Article(id=1240413926702248296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722614400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667325902, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667325902, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667325902, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667325902, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2828, endPage=2834, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413926995849614, articleId=1240413926702248296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=School food education and its impact on healthy dietary beliefs and behavior of parents, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand parents’ attitudes towards school food education, explore the impact of school food education on parents’ dietary beliefs, and whether it could have a positive effect on dietary behavior.

Methods

A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to collect data from parents whose children are from primary school in grades 3-5 in the food education districts and counties (Pingqiao District and Xin County) and the control county (Shangcheng County) in Xinyang City. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on family background, frequency of food intake, and dietary attitudes and dietary beliefs. The differences between the two groups were compared using t test,χ2 test and rank sum test, and the influencing factors of parents’ dietary beliefs were analyzed using a multivariable logistic model.

Results

The survey included 2 601 research subjects, including 1 252 in the food education group and 1 349 in the control group. The proportion of students in the food education group who regularly shared health knowledge was 51.3%, which was higher than that of the control group (33.4%) (P<0.05). In the survey of intake frequency of 7 kinds of foods, the intake of 6 kinds of foods per day in the food education group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The proportion of parents in the food education group who were aware of suggesting their children to drink milk every day was 81.1%, which was higher than the control group's proportion of 66.9% (χ2=67.37, P<0.05). The proportion of the food education group which tried to provide a variety of foods for each meal was 59.8%, which was higher than the control group's proportion of 40.1% (χ2=100.40, P<0.05).

Conclusion

School food education can improve parents’ beliefs of healthy dietary, thereby improving household dietary intake.Children's sharing of health knowledge could play an important role as well.

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目的

了解家长对学校食育的态度,探究学校食育对学生家长饮食观念的影响,以及是否可以在饮食行为上产生积极作用。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样法对信阳市食育区县(平桥区和新县)和对照县(商城县)的3~5年级小学生家长进行调查,采用自填式问卷收集家庭的基本情况、食物摄入频次、饮食态度、观念。使用t检验、χ2检验、秩和检验比较两组调查结果的差异,采用多因素logistic模型分析家长饮食观念的影响因素。

结果

共纳入2 601名研究对象,其中食育组1 252人,对照组1 349人。食育组学生经常分享健康知识的占比为51.3%,高于对照组的33.4%(P<0.05)。在7种食物摄入频次的调查中6种食物每天摄入情况食育组明显高于对照组。食育组家长中有意识让孩子每天喝牛奶的占比是81.1%,高于对照组的66.9%(χ2=67.37,P<0.05)。食育组每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多、丰富些的占比是59.8%,也高于对照组的40.1%(χ2=100.40,P<0.05)。

结论

学校食育对于提高家长的健康饮食观念、改善家庭的膳食摄入成正相关。儿童对健康知识的分享可以起到小手拉大手的作用。

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李强,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=O9L/XlG6HOTEDFfBXyUX3A==, magXml=XfpnMN0qV/41HHon1ViYWQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AfSn+O6Ri8NwPszLAiAdsQ==, pdfFileSize=841057, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5tD6dm+uWTVMNKdxenSmeA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EW1aG/H47LVi46PnsNbrRQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘璐(1988—),女,本科,无职称,研究方向:儿童食育

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Note:*P<0.05;**P<0.01.

, figureFileSmall=9HhAekeneXbUNevjQQtMnA==, figureFileBig=VWfBfLfbMIVZppjQ3MMDHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424351833575874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=CN, label=图1, caption=信阳市食育组和对照组家庭食物摄入种类频次比较

注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=9HhAekeneXbUNevjQQtMnA==, figureFileBig=VWfBfLfbMIVZppjQ3MMDHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424351976182225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General characteristics of parents of students in Xinyang City, Henan Province [(),%]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征合计(n=2 601)食育组(n=1 252)对照组(n=1 349)P
母亲年龄(岁)35.93±5.2037.04±5.6634.91±4.51<0.001
父亲年龄(岁)37.69±5.8739.37±6.2736.12±4.98<0.001
其他看护人比例(除父母外)33.833.034.50.424
母亲超重肥胖比例22.124.320.1%0.012
父亲超重肥胖比例40.640.041.10.576
母亲外出务工比例23.322.424.00.071
父亲外出务工比例62.955.370.1<0.001
家庭年收入(万元)<0.001
<326.131.820.6
3~<529.434.324.7
5~<1029.623.535.5
>1014.910.519.2
母亲受教育程度<0.001
小学及以下14.116.112.3
初中52.245.058.8
高中/中专及以上33.738.929.0
父亲受教育程度<0.001
小学及以下9.912.17.9
初中50.044.055.5
高中/中专及以上40.143.936.6
母亲职业<0.001
务农23.426.720.5
个体经营11.612.011.2
务工33.529.736.8
企事业单位职工14.415.713.2
离休/待业17.215.918.4
父亲职业<0.001
务农10.311.79.0
个体经营12.811.614.0
务工60.257.462.9
企事业单位职工14.816.812.9
离休/待业1.92.51.3
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352114594261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

河南信阳市学生家长的一般特征[(),%]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征合计(n=2 601)食育组(n=1 252)对照组(n=1 349)P
母亲年龄(岁)35.93±5.2037.04±5.6634.91±4.51<0.001
父亲年龄(岁)37.69±5.8739.37±6.2736.12±4.98<0.001
其他看护人比例(除父母外)33.833.034.50.424
母亲超重肥胖比例22.124.320.1%0.012
父亲超重肥胖比例40.640.041.10.576
母亲外出务工比例23.322.424.00.071
父亲外出务工比例62.955.370.1<0.001
家庭年收入(万元)<0.001
<326.131.820.6
3~<529.434.324.7
5~<1029.623.535.5
>1014.910.519.2
母亲受教育程度<0.001
小学及以下14.116.112.3
初中52.245.058.8
高中/中专及以上33.738.929.0
父亲受教育程度<0.001
小学及以下9.912.17.9
初中50.044.055.5
高中/中专及以上40.143.936.6
母亲职业<0.001
务农23.426.720.5
个体经营11.612.011.2
务工33.529.736.8
企事业单位职工14.415.713.2
离休/待业17.215.918.4
父亲职业<0.001
务农10.311.79.0
个体经营12.811.614.0
务工60.257.462.9
企事业单位职工14.816.812.9
离休/待业1.92.51.3
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352244617693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The impact of food education on parents’ knowledge and beliefs in Xinyang City, Henan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题食育组
人数(%)
对照组
人数(%)
P
1.您是否知道学校开展食育课?开展了1 142(92.8)269(20.5)<0.001
没开展16(1.3)588(44.7)
不知道73(5.9)458(34.8)
2.您认为孩子在学校学习健康知识有必要吗?很必要936(75.6)828(63.3)<0.001
必要261(21.1)425(32.5)
没必要16(1.3)12(0.9)
不知道25(2.0)44(3.4)
3.您孩子回到家,会把所学到的健康知识与家里人分享吗?经常说636(51.3)411(33.4)<0.001
偶尔说538(43.4)608(49.4)
从不说65(5.2)211(17.2)
4.家长会经常管束孩子吃零食吗?不让喝170(13.9)145(10.9)0.133
偶尔让孩子吃971(79.5)1 085(81.8)
基本不限制50(4.1)59(4.4)
经常给孩子买饮料喝30(2.5)38(2.9)
5.不正确饮食观念①吃什么无所谓,孩子吃饱最重要120(9.6)139(10.4)0.539
②有意识给孩子多吃肉,肉最有营养305(24.5)382(28.5)0.022
③给孩子买爱吃的零食,没有刻意控制50(4.0)76(5.7)0.051
④早餐不重要,只要中晚餐丰盛就好44(3.5)46(3.4)0.885
⑤只要孩子吃足够多的肉、蛋、鱼,就能完全
满足孩子生长发育的需要
223(17.9)277(20.7)0.078
⑥与粗面粉相比,精面粉有更高的营养价值117(9.4)134(10.0)0.610
6.正确饮食观念⑦有意识不让孩子喝饮料170(13.9)145(10.9)<0.001
⑧有意识的让孩子多吃蔬菜、水果1 172(94.2)1 236(92.2)0.047
⑨有意识的让孩子每天喝牛奶1 009(81.1)897(66.9)<0.001
⑩每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多,丰富些?744(59.8)538(40.1)<0.001
⑪选择孩子的饮食时会优先考虑它的营养价值815(65.5)818(61.0)0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352416584175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

河南信阳市食育对家长知识信念等的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题食育组
人数(%)
对照组
人数(%)
P
1.您是否知道学校开展食育课?开展了1 142(92.8)269(20.5)<0.001
没开展16(1.3)588(44.7)
不知道73(5.9)458(34.8)
2.您认为孩子在学校学习健康知识有必要吗?很必要936(75.6)828(63.3)<0.001
必要261(21.1)425(32.5)
没必要16(1.3)12(0.9)
不知道25(2.0)44(3.4)
3.您孩子回到家,会把所学到的健康知识与家里人分享吗?经常说636(51.3)411(33.4)<0.001
偶尔说538(43.4)608(49.4)
从不说65(5.2)211(17.2)
4.家长会经常管束孩子吃零食吗?不让喝170(13.9)145(10.9)0.133
偶尔让孩子吃971(79.5)1 085(81.8)
基本不限制50(4.1)59(4.4)
经常给孩子买饮料喝30(2.5)38(2.9)
5.不正确饮食观念①吃什么无所谓,孩子吃饱最重要120(9.6)139(10.4)0.539
②有意识给孩子多吃肉,肉最有营养305(24.5)382(28.5)0.022
③给孩子买爱吃的零食,没有刻意控制50(4.0)76(5.7)0.051
④早餐不重要,只要中晚餐丰盛就好44(3.5)46(3.4)0.885
⑤只要孩子吃足够多的肉、蛋、鱼,就能完全
满足孩子生长发育的需要
223(17.9)277(20.7)0.078
⑥与粗面粉相比,精面粉有更高的营养价值117(9.4)134(10.0)0.610
6.正确饮食观念⑦有意识不让孩子喝饮料170(13.9)145(10.9)<0.001
⑧有意识的让孩子多吃蔬菜、水果1 172(94.2)1 236(92.2)0.047
⑨有意识的让孩子每天喝牛奶1 009(81.1)897(66.9)<0.001
⑩每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多,丰富些?744(59.8)538(40.1)<0.001
⑪选择孩子的饮食时会优先考虑它的营养价值815(65.5)818(61.0)0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352517247481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of parents’ correct dietary beliefs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWaldsPOR值(95% CI)
食育教育0.6300.09049.140<0.0011.878(1.575~2.241)
父亲年龄0.0220.0087.8550.0051.023(1.007~1.039)
父亲文化程度(ref:小学)0.018
初中0.1810.1641.2260.2681.199(0.870~1.653)
高中/中专及以上0.4100.1715.7340.0171.507(1.077~2.109)
母亲文化程度(ref:小学)0.001
初中0.5130.14612.417<0.0001.671(1.256~2.222)
高中/中专及以上0.5340.15811.3660.0011.706(1.251~2.328)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424352622105089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413926702248296, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

家长正确饮食观念的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWaldsPOR值(95% CI)
食育教育0.6300.09049.140<0.0011.878(1.575~2.241)
父亲年龄0.0220.0087.8550.0051.023(1.007~1.039)
父亲文化程度(ref:小学)0.018
初中0.1810.1641.2260.2681.199(0.870~1.653)
高中/中专及以上0.4100.1715.7340.0171.507(1.077~2.109)
母亲文化程度(ref:小学)0.001
初中0.5130.14612.417<0.0001.671(1.256~2.222)
高中/中专及以上0.5340.15811.3660.0011.706(1.251~2.328)
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学校食育对学生家长健康饮食观念及行为的影响
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刘璐 1 , 魏炜 2 , 毛春蕊 1 , 王旭峰 1 , 李强 2 , 常明 1 , 王友发 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(15): 2828-2834
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(15): 2828-2834
学校食育对学生家长健康饮食观念及行为的影响
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刘璐1, 魏炜2, 毛春蕊1, 王旭峰1, 李强2 , 常明1, 王友发2
作者信息
  • 1.首都保健营养美食学会,北京 100000
  • 2.西安交通大学全球健康研究院、公共卫生学院,陕西 西安 710061
  • 刘璐(1988—),女,本科,无职称,研究方向:儿童食育

通讯作者:

李强,E-mail:
School food education and its impact on healthy dietary beliefs and behavior of parents
Lu LIU1, Wei WEI2, Chun-rui MAO1, Xu-feng WANG1, Qiang LI2 , Ming CHANG1, You-fa WANG2
Affiliations
  • Capital Healthcare and Nutrition Cuisine Society, Beijing 100000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408035
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目的

了解家长对学校食育的态度,探究学校食育对学生家长饮食观念的影响,以及是否可以在饮食行为上产生积极作用。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样法对信阳市食育区县(平桥区和新县)和对照县(商城县)的3~5年级小学生家长进行调查,采用自填式问卷收集家庭的基本情况、食物摄入频次、饮食态度、观念。使用t检验、χ2检验、秩和检验比较两组调查结果的差异,采用多因素logistic模型分析家长饮食观念的影响因素。

结果

共纳入2 601名研究对象,其中食育组1 252人,对照组1 349人。食育组学生经常分享健康知识的占比为51.3%,高于对照组的33.4%(P<0.05)。在7种食物摄入频次的调查中6种食物每天摄入情况食育组明显高于对照组。食育组家长中有意识让孩子每天喝牛奶的占比是81.1%,高于对照组的66.9%(χ2=67.37,P<0.05)。食育组每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多、丰富些的占比是59.8%,也高于对照组的40.1%(χ2=100.40,P<0.05)。

结论

学校食育对于提高家长的健康饮食观念、改善家庭的膳食摄入成正相关。儿童对健康知识的分享可以起到小手拉大手的作用。

食育  /  学生家长  /  健康饮食观念
Objective

To understand parents’ attitudes towards school food education, explore the impact of school food education on parents’ dietary beliefs, and whether it could have a positive effect on dietary behavior.

Methods

A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to collect data from parents whose children are from primary school in grades 3-5 in the food education districts and counties (Pingqiao District and Xin County) and the control county (Shangcheng County) in Xinyang City. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on family background, frequency of food intake, and dietary attitudes and dietary beliefs. The differences between the two groups were compared using t test,χ2 test and rank sum test, and the influencing factors of parents’ dietary beliefs were analyzed using a multivariable logistic model.

Results

The survey included 2 601 research subjects, including 1 252 in the food education group and 1 349 in the control group. The proportion of students in the food education group who regularly shared health knowledge was 51.3%, which was higher than that of the control group (33.4%) (P<0.05). In the survey of intake frequency of 7 kinds of foods, the intake of 6 kinds of foods per day in the food education group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The proportion of parents in the food education group who were aware of suggesting their children to drink milk every day was 81.1%, which was higher than the control group's proportion of 66.9% (χ2=67.37, P<0.05). The proportion of the food education group which tried to provide a variety of foods for each meal was 59.8%, which was higher than the control group's proportion of 40.1% (χ2=100.40, P<0.05).

Conclusion

School food education can improve parents’ beliefs of healthy dietary, thereby improving household dietary intake.Children's sharing of health knowledge could play an important role as well.

Food education  /  Parents of students  /  Healthy dietary beliefs
刘璐, 魏炜, 毛春蕊, 王旭峰, 李强, 常明, 王友发. 学校食育对学生家长健康饮食观念及行为的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2828 -2834 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408035
Lu LIU, Wei WEI, Chun-rui MAO, Xu-feng WANG, Qiang LI, Ming CHANG, You-fa WANG. School food education and its impact on healthy dietary beliefs and behavior of parents[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2828 -2834 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408035
我国居民健康素养及饮食健康问题突出,未来需要大力改进,而食育是重要抓手。据2015年的数据显示中国育龄女性营养知识水平为48.09%,中老年人营养知识水平为30.53%[1]。2022年我国居民健康素养水平为27.78%,全国城市居民健康素养水平为31.94%,农村居民为23.78%[2]
食育又称饮食教育,指通过各种各样的活动来促进人们学习与食相关的知识,养成有关食的正确判断能力,使其能够实践健全的饮食生活,从而实现健康的目的。食育也是通过饮食相关过程进行德智体美劳等各方面教育,从而培养健全的人格和丰富的人性[3]。日本自2005年颁布《食育基本法》以来,不断推进食育体系的发展,形成了较为完善的食育政策和实践体系。日本政府通过立法确保食育的推行,并将其纳入国民教育体系中[4]。2022年,教育部正式将“烹饪和营养”纳入义务教育课程方案[5]。在食育概念未形成之前,食育就一直存在于家庭之中,主要来自母亲的喂养和家庭的生活方式。随着经济水平的提高、食品工业化和商业化的发展,家庭所具备的饮食经验已经无法应对现实生活[6]。学生父母不仅需要对自己的健康负责,也要对孩子的健康负责。研究显示,父母高水平的健康素养对于儿童健康是积极因素[7],提高父母的健康素养具有重要的现实意义。
河南省信阳市平桥区、新县两地自2014年开展食育项目。目前,已经在近100所小学推进了食育工作,建立食育功能教室的学校达到18所,受益学生12万人次。由首都保健营养美食学会“食育推动计划项目”做专业支持[8]。本研究旨在评估食育项目实施后学生受益的同时家长是否受益。
采用横断面调查的研究设计方法,选择信阳市开展食育的区县(平桥区和新县)为食育组,选择社会经济情况接近的未开展食育的临近区县(商城县)为对照组,每组各抽取数量接近的3~5年级小学生家长进行问卷调查。
采用分层整群随机抽样,将学校的级别分为三层(抽样时按城镇、郊区和山区抽取,兼顾食育开展情况好、中、差几种情况),在食育组的两个区县每层各抽取1~2所学校,再整群抽取全部开展食育的3~5年级学生家长。对照组每层各也抽取1~2所学校,学校的级别和食育组相匹配,抽取的年级和食育组相同,各年级人数也基本接近食育组。研究通过了西安交通大学医学部生物医学伦理委员会审批(编号:2022-0387),调查前也取得了校方及学生和家长的同意。
采用自编调查问卷收集研究对象家庭的一般情况(主要看护人、父母年龄、职业、受教育程度、外出务工、超重肥胖情况、家庭收入情况等),对待学校食育的态度及饮食观念的调查内容包括学校开展食育工作家长的知晓率、家长认为学生在校学习健康知识的必要性、学生是否给家长分享食育知识等,健康的饮食观念和不健康的饮食观念共11道题,回答正确计1分,回答错误计0分,将11道题得分合计,答对10道题或11道题定义为90%以上回答正确,答对9道题及以下者定义为90%以下。另外还调查了家庭中不同种类膳食摄入频次情况。调查前对调查员进行了严格的培训,对调查表的实用性进行了预调查。
(1)食育组教学年级为3~5年级,食育开课频次大于1课时/月;(2)食育开课时长1年以上;(3)食育授课教师经过专业培训,培训内容以《中国居民膳食指南》[9]为基础的科学饮食的相关知识,以及运用这些知识如何转化为学校的课程,同时,让做的好的学校开展展示课(4次/年);(4)食育授课内容为《食育》系列教材[10-21]
问卷采用EpiData软件进行调查数据的双录入,并进行一致性查验和极值检错。分析采用SPSS统计软件,计量资料采用(均数±标准差)进行描述,符合正态分布时使用独立样本t检验进行组间比较,不符合正态分布时使用Mann-Whitney秩和检验进行组间比较,计数资料和等级资料采用频数和构成比进行描述,计数资料采用χ2检验进行组间比较,χ2检验不满足时使用Fisher确切概率法,等级资料采用Mann-Whitney秩和检验进行组间比较,采用logistic回归进行多因素分析,检验水准α=0.05。
本次评估共纳入3~5年级小学生家长2 601人,其中1 252人来自于食育组,1 349人来自于对照组。与对照组相比,食育组父母年龄稍大、母亲超重肥胖比例较高、父亲外出务工比例较低、家庭年收入较低、父母高中以上文化程度比例略高、父母的职业分布也有显著性差异(P<0.05)。父母之外的其他看护人比例、父亲超重肥胖比例和母亲外出务工比例两组间无显著性差异。见表1
调查中关于家长是否知道学校开展了食育课、认为孩子在学校了解健康知识的必要性、孩子是否有把学到的健康知识与家里人分享、家长对孩子喝饮料的态度、有意识的让孩子每天喝牛奶、每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多、丰富些的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中食育组的家长92.8%都知道学校开展食育工作,且认为很有必要在学校了解健康知识的占比为75.6%,有必要的占比21.1%,对照组认为很有必要的占比63.3%,有必要占比32.5%。说明无论学校是否开展食育大多数家长都认为健康知识的学习是有必要的。食育组学生回家后和家长经常分享健康知识的占比51.3%,对照组是33.4%。食育组家长不让学生喝饮料占比38.1%,对照组占比30.2%。食育组中有意识让孩子每天喝牛奶的占比81.1%,对照组占比66.9%。食育组每顿饭的食物种类都尽量多、丰富些的占比59.8%,对照组占比40.1%。见表2
以家长饮食观念是否正确(得分90%以上)为因变量,以食育教育、父亲年龄、父亲文化程度、母亲文化程度为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,学校开展食育、父亲年龄越高、父亲文化程度越高、母亲文化程度越高的回归系数皆为正值,OR值都显著大于1。见表3
七种不同食物摄入频次比较结果显示,食育组与对照组相比在蛋类、奶及奶制品类、新鲜蔬菜类、新鲜水果类、鱼虾水产品类、豆类六种食物摄入频次上都具有统计学差异(P<0.05),其中每天食用蛋类在食育组中占比29.6%,在对照组中占比19.0%。每天食用新鲜水果类在食育组中占比39.9%,在对照组中占比22.9%,每天食用鱼虾水产类在食育组中占比3.5%,在对照组中占比2.5%。每天摄入奶及奶制品类食育组占比22.6%,对照组占比22.1%。每天摄入新鲜蔬菜类食育组占比66.5%,对照组占比64.4%。每天摄入大豆类食育组占比13.3%,对照组占比12.3%。有关于不健康饮食行为频次的调研中,很少外出就餐食育组占比45.1%,对照组占比52.1%。很少摄入含糖饮料食育组占比58.4%,对照组占比63.6%(P<0.05)。六类健康食物摄入频次中每日摄入的频次都是食育组高于对照组,外出就餐和甜饮料摄入的比例食育组也少于对照组,说明开展食育对于家庭健康膳食摄入行为有促进作用。见图1
本研究对信阳市开展食育区县和未开展食育对照县的3~5年级小学生家长进行的一般情况、食物摄入频次、对待学校食育的态度及饮食观念的调查,结果发现学校开展食育与提高家长的健康饮食观念、改善家庭的膳食摄入成正相关,儿童对健康知识的分享可以起到小手拉大手的作用。在健康食物的摄入频次调研中发现食育组在蛋类、奶及奶制品类、新鲜蔬菜类、新鲜水果类、鱼虾水产品类、豆类六种食物的摄入频次都高于对照组(P<0.05),这正是食育教育中的教学内容,说明大部分的孩子有意愿分享在食育课上学习的健康知识给家长,从而间接改善家庭的膳食摄入,对于健康饮食生活行为起到促进作用,这与柳晓琳、陈琨、赵文秀等人[22]的研究结果一致。
调查结果显示,食育组学生回家后和家长经常分享健康知识的占比要高于对照组,同时食育组家长不让学生喝饮料占比38.1%、有意识让孩子每天喝牛奶的占比和每顿饭的食物种类都尽量丰富的占比食育组均高于对照组。说明学校食育教育会通过学生影响到家庭,促进家长的健康饮食观念的提升,起到小手拉大手的作用。家长的健康饮食观念提升以后会加强对于学生正确饮食行为的管束,促进正确饮食观念的形成,这与相关研究保持一致[23]
本研究中主要考虑健康饮食的促进作用,有关不健康饮食频次仅调研了外出就餐、外卖和甜饮料摄入,未来开展研究可以加大不健康饮食频次的了解,因为不健康饮食习惯往往会影响一个人的一生。目前,我国儿童所面临的最重要的健康问题——超重肥胖,中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020)显示,我国6~17岁儿童超重肥胖率接近20%。儿童超重肥胖与家庭提供的饮食环境息息相关[24],尤其我们处于成年人超重肥胖比例超过一半的时期,表1中对于学生父母的调研数据显示,母亲的总超重肥胖率为22.09%,父亲的超重肥胖率为40.55%,也都处于较高水平。父母是儿童健康饮食的榜样,重视不健康饮食行为习惯的纠正,对于家庭来说至关重要。想要改善学生不健康饮食行为习惯,面向家长的宣教更为紧迫[25-26]。多项研究[27-28]及本研究均表明父母的文化程度越低,其饮食观念越差,而开展食育可以培养父母正确饮食观念。
本次调查在3~5年级学生家长中开展,由于样本的选择是依据受调查学生对应的家长样本,所以年龄、收入、受教育水平均有较大差异。本次调研着重在健康饮食的方向,但食育的最终目标是健全人格和丰富人性[1],在教育属性上也起着重要影响。本次评估具有局限性,希望同行可以进行更多维度有关食育的研究。
促进儿童健康饮食,无论是学校、家长还是社会都负有不可推卸的责任[29]。关于儿童的健康饮食方面的问题,人们常常把责任归咎于家庭教育,家庭教育固然重要,但目前有一定的局限性。本研究显示食育可以改善家庭的膳食摄入,儿童作为家庭重要成员,可能影响家庭的食物摄入[30]。因此应充分运用好学校这一重要的推动食育工作的阵地[31];同时,兼顾起唤起、促进家庭重视食育的作用。家长应该有意识的提高自己的健康素养包括饮食习惯,成为子女的榜样。
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408035
  • 接收时间:2024-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-03
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    1.首都保健营养美食学会,北京 100000
    2.西安交通大学全球健康研究院、公共卫生学院,陕西 西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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