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Article(id=1240413924944834742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667325483, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667325483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667325483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667325483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2792, endPage=2798, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413925251018961, articleId=1240413924944834742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A study on residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services based on latent profile analysis, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the level of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services, analyze its potential categories and influencing factors, and explore the improvement direction in the supply of basic public health services.

Method

Through multistage sampling, 1 383 adult residents who received public health services in Shanxi Province were surveyed by electronic questionnaire in July 2023, and the residents’ sense of gain and its influencing factors were explored based on latent profile analysis.

Results

The average score of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services on a percentile scale was (59.03±18.17). The residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services could be classified into four categories based on the scores in six dimensions: high sense of gain (37.88%), relatively high sense of gain (33.55%), relatively low sense of gain(15.83%), and low sense of gain (12.73%), and the sense of gain varied among residents with different educational attainment, monthly income and age.

Conclusion

The overall level of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services is moderately high, indicating that the supply effect of basic public health services is relatively satisfactory. However, in light of the characteristics presented by different categories of residents, managers need to adopt differentiated strategies such as popularizing service projects and its free nature or intensifying precise publicity and education efforts for special groups.

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目的

了解居民对基本公共卫生服务的获得感水平，分析其潜在类别及影响因素，探索基本公共卫生服务供给的改进方向。

方法

通过多阶段抽样，于2023年7月对1 383名山西省接受公共卫生服务的成年居民进行关于服务获得感的电子问卷调查，并基于潜在剖面分析探索居民获得感及其影响因素。

结果

居民对基本公共卫生服务的获得感百分制平均得分为（59.03±18.17）分。获得感根据六个维度的得分可分为四个类别，高获得感(37.88%)、较高获得感(33.55%)、较低获得感(15.83%)和低获得感(12.73%)，不同文化程度、月收入和年龄的居民获得感均存在差异。

结论

居民对基本公共卫生服务获得感总体处于中等偏上水平，表明基本公共卫生服务的供给效果较为理想，但针对不同潜在类别的居民所呈现的特征，管理者需采取差异化策略，例如普及服务项目及其免费性质，强化特殊人群的精准宣传教育工作等。

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贺鹭，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5sRKaLXASdUwR2TrF900sw==, magXml=yof+jtcSSlgmBH/mnLi3cA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cJdFoOtCK7oedhcvJXYj+A==, pdfFileSize=884882, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=LeQwLybRgOZpvU5ZgQbR6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3ioeCASSEUhXMfWKdQ6TLg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曾广贤（2002—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：公共卫生与预防医学

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曾广贤（2002—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：公共卫生与预防医学

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曾广贤（2002—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：公共卫生与预防医学

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Analysis of influencing factors on the sense of gain for elderly chronic patients based on ordered logistic regression and decision tree methods[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 2024, 41(3):387-392, 397.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of influencing factors on the sense of gain for elderly chronic patients based on ordered logistic regression and decision tree methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424361346257787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=11, pageStart=60, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=莫云辉, 孟庆跃, journalName=中国卫生经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=莫云辉， 孟庆跃.我国临界贫困人群卫生服务获得感研究[J].中国卫生经济，2020，39（11）：60-63., articleTitle=我国临界贫困人群卫生服务获得感研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240424361455309698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=11, pageStart=60, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Mo YH, Meng QY, journalName=Chinese Health Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mo YH, Meng QY. Study on perceptional health service acquisition of near poor People in China[J]. Chinese Health Economics, 2020, 39(11): 60-63.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on perceptional health service acquisition of near poor People in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240424355730084473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, awardId=202203021221183, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省科技厅项目(202203021221183), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240424355876885117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, awardId=DJKZXKT2023022, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省大健康产业高质量发展科研专项课题(DJKZXKT2023022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240424345126883452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424345135272061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, companyId=1240424345126883452, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424345143660671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, companyId=1240424345126883452, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院社会医学教研室，山西 太原 030001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240424345244323975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424345248518280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, companyId=1240424345244323975, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西医科大学管理学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240424346792022159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240424346804605072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, companyId=1240424346792022159, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.山西省卫生健康委员会规划发展和信息化处)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240424352408195566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Frequency chart of hundred-mark score of basic public health services for residents, figureFileSmall=MjjUYrskeH4CDWQJlK6+cw==, figureFileBig=CAE/sTj+Z0HaPii5jZ7+kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424352513053178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=图1, caption=居民基本公共卫生服务获得感百分制得分频率图, figureFileSmall=MjjUYrskeH4CDWQJlK6+cw==, figureFileBig=CAE/sTj+Z0HaPii5jZ7+kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424352638882310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Average scores of each dimension of the four potential categories of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services, figureFileSmall=onrFD2qRldtipI4fKNA63Q==, figureFileBig=mij1756WdpdifHS4bhvX8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424352747934224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=图2, caption=居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的四个潜在类别各维度均分, figureFileSmall=onrFD2qRldtipI4fKNA63Q==, figureFileBig=mij1756WdpdifHS4bhvX8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424352974426651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General demographic characteristics of residents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征例数构成比（%）
性别1 383100.00
男34324.80
女1 04075.20
年龄（岁）
<3031522.80
30～3952538.00
40～4928020.20
≥5026319.00
文化程度
初中及以下40129.00
高中/中专56941.10
本科/大专及以上41329.90
婚姻状况
已婚1 25590.70
未婚/其他1289.30
职业
党群机关单位办事人员14010.10
专业技术人员34124.70
商业、服务、生产人员26319.00
农林牧渔水利业人员21915.80
其他42030.40
月收入（元）
<1 00043831.70
1 000～3 00051036.90
>3 00043531.50
户籍
城市43431.40
农村94968.60
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353096061476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

居民一般人口学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征例数构成比（%）
性别1 383100.00
男34324.80
女1 04075.20
年龄（岁）
<3031522.80
30～3952538.00
40～4928020.20
≥5026319.00
文化程度
初中及以下40129.00
高中/中专56941.10
本科/大专及以上41329.90
婚姻状况
已婚1 25590.70
未婚/其他1289.30
职业
党群机关单位办事人员14010.10
专业技术人员34124.70
商业、服务、生产人员26319.00
农林牧渔水利业人员21915.80
其他42030.40
月收入（元）
<1 00043831.70
1 000～3 00051036.90
>3 00043531.50
户籍
城市43431.40
农村94968.60
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353205113391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Latent profile model fitting results of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyLMRT PBLRT P类别比例（%）
1C79 118.78979 181.57379 143.454
2C77 173.93777 273.34677 212.9900.980<0.001<0.00139.91/60.10
3C76 421.36276 557.39576 474.8030.9350.012<0.00113.74/38.76/47.51
4C*74 817.01574 989.67274 884.8440.932<0.001<0.00112.73/15.84/33.55/37.89
5C73 919.63274 128.91274 001.8480.946<0.001<0.0019.54/11.35/12.80/32.83/33.48
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353330942520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

居民基本公共卫生服务获得感潜在剖面模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyLMRT PBLRT P类别比例（%）
1C79 118.78979 181.57379 143.454
2C77 173.93777 273.34677 212.9900.980<0.001<0.00139.91/60.10
3C76 421.36276 557.39576 474.8030.9350.012<0.00113.74/38.76/47.51
4C*74 817.01574 989.67274 884.8440.932<0.001<0.00112.73/15.84/33.55/37.89
5C73 919.63274 128.91274 001.8480.946<0.001<0.0019.54/11.35/12.80/32.83/33.48
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353477743166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average scores of each dimension of the four potential categories of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别0～6岁儿童健康管理老年人健康管理医疗服务突发公共卫生事件健康教育急救服务
C1：高获得感组43.32952.07680.72392.20863.64296.963
C2：较高获得感组36.77737.97374.74184.50240.3448.293
C3：较低获得感组22.65936.3261.18162.92936.78566.143
C4：低获得感组13.1828.89745.99646.15514.4658.531
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353607766603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的四个潜在类别各维度均分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别0～6岁儿童健康管理老年人健康管理医疗服务突发公共卫生事件健康教育急救服务
C1：高获得感组43.32952.07680.72392.20863.64296.963
C2：较高获得感组36.77737.97374.74184.50240.3448.293
C3：较低获得感组22.65936.3261.18162.92936.78566.143
C4：低获得感组13.1828.89745.99646.15514.4658.531
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353741984339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Univariate analysis of potential category influencing factors of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类低获得感组
（n=176）		较低获得感组
（n=219）		较高获得感组
（n=464）		高获得感组
（n=524）		统计值(χ2/H)P值
性别20.645<0.001
男32(18.20)69(31.50)91(19.60)151(28.80)
女144(81.80)150(68.50)373(80.40)373(71.20)
年龄（岁）29.783<0.001
<3033(18.80)31(14.20)127(27.40)124(23.70)
30～3980(45.50)82(37.40)175(37.70)188(35.90)
40～4934(19.30)45(20.50)92(19.80)109(20.80)
≥5029(16.50)61(27.90)70(15.10)103(19.70)
文化程度25.624<0.001
初中及以下85(48.30)65(29.70)126(27.20)125(23.90)
高中/中专55(31.20)93(42.50)177(38.10)244(46.60)
本科/大专及以上36(20.50)61(27.90)161(34.70)155(29.60)
婚姻状况0.1760.981
已婚161(91.50)198(90.40)420(90.50)476(90.80)
未婚/其他15(8.50)21(9.60)44(9.50)48(9.20)
职业24.671<0.001
党群机关单位办事人员17(9.70)17(7.80)53(11.40)53(10.10)
专业技术人员16(9.10)65(29.70)101(21.80)159(30.30)
商业、服务、生产人员35(19.90)36(16.40)97(20.90)95(18.10)
农林牧渔水利业人员37(21.00)49(22.40)65(14.00)68(13.00)
其他71(40.30)52(23.70)148(31.90)149(28.40)
月收入（元）20.530<0.001
<1 00081(46.00)79(36.10)138(29.70)140(26.70)
1 000～3 00043(24.40)86(39.30)176(37.90)205(39.10)
>3 00052(29.50)54(24.70)150(32.30)179(34.20)
户籍7.2320.065
城市41(23.30)65(29.70)152(32.80)176(33.60)
农村135(76.70)154(70.30)312(67.20)348(66.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353859424854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的潜在类别影响因素的单因素分析［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类低获得感组
（n=176）		较低获得感组
（n=219）		较高获得感组
（n=464）		高获得感组
（n=524）		统计值(χ2/H)P值
性别20.645<0.001
男32(18.20)69(31.50)91(19.60)151(28.80)
女144(81.80)150(68.50)373(80.40)373(71.20)
年龄（岁）29.783<0.001
<3033(18.80)31(14.20)127(27.40)124(23.70)
30～3980(45.50)82(37.40)175(37.70)188(35.90)
40～4934(19.30)45(20.50)92(19.80)109(20.80)
≥5029(16.50)61(27.90)70(15.10)103(19.70)
文化程度25.624<0.001
初中及以下85(48.30)65(29.70)126(27.20)125(23.90)
高中/中专55(31.20)93(42.50)177(38.10)244(46.60)
本科/大专及以上36(20.50)61(27.90)161(34.70)155(29.60)
婚姻状况0.1760.981
已婚161(91.50)198(90.40)420(90.50)476(90.80)
未婚/其他15(8.50)21(9.60)44(9.50)48(9.20)
职业24.671<0.001
党群机关单位办事人员17(9.70)17(7.80)53(11.40)53(10.10)
专业技术人员16(9.10)65(29.70)101(21.80)159(30.30)
商业、服务、生产人员35(19.90)36(16.40)97(20.90)95(18.10)
农林牧渔水利业人员37(21.00)49(22.40)65(14.00)68(13.00)
其他71(40.30)52(23.70)148(31.90)149(28.40)
月收入（元）20.530<0.001
<1 00081(46.00)79(36.10)138(29.70)140(26.70)
1 000～3 00043(24.40)86(39.30)176(37.90)205(39.10)
>3 00052(29.50)54(24.70)150(32.30)179(34.20)
户籍7.2320.065
城市41(23.30)65(29.70)152(32.80)176(33.60)
农村135(76.70)154(70.30)312(67.20)348(66.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424353960088159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Multivariate analysis of influencing factors of potential categories of residents’ sense of access to basic public health service

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目低获得感组较低获得感组较高获得感组
βOR（95%CI）βOR（95%CI）βOR（95%CI）
性别
男-0.4760.621（0.385～1.004）0.1371.147（0.782～1.681）-0.4200.657a（0.475～0.909）
女*
年龄（岁）
<300.1181.125（0.592～2.138）-0.7050.494a（0.279～0.877）0.2001.222（0.784～1.904）
30～390.5131.670a（0.959～2.909）-0.1200.887（0.557～1.412）0.1371.147（0.764～1.722）
40～490.3461.413（0.777～2.569）-0.2420.785（0.482～1.279）0.1981.219（0.797～1.867）
≥50*
文化程度
初中及以下0.6821.978a（1.121～3.490）-0.1680.846（0.496～1.441）-0.2180.805（0.536～1.208）
高中/中专-0.1690.844（0.505～1.412）-0.3600.698（0.455～1.071）-0.4140.661a（0.478～0.914）
本科/大专及以上*
职业
党群机关单位人员-0.0040.996（0.476～2.086）0.3771.458（0.715～2.970）0.0061.006（0.601～1.683）
专业技术人员-1.0050.366a（0.183～0.730）0.4001.491（0.893～2.490）-0.4040.668（0.445～1.002）
商业服务生产人员0.1061.111（0.623～1.983）0.4811.618（0.923～2.837）0.1171.124（0.739～1.709）
农林牧渔水利业人员0.2651.304（0.763～2.230）0.5881.801a（1.071～3.028）0.1421.152（0.744～1.785）
其他*
月收入（元）
<1 0000.0781.082（0.598～1.958）0.8622.369a（1.374～4.084）0.0801.083（0.705～1.666
1 000～3 000-0.5600.571a（0.342～0.955）0.5131.671a（1.081～2.583）0.0001.000（0.718～1.394）
>3 000*
), ArticleFig(id=1240424354102694504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924944834742, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

居民基本公共卫生服务获得感潜在类别影响因素的多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目低获得感组较低获得感组较高获得感组
βOR（95%CI）βOR（95%CI）βOR（95%CI）
性别
男-0.4760.621（0.385～1.004）0.1371.147（0.782～1.681）-0.4200.657a（0.475～0.909）
女*
年龄（岁）
<300.1181.125（0.592～2.138）-0.7050.494a（0.279～0.877）0.2001.222（0.784～1.904）
30～390.5131.670a（0.959～2.909）-0.1200.887（0.557～1.412）0.1371.147（0.764～1.722）
40～490.3461.413（0.777～2.569）-0.2420.785（0.482～1.279）0.1981.219（0.797～1.867）
≥50*
文化程度
初中及以下0.6821.978a（1.121～3.490）-0.1680.846（0.496～1.441）-0.2180.805（0.536～1.208）
高中/中专-0.1690.844（0.505～1.412）-0.3600.698（0.455～1.071）-0.4140.661a（0.478～0.914）
本科/大专及以上*
职业
党群机关单位人员-0.0040.996（0.476～2.086）0.3771.458（0.715～2.970）0.0061.006（0.601～1.683）
专业技术人员-1.0050.366a（0.183～0.730）0.4001.491（0.893～2.490）-0.4040.668（0.445～1.002）
商业服务生产人员0.1061.111（0.623～1.983）0.4811.618（0.923～2.837）0.1171.124（0.739～1.709）
农林牧渔水利业人员0.2651.304（0.763～2.230）0.5881.801a（1.071～3.028）0.1421.152（0.744～1.785）
其他*
月收入（元）
<1 0000.0781.082（0.598～1.958）0.8622.369a（1.374～4.084）0.0801.083（0.705～1.666
1 000～3 000-0.5600.571a（0.342～0.955）0.5131.671a（1.081～2.583）0.0001.000（0.718～1.394）
>3 000*
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基于潜在剖面分析的居民基本公共卫生服务获得感研究
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曾广贤 1 , 王宇潇 2 , 程静 1 , 武大宏 1 , 戴玮 3 , 张雪芬 1 , 令狐晓娟 1 , 贺鹭 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(15): 2792-2798
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(15): 2792-2798
基于潜在剖面分析的居民基本公共卫生服务获得感研究
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曾广贤1, 王宇潇2, 程静1, 武大宏1, 戴玮3, 张雪芬1, 令狐晓娟1, 贺鹭1
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院社会医学教研室，山西 太原 030001
  • 2.山西医科大学管理学院
  • 3.山西省卫生健康委员会规划发展和信息化处

    • 曾广贤（2002—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：公共卫生与预防医学

通讯作者:

贺鹭，E-mail:
A study on residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services based on latent profile analysis
Guang-xian ZENG1, Yu-xiao WANG2, Jing CHENG1, Da-hong WU1, Wei DAI3, Xue-fen ZHANG1, Xiao-juan LINGHU1, Lu HE1
Affiliations
  • Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501033
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摘要
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目的

了解居民对基本公共卫生服务的获得感水平，分析其潜在类别及影响因素，探索基本公共卫生服务供给的改进方向。

方法

通过多阶段抽样，于2023年7月对1 383名山西省接受公共卫生服务的成年居民进行关于服务获得感的电子问卷调查，并基于潜在剖面分析探索居民获得感及其影响因素。

结果

居民对基本公共卫生服务的获得感百分制平均得分为（59.03±18.17）分。获得感根据六个维度的得分可分为四个类别，高获得感(37.88%)、较高获得感(33.55%)、较低获得感(15.83%)和低获得感(12.73%)，不同文化程度、月收入和年龄的居民获得感均存在差异。

结论

居民对基本公共卫生服务获得感总体处于中等偏上水平，表明基本公共卫生服务的供给效果较为理想，但针对不同潜在类别的居民所呈现的特征，管理者需采取差异化策略，例如普及服务项目及其免费性质，强化特殊人群的精准宣传教育工作等。

基本公共卫生服务  /  获得感  /  潜在剖面分析
Objective

To assess the level of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services, analyze its potential categories and influencing factors, and explore the improvement direction in the supply of basic public health services.

Method

Through multistage sampling, 1 383 adult residents who received public health services in Shanxi Province were surveyed by electronic questionnaire in July 2023, and the residents’ sense of gain and its influencing factors were explored based on latent profile analysis.

Results

The average score of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services on a percentile scale was (59.03±18.17). The residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services could be classified into four categories based on the scores in six dimensions: high sense of gain (37.88%), relatively high sense of gain (33.55%), relatively low sense of gain(15.83%), and low sense of gain (12.73%), and the sense of gain varied among residents with different educational attainment, monthly income and age.

Conclusion

The overall level of residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services is moderately high, indicating that the supply effect of basic public health services is relatively satisfactory. However, in light of the characteristics presented by different categories of residents, managers need to adopt differentiated strategies such as popularizing service projects and its free nature or intensifying precise publicity and education efforts for special groups.

Basic public health service  /  Sense of gain  /  Latent profile analysis
曾广贤, 王宇潇, 程静, 武大宏, 戴玮, 张雪芬, 令狐晓娟, 贺鹭. 基于潜在剖面分析的居民基本公共卫生服务获得感研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2792 -2798 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501033
Guang-xian ZENG, Yu-xiao WANG, Jing CHENG, Da-hong WU, Wei DAI, Xue-fen ZHANG, Xiao-juan LINGHU, Lu HE. A study on residents’ sense of gain in basic public health services based on latent profile analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2792 -2798 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501033
正文
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国家基本公共卫生服务项目自2009年实施以来，通过免费提供基础性公共卫生服务，对我国城乡居民尤其是重点人群的基本健康保障发挥了重要作用，是深化医药卫生体制改革的重要组成部分和促进基本公共卫生服务逐步均等化的重要内容[1-3]。国家卫生健康委等部门于2024年联合发布的《关于做好2024年基本公共卫生服务工作的通知》重点提出，需强化基本公共卫生服务中的老年人健康服务、医防融合及传染病防控能力，着力提升服务均衡性和可及性，发挥保障城乡居民健康的基础性作用[4]，因此该类服务与居民实际需求的契合度是进一步提高服务利用率和完善居民健康保障的改进方向[5-6]。当前已有较多研究聚焦服务知晓率和满意度[7-8]，却较少从获得感的层面探究公共卫生服务的供给是否与居民期望相符。作为囊括知晓率、满意度、可及性等多种指标在内的综合概念，获得感更能准确衡量该类服务的供需平衡情况，站在需方视角强调居民是否真正受益，更适合用以评价服务实施效果[9-11]。潜在剖面分析（latent profile analysis, LPA）是一种将所观察到的变量和潜在的隐性变量相互关联起来对连续性数据进行同质性分析的方法，可将群体按照不同特征划分为若干亚组，有助于对样本进行更为精准的区分和探索[12-13]。本研究基于LPA探索居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的潜在剖面类别及其影响因素，以探究居民获得感水平，并为服务供给的改进方向提供参考。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　研究对象与资料收集
结合相关研究[14]和实际调查工作开展情况，本研究所选取的研究对象为山西省接受公共卫生服务的成年居民，于2023年7月采用电子问卷形式收集居民信息资料，通过多阶段抽样方法收集数据。根据样本量计算公式N=Z2α/2×P×(1-P)÷E2估算样本量，其中α取0.05，Z取1.96，容许误差E取0.05，P取0.5，计算后可得最小样本量为385。对于整群抽样，至少需要2～3倍样本量才能达到与完全随机抽样相同的效率，且考虑到15%的失访率，本研究最终需要的样本量为1 360。
根据山西省的地理分布和经济特征，将全省划分为三个主要区域：晋北、晋中和晋南地区，而后随机选取地级市作为调查点，晋北地区，从大同、朔州市分别选取2个区/县，每个区/县随机抽取2个社区/村，共获得样本392份；晋南地区，从运城、临汾市分别选取2个区/县，每个区/县随机抽取3个社区/村，共获得样本544份；在晋中地区，从晋中、吕梁市各选取3个区/县，每个区/县随机抽取3个社区/村，共获得样本624份。最终共收集问卷1 560份，剔除填答高度一致、答题时间过短等无效问卷，最终保留有效问卷1 383份，有效问卷回收率约88.7%。
1.2　调查内容
参考国家基本公共卫生服务内容和国内相关研究[15-16]及实际工作情况，本研究基于国家基本公共卫生服务项目中的儿童健康管理、老人健康管理、突发公共卫生事件、健康教育、居民日常医疗服务和120急救服务，共六项服务调查作为评估的六个维度。问卷包含居民的基本信息，对六类卫生服务项目的知晓、需求情况，获得、满意程度的评价等，共计24个问题条目。评价指标与方法：（1）0～6岁儿童健康管理，包含能否获得服务、一年内社区开展指导次数、社区医生指导是否有助于儿童养育。（2）老年人健康管理，包含社区是否开展及是否有能力开展老年护理服务、是否便于获得服务、失能老人享受集中养老或居家医养结合服务的比例，以及失能老人能否获得社区日常护理/就医用药/外出活动/其他方面的照拂。（3）医疗服务获得感方面，包含医疗卫生服务可及性（住所1 km/5 km内是否有医疗机构、医疗机构种类以及是否能满足需求）、医疗服务质量、环境卫生设备评价、就诊过程关怀照顾评价、就诊流程便捷度评价。（4）突发公共卫生事件报告与管理方面以新冠疫情为例，包括居民是否了解防疫措施、政府部门防疫工作表现评价、所采取防疫措施评价、公共场所管理措施评价、防疫宣发推广评价。（5）健康教育方面，包含是否参加过急救技能培训、培训是否有效（若未曾参加则计0分）、是否会采取正确急救措施如心肺复苏。（6）120急救服务方面，包含急救服务评价、急救设备评价、急救关怀照顾评价。将二分类选项如“是否”“能否”分别计为1和0分，其余问题均按照服务提供水平或居民获得感评价由低到高依次计1～3或0～5分不等。各领域得分为正向计分，量表初分取值理论最低分为9，最高分为85，分数越高代表居民获得感越好。此外将获得感原始分按照百分制转换公式进行转换，得到量表各维度理论最低分为0分，最高分为100分。
1.3　质量控制
问卷设计前进行充分调研，以国家基本公共卫生服务项目为主要参考依据，经过大量文献研究设计形成问卷初稿。正式调查前，初稿通过小范围预调查进行讨论验证，根据预调查结果优化完善了问卷内容，并邀请公共卫生、预防医学等相关领域的专家进行讨论和修改，形成最终调查问卷。经过信度和效度检验，问卷Cronbach α系数达到0.829（>0.7），表明问卷内部一致性信度良好；因子分析法得到问卷的KMO值为0.839（>0.6），Bartlett球形度检验的显著性水平小于0.001，且通过主成分分析与正交旋转后累计方差贡献率达到70.165%，证明问卷效度良好。
1.4　统计分析
数据采用Mplus 8.3软件进行LPA，通过逐步增加潜在类别数建立模型，根据模型拟合指标决定最佳模型。模型优选基于最小化信息标准赤池信息准则（Akaike information criterion,AIC）、贝叶斯信息准则（Bayesian information criterion，BIC）、调整贝信息准则（adjusted Bayesian information criterion，aBIC），采用信息熵(Entropy)表示分类精确度，熵值大于0.8则说明分类质量高；采用似然比检验(LMRT)和基于bootstrap的似然比检验(BLRT)进行模拟比较，P<0.05表示第k个模型拟合优于第k-1个模型。使用SPSS 26.0完成后续统计分析，分类变量采用频数（%）描述，组间比较应用χ2检验/秩和检验；连续变量采用单因素方差分析，logistic回归分析探究居民基本公共卫生服务获得感类别的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05[13]。
2　结果
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2.1　调查对象人口统计学特征及获得感得分情况
本次调查男性占24.8%，女性占75.2%；青年组（30岁以下）占22.89%，中青年组（30～39岁）占38.0%，中年组（40～49岁）占20.2%，中老年组（49岁以上）占19.0%[17]；初中及以下占29.0%，高中（中专）占41.1%，本科及以上占29.9%；城市户籍占31.4%，农村户籍占68.6%。见表1。
1 383名居民的公共卫生服务获得感百分制平均分为（59.03±18.17）分，得分频率分布见图1。六个维度均分分别为：0～6岁儿童健康管理（33.90±31.13）分，老年人健康管理（41.84±23.74）分，医疗服务获得感（71.06±18.36）分，突发公共卫生事件（78.93±23.85）分，健康教育获得感（51.03±41.34）分，急救服务（45.17±39.44）分。
2.2　居民基本公共卫生服务获得感LPA
2.2.1　类别拟合
本研究以居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的6个维度得分开展LPA，共拟合了五个类别模型。观察表2拟合指标，发现模型类别数为5时，AIC、BIC、aBIC的值最小，LMRT和BLRT均显著，Entropy值显示分类精确度适配，模型拟合度良好。但五类模型的部分组样本量占比低于10%，可能导致模型不稳定、参数估计不准确及潜在类别特征刻画效力不足等问题。而四类别模型各类指数满足条件，既能捕捉数据潜在异质性，又保证各类别比例大于10%，可提供更可靠类别区分与特征描述。综上，本研究选择四类模型用于后续分析。
2.2.2　模型分析
基于模型选择结果，4C模型各维度平均得分见表3。将全维度得分最高的C1类别命名为高获得感组（37.88%），将全维度得分最低的C4类别命名为低获得感组（12.73%）；C2和C3在五个维度上的得分次序一致，故依次命名为较高（33.55%）和较低（15.83%）获得感组，各组得分均值分布见图2。
由图2可见C2和C3在老年人健康管理和健康教育维度上的均值趋近（P>0.05），其潜在剖面差异源于其余四个维度；C2和C4在急救服务维度上均值接近（P>0.05），类别区分由其余五个维度驱动，且此结果已由单因素方差分析（LSD法多重比较）得证[13]。
2.3　居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的潜在类别影响因素的单因素分析及多因素分析
单因素分析结果见表4。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量作为自变量，潜在剖面类别结果作为因变量进行logistic回归分析，见表5。以高获得感为参照：低获得感组中初中及以下学历、30～39岁风险升高，专业技术人员和月收入1 000～3 000元呈保护效应；较低获得感组中农林牧渔从业者、月收入<3 000元风险升高，30岁以下呈保护效应；较高获得感组中男性、高中/中专学历与高获得感显著正相关。
3　讨论
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3.1　居民基本公共卫生服务获得感属中等偏上水平
本研究结果显示居民基本公共卫生服务获得感属中等偏上水平，超60%居民获得感百分制得分高于50分，总体呈负偏态分布，表明服务开展效果较好，多数居民有较高服务质量体验。
居民获得感在突发公共卫生事件的报告与管理和医疗服务维度上得分最高，前者可能与新冠疫情的迅速应对和严密的控制措施相关，后者或得益于医疗资源下沉成效，如数据表明住所1 km/5 km范围内无医疗机构的居民分别仅有14.4%和6.4%。儿童与老年人健康管理两个维度的获得感最低，可能出于服务供需之间存在的信息壁垒与非刚需群体占比的双重制约，如数据表明约四成的居民对社区老年护理服务内容表示“不清楚”，且无相关服务需求的群体也会呈现该类服务的低获得感。急救服务和健康教育维度的获得感呈现出中等平均得分和高度离散（变异系数CV分别为0.810、0.873），结合数据发现原因在于获服务者评分显著高于未获得者，表明该维度低获得感仅由低需求所导致，进一步说明该类服务供给较好。
目前基本公共卫生服务的获得感、知晓率、满意度等暂无统一的评价标准，缺乏可比性。例如郝爱华等人[18]表明广东省居民基本公共卫生服务知晓率仅有13.52%，而王东海等[8]发现深圳市知晓率高达86.26%，因而暂时无法对各地差异进行评价。本研究结果表明居民基本公共卫生服务获得感处于中等偏上水平，但仍存在较大的提升空间。为进一步增强获得感，需继续加强基本公共卫生服务的宣传力度，尤其是强化重点人群认知对提升获得感有显著帮助。
3.2　居民基本公共卫生服务获得感的潜在类别及其影响因素分析
本研究通过LPA居民获得感划分为四个潜在类别，呈现显著的个体异质性和多维分化特征。结果表明，居民文化程度与获得感呈正相关，可能源于信息获取能力的群体差异[19]；月收入也与居民获得感呈正相关，原因可能在于低收入群体对服务经济成本的敏感性及政策认知不足，在获取过程中更容易受费用支出影响[20]；此外，年轻居民相较于年迈居民有更高的获得感，其原因可能在于青年群体因数字技术赋能在获得感上具有代际优势。因此建议加强知识普及与宣传教育工作来提升居民的知晓程度，强化低文化群体的健康教育；而针对特殊人群所在的这类经济负担更重的家庭，更应当大力宣传服务免费的性质；同时完善中老年群体的社区支持体系，而对于中青年则建议扩大数字化服务供给渠道以更好宣传和落实。
居民基本公共卫生服务获得感属中等偏上水平，其水平受个体因素如认知水平、经济状况、年龄结构等，与系统因素如政策宣教力度、资源下沉效能、服务匹配精准度等双重影响。管理者应在关注居民是否切实获得了与需求相匹配的服务的同时，进一步强化精准宣教，重点突破服务内容普及度与公益性认知盲区；同时实施分群干预，基于人口学特征制定梯度化服务优化方案，以提升需求-供给的动态适配性。
基金
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  • 山西省科技厅项目(202203021221183)
  • 山西省大健康产业高质量发展科研专项课题(DJKZXKT2023022)
文献
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501033
  • 接收时间：2025-01-03
  • 首发时间：2026-03-16
  • 出版时间：2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-03
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山西省科技厅项目(202203021221183)
山西省大健康产业高质量发展科研专项课题(DJKZXKT2023022)
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    1.山西医科大学公共卫生学院社会医学教研室，山西 太原 030001
    2.山西医科大学管理学院
    3.山西省卫生健康委员会规划发展和信息化处

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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