[2]
猫、犬粪便blaCTX-M
floR		MGS定性floR、blaCTX-M-15、blaCTX-M-55三种基因检出率分别为100%、10%、
10%		[22]
犬粪便blaCTM-15
blaTEM-1B
blaCMY-2		MGS 定性blaCTM-15的检出率最高[23]
猫粪便tetO ermB InuC MGS 定性和定量猫肠道中ARGs的丰度为（1.809±0.070）拷贝/细胞数，人类肠道中
的ARGs丰度为（1.765±0.185）拷贝/细胞数		[24]
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宠物中抗生素抗性基因检测方法与传播现状研究进展
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安龙懿 , 王瑞雪 , 廖琳萱 , 裴晓方 , 陈嘉熠
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(15): 2842-2847
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(15): 2842-2847
宠物中抗生素抗性基因检测方法与传播现状研究进展
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安龙懿, 王瑞雪, 廖琳萱, 裴晓方, 陈嘉熠
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610000

    • 安龙懿（2000—），女，硕士，无职称，研究方向：微生物与群众健康

通讯作者:

陈嘉熠，E-mail:
Advances in current research on the detection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in companion animals
Long-yi AN, Rui-xue WANG, Lin-xuan LIAO, Xiao-fang PEI, Jia-yi CHEN
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University / West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412316
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摘要
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细菌耐药性是公共卫生面临的重大挑战之一，耐药性的传播已引起全球广泛关注。抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs）是细菌产生耐药的根本原因，ARGs通过多种方式增殖转移，在环境-动物-人群之间迁移传播，危害公众健康。因此，针对ARGs在生物体间进化和转移可能性高的重点区域，持续并加强监测工作尤为重要。宠物与人类关系亲密，可能增加ARGs传播风险，然而宠物-人ARGs传播的相关报道仍较少。本文主要针对宠物中ARGs的检测方法、检测结果及传播现状进行综述，有助于加强宠物源ARGs流行现状的认识，了解ARGs在宠物-宠主之间的共享传播情况，为动物-人耐药性传播的研究及控制提供技术支持。

抗生素抗性基因  /  检测方法  /  宠物  /  耐药传播

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges in public health, and the spread of resistance has garnered widespread global attention. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are the root cause of bacterial resistance. ARGs proliferate and transfer through various pathways, migrating and spreading among the environment, animals, and humans, posing a threat to public health. Therefore, it is particularly important to maintain and strengthen surveillance efforts in key areas where ARGs are highly likely to evolve and transfer between organisms. Companion animals share close relationships with humans, which may increase the risk of ARG transmission, yet related reports remain limited. This article primarily reviews the detection methods, results, and transmission status of ARGs in companion animals, aiming to enhance understanding of the prevalence of ARGs originating from companion animals and elucidate the sharing and transmission of ARGs between companion animals and their owners. It provides technical support for research and control of antimicrobial resistance transmission between animals and humans.

Antibiotic resistance genes  /  Detection methods  /  Companion animals  /  Transmission of drug resistance
安龙懿, 王瑞雪, 廖琳萱, 裴晓方, 陈嘉熠. 宠物中抗生素抗性基因检测方法与传播现状研究进展. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2842 -2847 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412316
Long-yi AN, Rui-xue WANG, Lin-xuan LIAO, Xiao-fang PEI, Jia-yi CHEN. Advances in current research on the detection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in companion animals[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2842 -2847 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412316
正文
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抗生素耐药性对人类健康与生态环境构成了重大威胁，抗生素耐药性成为人类面临的十大公共卫生问题之一[1-2]。抗生素广泛应用于临床治疗、畜牧养殖等产业，过量或未降解的抗生素被释放到环境基质中，加快了抗生素抗性细菌（antibiotic resistance bacterial, ARB）与抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs）的产生与传播[3-4]。ARB和ARGs降低了抗生素对人类和动物病原体治疗的潜力[5]，对人类健康造成了严重影响[6-8]。
近年来，养宠家庭的数量不断增长，宠物在现代社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。一方面，宠物源细菌耐药形势日益严峻。宠物中存在着大量的耐药病原体，已切实成为ARGs的重要储存库之一[9]。多项研究表明，从宠物中分离出的菌株，对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/邻氯青西林、四环素、青霉素、阿莫西林、复方新诺明、氯霉素和环丙沙星等常用抗生素，普遍呈现多重耐药特性[10-12]。此外，人类与宠物密切接触，双方病原体交换的概率大大增加，可能实现微生物共享。已有研究报道，在宠主和宠物中检测出相同的ARB和ARGs，提示宠物可能作为ARB和ARGs的潜在宿主，造成ARB和ARGs的跨物种传播[2,13-15]。
因此，宠物可作为ARGs在动物-人间传播的重要媒介，然而ARGs相关传播现状、影响因素和传播途径等方面报道较少。本文主要针对宠物中ARGs的检测方法、检测结果及传播现状进行综述，有助于加强宠物源ARGs流行现状的认识，了解ARGs在宠物-宠主之间的共享传播情况，为动物-人耐药性传播的研究及控制提供技术支持。
1　宠物中ARGs的检测方法
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ARGs检测方法是研究ARGs迁移传播的关键。根据文献梳理，ARGs检测方法主要包括分离培养法、分子检测法、宏基因组分析法（metagenomic sequencing，MGS）及其他方法。表1总结了近年来宠物中ARGs检测方法应用现状。
1.1　分离培养法
宠物中ARGs传播研究最早采用的方法是分离培养单病原菌，通过在特定培养基上培养样本中的微生物，观察其对不同抗生素的抑制作用来判断表型，调查细菌对药物的耐药情况。例如Haulisah的研究中就通过药敏试验发现了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus，MRSA）对阿奇霉素耐药率最高，其次是甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑和阿莫西林，大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli，E. coli）对四环素的耐药率最高，其次是头孢氨苄，而肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae，Kp）对氟喹诺酮类药物和阿莫西林/克拉维酸高度耐药[25]。分离培养法虽然不能直接检测样本中的ARGs，但可以通过药敏试验来判断该菌是否携带ARGs，或通过聚合酶链式反应（real time polymerase chain reaction, PCR）检测细菌中的ARGs[26]。例如Karkaba等[16]通过分离培养猫犬肛拭子后用PCR技术检测出了大肠杆菌中的blaCTX-M-14和blaCMY-2基因, Kuang等[17]也通过同样的方法在猫犬肛拭子检测出产NDM-5的大肠杆菌。见表1。传统培养法不需要复杂的实验条件和昂贵的实验设备，可以获得细菌耐药的表型信息，因而还可以作为现代测序技术的补充，以确定新的ARGs或耐药性机制[27]。但是，传统培养法通量较低，无法培养的ARB或者未表达的ARGs可能会被漏掉，能检测到的ARGs非常有限，需要花费的时间也比较长，因此在实际应用方面仍存在一些局限性。
1.2　分子检测方法
宠物源ARGs的检测还有分子检测方法，该种方法可以直接检测样品中的ARGs，实现高通量检测。常见的分子生物学方法有PCR、定量PCR（quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction，qPCR）和高通量实时定量PCR（high-throughput qPCR, HT-qPCR）。PCR主要应用于ARGs的定性描述，检测样本中是否存在目标基因，大多与分离培养法一起应用，通过分离培养后进行ARGs的检测，例如Schmitt等人[18]就通过PCR法检测出了猫犬中的blaCTX-M-14和blaCTX-M-1等耐药基因。qPCR可以定量的描述样本中的ARGs，检测ARGs的丰度，主要用于ARGs的比较，以评价各环境或样本间ARGs的水平。Yang等人[9]用qPCR的方法比较了猫犬粪便中ARGs的丰度，结果发现从家庭获得的宠物粪便中，猫粪便中的ARGs丰度高于犬粪便中的ARGs,见表1。通过提取样本DNA直接检测ARGs的研究多见于污水处理厂、禽畜养殖场，而在宠物医院环境此类方法的应用较少。
HT-qPCR是一种高密度、纳升级别的检测方法，可以同时检测上百种抗性基因，较宏基因组（metagernomic species，MGS）有更低的检出限。该方法只需要微量的DNA样本，还可以进行纳升规模的反应，因为不涉及复杂的生物信息学，检测的数据也更加容易分析。目前该技术已被应用于宠物与宠主粪便中ARGs的比较研究中[2]，见表1。但HT-qPCR也存在着一些缺点，例如所有测定都将经历相同的qPCR循环条件，所以无法在运行期间优化单个测定，此外HT-qPCR的纳升规模使扩增产物难以收集，仪器和相关耗材相对昂贵，因此，该方法并不常用。
综上，分子生物学方法具有耗时短、假阳性低的优点，但只能检测到已知的耐药基因，对未知的耐药基因无法检测，因此仍具有一些局限性[28]。
1.3　MGS分析
MGS是近年用来检测宠物粪便中抗性基因的主要方法，既可以对宠物源耐药细菌进行分类、种属鉴定以及基因注释，还可以检测未知的抗性基因。MGS分为基于序列的组学和功能MGS，基于序列的组学是直接从环境中提取DNA，对DNA片段进行MGS测序，将测序结果与数据库的已知基因序列进行比对，从而检测样本中的ARGs[13]。功能MGS是将样本中的DNA切割成小的片段，通过载体转入到易感受体菌内，从而构建MGS文库。这种方法可以发现新的ARGs，还能注释所有的功能基因[29-32]，为细菌耐药机制的探索提供依据。2022年，Li Teng等人[33]就应用了MGS测序鉴定来自宠物医院猫犬粪便的沙门耐药菌株的ST型别以及ARGs，见表1。还有研究用MGS鉴定犬样本中的大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，发现这些细菌中编码对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的基因占大多数，其中最常见的是blaCTX-M-15[23]，见表1。目前，MGS已经运用于宠物与宠主之间抗生素抗性组的传递研究中，比较两者之间ARGs和MGE（mobile genetic elements）种类、丰度的差异，分析宠物与宠主之间ARGs的传递情况[34]。
MGS不需要分离培养，还可以检测到未知的ARGs，还可以通过分析耐药菌的质粒、转座子、整合子等元件，从而揭示细菌的耐药机制。但是它重复性较差，成本高，还会因为插入另一个基因导致基因片段发生变化或污染导致假阳性[35]，所以仍存在一定的局限性。由于成本的限制以及目前微生物学领域无法控制的问题，分离培养法、分子检测方法和MGS测序都在宠物源抗性基因的检测方面具有一定的意义，目前应用得较多的仍是分离培养法和分子检测法，但随着对耐药机制等方面深入的研究，MGS将会更加广泛的应用于宠物源抗性基因的研究当中[28]。
1.4　其他方法
目前检测ARGs的方法还有单细胞基因组测序、DNA微阵列、ddPCR（digital droplet PCR）、crisper case，这些技术在实际应用中各有优缺点，例如ddPCR灵敏度较高、定量准确，但是通量较低；CRISPR/Cas检测速度快，可实现原位快速检测，具有较强的特异性，但是稳定性较差[36-37]。这些先进的分子生物学方法推动了ARGs研究的发展，但是这些方法目前应用的范围在污水环境、禽畜养殖场中较多，提示了这些技术在宠物源ARGs的研究中可能具有应用前景[38-40]。
2　宠主及宠物中ARGs检测情况
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2.1　宠主及宠物ARGs的检出情况
研究发现，猫和狗的粪便中常检出四环素、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类ARGs。例如在广东一项研究中对猫和犬中的ARGs进行检测，共检测到122个ARGs，其中大环内酯类ARG占29.51%，略高于氨基糖苷类的22.95%、四环素类的22.13%和β-内酰胺类的18.85%[41]。在挪威，对宠物和宠主的粪便中ARGs检测发现，宠物与宠主中四环素类抗性基因tetM检出率和大环内酯类抗性基因ermB均高于80%[2]。在成都，分析宠物犬中74株多重耐药分离株中耐药基因的携带情况，结果显示，四环素类抗性基因tetA、β-内酰胺类抗性基因blaTEM、blaCTX-M的检出率均高于90%[42]。此外，在匈牙利的一项研究中检测了宠物猫犬的粪肠球菌分离株中的19种ARGs，其中57.9%都位于质粒上，包括四环素类tetC、tetM、tetS、氨基糖苷类APH(3')-Ia、大环内酯类抗性基因ermB等，提示这些基因具有传递的风险[43]。
2.2　宠主及宠物ARGs丰度研究
常见的宠物猫和犬，因治疗过程中使用的抗生素种类具有差异，所产生的ARGs有所不同，且宠物犬中ARGs的丰度高于宠物猫。有研究发现，宠物猫中丰度较高的基因为tetW、tetQ、sul2、ermB、oqxA；而宠物犬中丰度较高的基因为tetW、tetQ、sul2、oqxA、tetA[9]，这种差异可能与宠物犬在户外活动的频率较高，接触复杂环境的机会更多有关。
此外，多项研究发现宠物犬和猫携带的ARGs丰度普遍高于其宠主。在广州的一项研究中宠物猫肠道中ARGs的丰度显著高于宠主，猫肠道中ARGs主要为四环素类和氨基糖苷类[13]；类似地，宠物犬中ARGs的丰富也呈现出高于宠主的趋势[34]。尽管宠主和宠物之间存在ARGs的共享现象，特别是四环素类（tetQ和tetA）和大环内酯类（ermB和ermF）基因，但宠物的ARGs携带水平总体仍高于人类宿主。这些发现突显了宠物作为ARGs重要储存库的潜在风险，尤其在宠物犬中表现得更为显著[2]。这些研究结果表明，ARGs在三者中的丰度顺序是：宠物犬>宠物猫>宠主。
3　宠主及宠物中ARGs传播情况
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3.1　宠主及宠物中ARGs共享传播情况
目前，多种方法与检测技术均已运用于宠物-宠主的ARGs关系研究。有研究通过传统方法发现，宠物及其宠主的E.coli耐药分离株相似性较高[38]；有研究对35户家庭中宠物犬和宠主共享ARGs的情况进行研究，研究发现平均每户犬主仅共享3.3个 ARGs。大多数被调查的ARGs在两组中分布相似，但仍有38.6%的ARGs只在宠物或宠主中出现，或在两组中的存在情况差异显著[2]。此外，宠物及其宠主的ARGs也存在一定比例的相似性[2]，表明它们之间存在共享ARB和ARGs的风险。日本的一项研究中也证实了宠物犬和宠主之间发生了耐药E.coli的传递[44]。在宠物犬的粪便中分离得到大肠杆菌的由质粒携带的blaCTX-M-14和blaCTX-M-15，这些基因的分型是ST131，而该型别是人类临床上最常见的E.coli分型[45]。这项研究结果提示了宠物犬与人之间ARGs传播的可能。此外，通过随访，Kira Schmitt等[18]观察到了产ESBL的E.coli和Kp在宠物医院和家庭的传递链，提示宠物医院ICU环境可能促进ARB和ARGs的传播。
此外，宠物及其宠主粪便中均检测到了相同的ARGs且两者的耐药基因有很强的相关性[34]。宠物猫与人的抗生素抗性组研究结果也提示宠物可能会通过影响环境的抗生素抗性组从而影响人的抗生素抗性组[13]。目前应用宏基因组测序技术探讨宠物-人的ARGs关系是一个发展趋势，然而目前的研究主要通过横断面采样反应宠物-人之间ARGs的共享情况，缺乏ARGs传递转移的直接证据。因此，需进一步加强ARGs在宠物-宠主之间传播方向及机制的相关研究。
3.2　ARGs传播的途径及影响因素
ARGs常借助垂直基因转移（vertical gene transfer,VGT）和水平基因转移（horizontal gene transfer,HGT）等方式在人、动物和环境中传播[19]。VGT是指ARGs通过宿主菌的自我繁殖进行传递。HGT是指ARGs通过质粒、整合子、转座子等可移动元件在细菌之间以转化、转导、结合等方式从一个菌株到另一个菌株发生转移，它是ARGs传播的主要途径[46]，包括ARGs在环境中的暴露、通过食物链、直接接触传播等[19,47]。如有研究在犬的唾液中检测出碳青霉烯类、四环素类、磺胺类等多种耐药基因，犬唾液可以作为传播ARGs的介质，通过与人的接触，也可能定植于人类皮肤和黏膜，造成抗性基因传播的风险[47]。宠物在人类生活中扮演着重要的角色，宠物和宠主之间亲密的举动如亲吻、抚摸等成为了微生物种间传播的潜在风险因素，宠物活动频率最高的场所伴随着ARGs的高检出率[13,38]。
影响宠物源ARGs传播受多方面因素的影响，包括抗生素使用、生活环境、人宠关系等多个方面。此外，家庭成员暴露于兽医院环境、6个月内有国际旅行史也会增加抗性基因传递的风险[16]。因此，为了减少ARGs的传播，应该对宠物抗生素的使用加强管理、定期清洁宠物用具及宠物生活环境，如宠物常活动的地板、沙发等，减少ARGs传播的可能[48]。
4　总结与展望
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目前ARGs检测方法以qPCR具有较强的综合检测能力，进一步开发快速且灵敏的定量检测方法及基因注释方法，是以后需要重点关注的方向。此外，宠物携带的ARGs丰度普遍高于其宠主，并有向人类传递的风险，后续研究应结合多种技术手段密切关注宠物-宠主ARGs共享传播现状、途径和影响因素，以减少ARGs的传播，降低ARGs所带来的健康风险。动物源性耐药细菌是ARGs的主要储存库，宠物是ARGs迁移传播的重要媒介，后续研究可加强宠主、宠物及环境的连续性监测，为未来精准控制抗生素耐药性提供科学依据。同时，加强对动物抗生素使用的管理，提高公众对抗生素耐药性问题的认识，以降低抗生素耐药性传播风险，以更好地推进人类-动物-环境健康为一体的“One health”理念，促进人类健康与公共卫生安全。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(82373646)
  • 四川省重大科技专项项目(2022ZDZX0017)
  • 四川省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC1737)
文献
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412316
  • 接收时间：2024-12-18
  • 首发时间：2026-03-16
  • 出版时间：2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(82373646)
四川省重大科技专项项目(2022ZDZX0017)
四川省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC1737)
作者信息
    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院，四川 成都 610000

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陈嘉熠，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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