Article(id=1240413925708190343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744992000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667325664, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667325664, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667325664, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667325664, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2713, endPage=2718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413926073094793, articleId=1240413925708190343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Influencing factors and pathways of physical activity of frail older adults in nursing homes based on a health ecology model, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the factors influencing of physical activity in frail older adults in nursing homes and their pathways based on the health ecology model.

Methods

A cluster combined with convenience sampling was used to select eligible elderly from 8 private nursing homes in Shanxi Province from July 2024 to January 2025. The general information questionnaires, International Physical Activity Questionnair-Short Form, Exercise Self-efficacy Scale, Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and scale of the Elderly Self-neglect were used for the investigation, and a structural equation modeling was constructed.

Results

Among the 352 study participants, 50.9% had low levels of physical activity. Elderly Self-neglect was negatively correlated with physical activity (r=-0.350, P<0.01), Exercise Self-efficacy,Exercise Benefits and Barriers, and Social Support were positively correlated with physical activity (r=0.512,0.236,0.625,respectively; P<0.01). Elderly Self-neglec had only a direct effect on physical activity (β=-0.182, P<0.001), whereas Exercise Self-efficacy, Exercise Benefits and Barriers in exercise, and Social Support had both direct and indirect effects on physical activity (direct effects β=0.254, 0.103, 0.493; indirect effects β=0.033, 0.086, 0.113, respectively; all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of low physical activity among frail older adults in nursing homes is high. Particular attention should be given to the physical activity of frail older adults who are elderly, have a low level of education, and suffer from depression. Nursing staff can take comprehensive measures to enhance their exercise self-efficacy, strengthen their awareness of benefits of exercise, and provide adequate social support to reduce self-neglect, so as to promote their physical activity level and improve their health status.

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目的

基于健康生态学模型分析养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及其作用路径。

方法

采用整群与便利结合抽样法,于2024年7月—2025年1月选取山西省8所民办养老机构符合条件的老年人为调查对象。采用一般资料调查问卷、国际身体活动问卷、运动自我效能量表、运动益处/障碍感知量表、社会支持量表、老年自我忽视评估量表等进行调查,并构建结构方程模型。

结果

352名研究对象的身体活动处于低水平率,为50.9%。自我忽视与身体活动呈负相关(r=-0.350,P<0.01),运动自我效能、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持与身体活动呈正相关(r= 0.512,0236,0.625,P<0.01)。自我忽视对身体活动仅存在直接效应(β=-0.182,P<0.001),运动自我效能、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持与身体活动存在直接与间接效应(直接效应β=0.254、0.103、0.493;间接效应β=0.033、0.086、0.113;均P<0.001)。

结论

养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动低水平率高,应重点关注高龄、文化程度低、抑郁的衰弱老年人的身体活动,机构护理人员可采取综合措施提升其运动自我效能,强化对运动益处的认知,并提供充足的社会支持,降低其自我忽视,以促进其身体活动水平、改善健康状况。

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高欢玲,E-mail:
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高欢玲(1975—),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:老年护理

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The pathway analysis of physical activity level and influencing factors on elderly patients with osteoporosis[J]. Journal of Nursing Administration, 2024, 24(11): 931-935, 957.(In Chinese), articleTitle=The pathway analysis of physical activity level and influencing factors on elderly patients with osteoporosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424357575586627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Seo JS, Joo K, Li YL, journalName=International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seo JS, Joo K, Li YL, et al. Healthy aging in frail older adults:Active aging project of a National survey[J]. 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BMJ Open, 2025, 15(2): e097268., articleTitle=Exploring barriers,motivators and facilitators for physical activity and exercise in a UK South Asian community: a qualitative study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240424349413470667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, awardId=20241750, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省大学生创新创业训练项目(20241750), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240424349577048540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, awardId=2025A21, language=CN, fundingSource=山西医科大学汾阳学院科研项目(2025A21), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240424342887133341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424342895521951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, companyId=1240424342887133341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424342903910559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, companyId=1240424342887133341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 汾阳 032200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240424342962630819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424342971019427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, companyId=1240424342962630819, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西福祉养老服务有限公司)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240424347698000215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Structural equation model of factors affecting physical activity levels, figureFileSmall=DNCpe+jQIMfGca2zIs0bNA==, figureFileBig=xyldeui1dRN67m395BD55Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424347840606560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=图1, caption=身体活动水平的影响因素结构方程模型图, figureFileSmall=DNCpe+jQIMfGca2zIs0bNA==, figureFileBig=xyldeui1dRN67m395BD55Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424347995795816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General data and univariate analysis of physical activity level (n=352)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目人数(%)身体活动得分
FP
年龄(岁)42.720<0.001
60~74123(34.9)1 064.40±545.16
75~89200(56.8)687.97±498.57
90~9929(8.2)545.16±292.20
文化程度3.5740.029
小学及以下170(48.3)742.95±731.27
初中115(32.7)1 134.14±756.42
高中及以上67(19.0)979.39±755.24
抑郁40.754<0.001
115(32.7)562.75±357.01
237(67.3)1 087.05±844.39
中重度疼痛5.9450.015
38(10.8)632.89±714.75
314(89.2)949.99±762.05
家庭人均月收入(元)3.7390.025
<1 00073(20.7)996.24±814.00
1 000~3 000165(46.9)799.18±697.96
>3 000114(32.4)1 032.95±799.34
入住前运动习惯9.5150.002
128(36.4)822.12±527.25
224(63.6)1 079.63±1037.44
体育宣传频率(次/月)9.367<0.001
≤1124(35.2)777.93±675.51
2~3143(40.6)857.97±717.33
≥485(24.1)1 214.05±867.21
体育活动组织频率(次/
日)
34.190<0.001
≤1103(29.3)551.82±408.03
2165(46.9)896.24±677.28
≥384(23.9)1 400.36±972.13
体育设施数量(个)12.088<0.001
≤152(14.8)455.15±294.41
2~375(21.3)943.01±738.10
≥4225(63.9)1 013.13±807.68
体育活动指导50.220<0.001
229(65.1)1 113.44±811.98
123(34.9)547.72±480.33
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348092264816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一般资料及身体活动水平的单因素分析(n=352)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目人数(%)身体活动得分
FP
年龄(岁)42.720<0.001
60~74123(34.9)1 064.40±545.16
75~89200(56.8)687.97±498.57
90~9929(8.2)545.16±292.20
文化程度3.5740.029
小学及以下170(48.3)742.95±731.27
初中115(32.7)1 134.14±756.42
高中及以上67(19.0)979.39±755.24
抑郁40.754<0.001
115(32.7)562.75±357.01
237(67.3)1 087.05±844.39
中重度疼痛5.9450.015
38(10.8)632.89±714.75
314(89.2)949.99±762.05
家庭人均月收入(元)3.7390.025
<1 00073(20.7)996.24±814.00
1 000~3 000165(46.9)799.18±697.96
>3 000114(32.4)1 032.95±799.34
入住前运动习惯9.5150.002
128(36.4)822.12±527.25
224(63.6)1 079.63±1037.44
体育宣传频率(次/月)9.367<0.001
≤1124(35.2)777.93±675.51
2~3143(40.6)857.97±717.33
≥485(24.1)1 214.05±867.21
体育活动组织频率(次/
日)
34.190<0.001
≤1103(29.3)551.82±408.03
2165(46.9)896.24±677.28
≥384(23.9)1 400.36±972.13
体育设施数量(个)12.088<0.001
≤152(14.8)455.15±294.41
2~375(21.3)943.01±738.10
≥4225(63.9)1 013.13±807.68
体育活动指导50.220<0.001
229(65.1)1 113.44±811.98
123(34.9)547.72±480.33
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348184539512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable assignment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值方法
年龄(岁)60~74=1,75~89=2,90~99=3
抑郁无=0,有=1
中重度疼痛无=0,有=1
运动自我效能原值代入
入住前运动习惯无=0,有=1
自我忽视原值带入
运动益处/障碍感知原值代入
社会支持原值带入
文化程度小学及以下=0
初中=(Z1=1,Z2=0)
高中及以上=(Z1=0,Z2=1)
家庭人均月收入(元)<1 000=0
1 000~3 000=(Z1=1,Z2=2)
>3 000=(Z1=0,Z2=1)
体育宣传频率(次/月)≤1=1,2~3=2,≥4=3
体育活动组织频率(次/日)≤1=1,2=2,≥3=3
体育设施数量(个)≤1=1,2~3=2,≥4=3
体育活动指导无=0,有=1
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348293591421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量赋值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值方法
年龄(岁)60~74=1,75~89=2,90~99=3
抑郁无=0,有=1
中重度疼痛无=0,有=1
运动自我效能原值代入
入住前运动习惯无=0,有=1
自我忽视原值带入
运动益处/障碍感知原值代入
社会支持原值带入
文化程度小学及以下=0
初中=(Z1=1,Z2=0)
高中及以上=(Z1=0,Z2=1)
家庭人均月收入(元)<1 000=0
1 000~3 000=(Z1=1,Z2=2)
>3 000=(Z1=0,Z2=1)
体育宣传频率(次/月)≤1=1,2~3=2,≥4=3
体育活动组织频率(次/日)≤1=1,2=2,≥3=3
体育设施数量(个)≤1=1,2~3=2,≥4=3
体育活动指导无=0,有=1
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348499112328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hierarchical linear regression analysis of factors affecting physical activity level (n=352)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型一模型二模型三模型四
βPβPβPβP
个人特质
年龄(岁)-0.347<0.001-0.272<0.001-0.2180.002-0.180<0.001
抑郁-0.330<0.001-0.333<0.001-0.269<0.001-0.235<0.001
中重度疼痛-0.0180.5280.0150.7030.0240.5150.0040.904
运动自我效能0.563<0.0010.508<0.0010.379<0.0010.327<0.001
行为特征
入住前运动习惯0.142<0.0010.0520.1690.0190.633
自我忽视-0.193<0.001-0.159<0.001-0.160<0.001
运动益处/障碍感知0.0850.0390.0990.0090.0730.043
人际网络
社会支持0.320<0.0010.273<0.001
生活和工作条件
文化程度
初中-0.1410.008
高中及以上-0.282<0.001
家庭人均月收入(元)
1 000~3 000-0.0420.321
>3 000-0.0080.852
体育宣传频率0.1920.001
体育活动组织频率0.134<0.001
体育设施数量0.0660.076
体育活动指导0.1650.003
回归模型摘要
F102.576**70.688**81.993**48.371**
调整后R20.5420.5900.6570.698
F102.576**13.429**66.735**5.721*
R20.5420.0480.0670.041
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348624941455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

身体活动水平影响因素的阶层线性回归分析(n=352)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型一模型二模型三模型四
βPβPβPβP
个人特质
年龄(岁)-0.347<0.001-0.272<0.001-0.2180.002-0.180<0.001
抑郁-0.330<0.001-0.333<0.001-0.269<0.001-0.235<0.001
中重度疼痛-0.0180.5280.0150.7030.0240.5150.0040.904
运动自我效能0.563<0.0010.508<0.0010.379<0.0010.327<0.001
行为特征
入住前运动习惯0.142<0.0010.0520.1690.0190.633
自我忽视-0.193<0.001-0.159<0.001-0.160<0.001
运动益处/障碍感知0.0850.0390.0990.0090.0730.043
人际网络
社会支持0.320<0.0010.273<0.001
生活和工作条件
文化程度
初中-0.1410.008
高中及以上-0.282<0.001
家庭人均月收入(元)
1 000~3 000-0.0420.321
>3 000-0.0080.852
体育宣传频率0.1920.001
体育活动组织频率0.134<0.001
体育设施数量0.0660.076
体育活动指导0.1650.003
回归模型摘要
F102.576**70.688**81.993**48.371**
调整后R20.5420.5900.6570.698
F102.576**13.429**66.735**5.721*
R20.5420.0480.0670.041
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348729799061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fit of structural equation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合指数模型拟合度参考值
χ2/v1.9791<χ2/v<3
RMSEA0.053<0.08
SRMR0.016<0.08
CFI0.997≥0.90
TLI0.974≥0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240424348897571231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

结构方程模型的拟合度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合指数模型拟合度参考值
χ2/v1.9791<χ2/v<3
RMSEA0.053<0.08
SRMR0.016<0.08
CFI0.997≥0.90
TLI0.974≥0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349023400360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Standardized path effect values in structural equation modeling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径直接效应间接效应总效应
运动自我效能→自我忽视-0.183-0.183
运动自我效能→PA水平0.2540.0330.287
社会支持→自我忽视-0.128-0.128
社会支持→运动自我效能0.3520.352
社会支持→PA水平0.4930.1130.606
运动益处/障碍感知→运动自我效能0.3390.399
运动益处/障碍感知→PA水平0.1030.0860.189
自我忽视→PA水平-0.182-0.182
), ArticleFig(id=1240424349124063664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413925708190343, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

结构方程模型中标准化路径效应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径直接效应间接效应总效应
运动自我效能→自我忽视-0.183-0.183
运动自我效能→PA水平0.2540.0330.287
社会支持→自我忽视-0.128-0.128
社会支持→运动自我效能0.3520.352
社会支持→PA水平0.4930.1130.606
运动益处/障碍感知→运动自我效能0.3390.399
运动益处/障碍感知→PA水平0.1030.0860.189
自我忽视→PA水平-0.182-0.182
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基于健康生态模型的养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及路径分析
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高欢玲 1 , 张思苑 1 , 崔彩彩 1 , 吕旭晶 1 , 宋彦良 1 , 姬凌云 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(15): 2713-2718
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(15): 2713-2718
基于健康生态模型的养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及路径分析
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高欢玲1 , 张思苑1, 崔彩彩1, 吕旭晶1, 宋彦良1, 姬凌云2
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 汾阳 032200
  • 2.山西福祉养老服务有限公司
  • 高欢玲(1975—),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:老年护理

通讯作者:

高欢玲,E-mail:
Influencing factors and pathways of physical activity of frail older adults in nursing homes based on a health ecology model
Huan-ling GAO1 , Si-yuan ZHANG1, Cai-cai CUI1, Xu-jing LV1, Yan-liang SONG1, Ling-yun JI2
Affiliations
  • Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504342
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目的

基于健康生态学模型分析养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及其作用路径。

方法

采用整群与便利结合抽样法,于2024年7月—2025年1月选取山西省8所民办养老机构符合条件的老年人为调查对象。采用一般资料调查问卷、国际身体活动问卷、运动自我效能量表、运动益处/障碍感知量表、社会支持量表、老年自我忽视评估量表等进行调查,并构建结构方程模型。

结果

352名研究对象的身体活动处于低水平率,为50.9%。自我忽视与身体活动呈负相关(r=-0.350,P<0.01),运动自我效能、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持与身体活动呈正相关(r= 0.512,0236,0.625,P<0.01)。自我忽视对身体活动仅存在直接效应(β=-0.182,P<0.001),运动自我效能、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持与身体活动存在直接与间接效应(直接效应β=0.254、0.103、0.493;间接效应β=0.033、0.086、0.113;均P<0.001)。

结论

养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动低水平率高,应重点关注高龄、文化程度低、抑郁的衰弱老年人的身体活动,机构护理人员可采取综合措施提升其运动自我效能,强化对运动益处的认知,并提供充足的社会支持,降低其自我忽视,以促进其身体活动水平、改善健康状况。

健康生态学模型  /  养老机构  /  衰弱  /  身体活动  /  影响因素
Objective

To analyze the factors influencing of physical activity in frail older adults in nursing homes and their pathways based on the health ecology model.

Methods

A cluster combined with convenience sampling was used to select eligible elderly from 8 private nursing homes in Shanxi Province from July 2024 to January 2025. The general information questionnaires, International Physical Activity Questionnair-Short Form, Exercise Self-efficacy Scale, Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and scale of the Elderly Self-neglect were used for the investigation, and a structural equation modeling was constructed.

Results

Among the 352 study participants, 50.9% had low levels of physical activity. Elderly Self-neglect was negatively correlated with physical activity (r=-0.350, P<0.01), Exercise Self-efficacy,Exercise Benefits and Barriers, and Social Support were positively correlated with physical activity (r=0.512,0.236,0.625,respectively; P<0.01). Elderly Self-neglec had only a direct effect on physical activity (β=-0.182, P<0.001), whereas Exercise Self-efficacy, Exercise Benefits and Barriers in exercise, and Social Support had both direct and indirect effects on physical activity (direct effects β=0.254, 0.103, 0.493; indirect effects β=0.033, 0.086, 0.113, respectively; all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of low physical activity among frail older adults in nursing homes is high. Particular attention should be given to the physical activity of frail older adults who are elderly, have a low level of education, and suffer from depression. Nursing staff can take comprehensive measures to enhance their exercise self-efficacy, strengthen their awareness of benefits of exercise, and provide adequate social support to reduce self-neglect, so as to promote their physical activity level and improve their health status.

Health ecology model  /  Nursing home  /  Frailty  /  Physical activity  /  Influencing factors
高欢玲, 张思苑, 崔彩彩, 吕旭晶, 宋彦良, 姬凌云. 基于健康生态模型的养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及路径分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2713 -2718 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504342
Huan-ling GAO, Si-yuan ZHANG, Cai-cai CUI, Xu-jing LV, Yan-liang SONG, Ling-yun JI. Influencing factors and pathways of physical activity of frail older adults in nursing homes based on a health ecology model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2713 -2718 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504342
身体活动(physical activity)是指任何由骨骼肌收缩引起的导致能量消耗的身体动作。养老机构老年人衰弱的发生与身体活动不足有关[1],而身体活动不足与衰弱形成恶性循环,增加跌倒、失能风险。但衰弱可逆,增加身体活动可延缓衰弱发展,是降低衰弱发生和预防失能有效且成本最低的措施[2]。故促进身体活动以延缓或逆转该群体衰弱是实现健康老龄化中亟待解决的问题之一。自我忽视指老年人有意或无意的无法进行自我照料、保护,导致其健康、情感及安全受到威胁的行为,是不易被察觉而易被低估的健康问题[3],但其在老年人的社会支持与健康促进行为之间发挥重要调节作用[4],而个体自我效能感会调节自我忽视水平[5],且影响运动益处/障碍感知改善运动行为[6]。老年人身体活动作为健康促进行为之一,既往影响因素研究多集中在人口学资料、个人能力及机会因素等单一方面[7]。研究发现,未考虑衰弱老年人心理及体育环境等因素的活动锻炼,其活动的维持性差[8],健康生态学模型(health ecology model,HEM)认为个体健康是个体因素、卫生服务、物质和社会环境因素相互作用的结果。因此,本研究基于HEM探讨养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动的影响因素及作用路径,为制定促进身体活动策略提供参考。
本研究样本量依据n=[μ2α/2p(1-p)]/σ2,α=0.05,t=1.96,老年人身体活动不足比例为27.2%[9],容许误差σ=0.05时,计算样本量为304例,考虑到脱落等因素加收10%,最小样本334例。2024年7月—2025年1月采用整群结合便利抽样法在山西省11个地级市中抽取4个,在抽中的每个地级市中再抽取2所民办养老机构,之后在抽中的养老机构调查符合条件的老年人。纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;Frail衰弱得分≥3分;入住养老机构时间≥6个月;能独立行走。排除标准:伴恶性肿瘤或其他严重器质性病变;伴精神疾病或智力障碍;伴听力障碍或沟通困难。本研究通过学院医学伦理委员会审核(编号:2024021),受试者均知情同意。最终纳入样本量352例。
低水平身体活动为因变量。身体活动水平采用国际身体活动问卷简表(International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form,I身体活动Q-SF)[10]测量,询问研究对象入住养老机构后过去7 d内不同强度身体活动的时间及天数,计算一周身体活动能耗总和,身体活动能耗赋值为代谢当量(metabolic equivalent values,MET),其中低、中、高水平身体活动MET赋值为3.3、4.0、8.0。计算公式为:一周身体活动量=该身体活动对应的MET赋值×每周活动频率(d/w)×每天活动时间(min/d)。一周身体活动量<600 MET-min为低水平,600~1 499MET-min为中水平,≥1 500MET-min为高水平身体活动。该量表Cronbach α系数0.724。
本研究基于HEM的五个维度,结合研究对象特点选取18个指标研究。包括:(1)个人特质层:年龄、性别、运动自我效能、慢性病共病、中重度疼痛、抑郁;(2)行为特征层:感知运动益处/障碍、入驻养老机构前的的锻炼习惯、多重用药、睡眠时间;(3)人际网络层:社会支持、婚姻状况、居住状态、自我忽视;(4)生活和工作条件层:文化程度、家庭人均月收入、体育环境(体育宣传频率、体育活动组织频率、体育活动指导、体育活动场所数量、体育活动设施数量);(5)政策环境层:养老保险。
部分自变量定义:曾在三级及以上医院确诊患有2种以上慢性病为慢性病共病;同时使用5种以上的药物为多重用药;数字疼痛评分≥4分为中重度疼痛;简版老年抑郁量表评分≥8分为抑郁。
部分自变量测量:(1)运动自我效能量表:陈娇娇[11]汉化,共9个条目,各条目采用0~10分评分法,得分越高老人的运动信心越足。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.907 。(2)运动益处/障碍感知量表:SECHRIST[12]等编制、郑晶[13]汉化,两个子量表,共43个条目,采用Likert 4级计分法,得分在43~172分,得分越高感知到的运动益处越多、运动障碍越弱,运动越积极。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.94 。(3)社会支持量表:肖水源[14]编制,共3个维度10个条目,得分在12~66分,得分越高社会支持越高。该量表Cronbach α系数为 0.883。(4)老年自我忽视评估量表:李杰[3]编制,共5个维度,14个条目,各条目从“无忽视”到“严重自我忽视”采用Likert 4级评分赋值0~3分,各维度总分>9分,即存在自我忽视,总分越高自我忽视越严重。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.855。
由统一培训过的三名研究团队成员用统一指导语一对一进行资料收集,填写问卷有困难者,研究者遵循客观、中立原则,询问后代为填写,必要时分两次收集。自我忽视评估考虑到其可能未觉察到自我忽视存在,由其主要照顾者填写。现场填写、收回、核实,对答案呈现明显规律性或有逻辑矛盾的(如运动自我效能与运动益处/障碍感知)问卷剔除。
使用SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计分析。计数资料采用()描述,计数资料采用频数和百分比描述。单因素分析采用方差检验,Pearson相关探讨社会支持、自我忽视、运动益处/障碍感知、运动自我效能与身体活动间的关系。用阶层线性回归分析其身体活动水平的影响因素。采用Mplus 8.3软件构建结构方程模型。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共发放问卷352份,回收352份,有效回收率100%。
352名研究对象中,身体活动处于低水平179例(50.9%)、中等水平69例(19.6%)、高水平104例(29.5%)。其它变量对身体活动的影响见表1
研究对象运动自我效能得分为(41.09±5.75)分、运动益处/障碍感知为(125.88±9.91)分、社会支持评定为(38.65±6.39)分、自我忽视为(29.69±5.25)分。
本研究结果显示年龄、文化程度、抑郁、中重度疼痛、家庭人均月收入、入住前运动习惯、体育宣传频率、体育活动组织频率、体育设施数量、体育活动指导对研究对象身体活动的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1
Pearson相关性分析结果显示:身体活动水平与运动自我效能、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持呈正相关(r= 0.512、0236、0.625,P<0.01),与自我忽视呈负相关(r=-0.350,P<0.01)。
将身体活动作因变量,以HEM五个层面为阶层分析依据,每一层纳入单因素及Pearson相关性分析有统计学意义的变量作为自变量,赋值见表2。结果显示,年龄、抑郁、运动自我效能、自我忽视、运动益处/障碍感知、社会支持、文化程度、体育宣传频率、体育组织频率、体育活动指导是其身体活动的影响因素(P<0.05)。最终模型四共解释活动水平总变异的69.8%,见表3
根据HEM各层次间的关系并结合文献,构建以身体活动为结局变量、社会支持与运动益处/障碍感知为外因变量、运动自我效能与自我忽视为中介变量的结构方程模型。经检验结构方程模型符合正态,采用最大似然法进行参数估计,最终得到模型,见图1;具体拟合指标,见表4;各变量间的路径方向及分解后效应值,见表5
本研究显示,研究对象身体活动低水平率达50.9%,高龄是身体活动低水平的影响因素,可能衰弱且高龄者,因增龄而肌肉质量及力量下降[15],导致身体机能下降、久坐增加,而身体活动不足与衰弱又相互影响[16];而高于农村老年人身体活动不足率27.2%[9],其原因可能与本研究选取的养老机构且衰弱老年人有关,一方面衰弱使其身体机能下降,另一方面因环境差异,相比农村老年人从事家务及部分农业劳动,而机构衰弱老人的活动量则较少。文化程度较低者,对身体活动对健康的益处认知不足,更倾向于静态生活方式[17],致身体活动不足。有抑郁症状者其运动动机、社交意愿及认知功能下降进而减少身体活动[18]。故养老机构应加强对高龄及文化程度较低衰弱老年人的关注,依其年龄、文化程度制定适合的活动项目、通俗易懂的运动益处宣传;另外应重视老年人的抑郁的筛查与干预,以促进其身体活动。
本研究显示,养老机构对体育活动宣传、组织频率愈多及有体育活动指导会促进衰弱老年人的身体活动。体育活动宣传及组织频次越高,越能强化老年人对身体活动的获益认知及归属感,从而提高活动积极性[19];有衰弱老年人认为年龄大、身体衰弱已不适合体育锻炼,产生担心摔跟头等抵触心理[20],而有专人指导的运动既可帮助其掌握运动技巧,增加运动信心,又能给予其安全感并督促坚持运动进而提高依从性[19]。故养老机构应加强身体活动对改善衰弱等益处的宣传,另需有专业人士组织指导其坚持运动,提高运动积极性、保障运动安全。
本研究显示,养老机构衰弱老年人自我忽视与身体活动水平呈负相关,表明自我忽视是导致其身体活动下降的危险因素。自我忽视程度较高者往往缺乏对营养摄入与规律运动重要性的认识,导致蛋白质、维生素等营养素摄入不足,增加了营养不良和认知功能下降的风险,进而诱发肌少症削弱其身体活动能力[21]。另外,路径分析揭示自我忽视在运动自我效能与身体活动间的中介作用。运动效能较低者面对因衰弱等导致的身体机能下降等运动阻碍因素时可能会出运动回避,加重自我忽视。而若持续忽视自身健康需要,其运动自我效能的积极作用将被抑制,最终形成低自我效能、自我忽视加重、身体活动减少的恶性循环[22]。因此,养老机构应对其给予运动鼓励,增强运动自我效能,并重视自我忽视评估,提供针对性帮助,降低自我忽视。
本研究显示,社会支持与身体活动水平呈正相关,且高社会支持可通过提升运动自我效能提高其身体活动水平。来自家人或朋友的定期探视能给老年人提供良好的情感支持,降低其因害怕运动跌倒对家庭造成负担的心理担忧,并提升运动信心,增强运动动机[23]。研究发现:与有运动习惯的同伴共同活动的老年人,可体察同伴坚持运动获得的肌力增强、情绪改善等益处及言语激励的影响,易提升其运动自我效能感,从而激发运动动机[24]。故养老机构应鼓励其家人、朋友给予老人情感等支持,创造老年人结伴活动的机会,增强社会支持网络作用,提升运动自我效能。
本研究显示,运动益处及障碍感知可直接影响其身体活动水平,并可通过运动自我效能发挥作用。对运动益处感知持积极态度的老年人能强化运动价值信念,并通过实际锻炼中获得的身体功能改善、肌力增强等积极体验,巩固运动益处认同,增强运动自我效能,促进其运动动力形成[22]。反之,高运动障碍感知者可能因担心身体衰弱或活动会增加跌倒风险等,易形成运动规避、削弱运动效能,运动动力则下降。故养老机构可通过健康讲座、激励机制等方式提升其对运动益处的认知,增加运动信心;对运动障碍感知较高者评估其主要障碍因素,采取针对性措施帮助其克服运动障碍,提升身体活动积极性。
本研究存在一定的局限性,便利抽样仅选取了山西省8所民办养老机构衰弱老年人为研究对象,其代表性及外推性受限;横断面调查设计,无法确定研究变量的因果关系;且问卷数据可能会受回忆偏倚或主观偏见影响。
综上,养老机构衰弱老年人身体活动低水平率较高,未来养老机构应重点关注高龄、文化程度较低、抑郁的衰弱老年人的身体活动,通过综合干预提升其身体活动水平,改善健康状况。
  • 山西省大学生创新创业训练项目(20241750)
  • 山西医科大学汾阳学院科研项目(2025A21)
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504342
  • 接收时间:2025-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-19
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山西省大学生创新创业训练项目(20241750)
山西医科大学汾阳学院科研项目(2025A21)
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    1.山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 汾阳 032200
    2.山西福祉养老服务有限公司

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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