Article(id=1240413924647039129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667325412, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667325412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667325412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667325412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2835, endPage=2841, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413925402013915, articleId=1240413924647039129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Experimental study on the role of PSME1 in regulating proteasome function and protecting endothelial cells, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effect of proteasome activator PSME1 on proteasome function and antioxidant stress capacity in endothelial cells.

Methods

An adenoviral vector (Ad-PSME1) was used to transduce the target gene into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to establish PSME1-overexpressing endothelial cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of proteasome-related proteins; dot blot was employed to assess protein carbonylation levels; co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP) was performed to examine the interaction between PSME1 and PSME2; fluorogenic substrate assays were used to determine proteasome activity;cycloheximide(CHX) chase experiments were conducted to evaluate protein degradation rates; pulse-chase assays were applied to measure the degradation rate of GFPu; and DNPH derivatization was used to detect protein carbonylation levels.

Results

Overexpression of PSME1 in HUVECs increased the expression and prolonged the half-life of PSME2, enhanced chymotrypsin-like (β5) proteasome activity and ATP-dependent proteolytic function, and significantly shortened the half-life of misfolded protein GFPu(P<0.05). No significant effects were observed on the stability of endogenous UPS substrates(AKT, GATA4, and PTEN) or on the abundance of the 19S and 20S proteasome complexes (RPN2, RPT6, and PSMB5) (P>0.05). Additionally, PSME1 overexpression significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced protein carbonylation levels and enhanced the antioxidant stress capacity of endothelial cells(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Overexpression of PSME1 stabilizes PSME2, enhances the function of the 11S regulatory particle, and improves the proteasome's ability to degrade misfolded and oxidatively damaged proteins, thereby protecting endothelial cells.

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目的

探讨蛋白酶体激活因子亚基1(PSME1)对内皮细胞蛋白酶体功能及抗氧化应激能力的影响。

方法

利用重组腺病毒载体(Ad-PSME1)将靶基因转入人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)以构建过表达PSME1的内皮细胞。使用免疫印记(Western blot)检测蛋白酶体相关蛋白的表达水平,斑点印迹(dot blot)检测蛋白质羰基化水平,免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)检测PSME1与蛋白酶体激活因子亚基2(PSME2)之间的相互作用,荧光底物法检测蛋白酶体活性,环己酰亚胺(CHX)追踪实验检测蛋白质降解速率,脉冲追踪实验检测绿色荧光蛋白-泛素-蛋白酶体系统报告蛋白(GFPu)的降解速度,2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化检测法检测蛋白质羰基化水平。

结果

HUVEC中PSME1过表达使PSME2的蛋白表达增多且半衰期延长,糜蛋白酶样(β5)蛋白酶体活性及腺苷三磷酸(ATP)依赖性蛋白水解功能增强,同时显著缩短GFPu半衰期(P<0.05);对内源性UPS底物(AKT、GATA4和PTEN)的稳定性及19S和20S复合物(RPN2、RPT6和PSMB5)丰度无显著影响(P>0.05);此外,PSME1过表达显著降低过氧化氢诱导的蛋白质羰基化水平,增强内皮细胞的抗氧化应激能力(P<0.05)。

结论

PSME1过表达可稳定PSME2,增强11S调节颗粒的功能,提高蛋白酶体对错误折叠和氧化损伤蛋白质的降解能力,从而保护内皮细胞。

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李晓梅,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4C7WpCPX+y6Ok3bin1NXeQ==, magXml=vu1Vw+FBWOqsb/ICDUtv5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qsHFcut8FrKngo3nto5ffg==, pdfFileSize=1246680, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gM7z5gvdYvvIXpbSXOS74g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kq+7QdhLw+OfjlynYorZ5A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘畅与谢骞为共同第一作者

刘畅(1995—),男,博士,医师,研究方向:心血管基础与临床;

谢骞(1996—),男,博士在读,研究方向:冠心病临床与基础研究;

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2.阜外华中心血管病医院,国家心血管病中心华中分中心,河南省人民医院心脏中心,河南 郑州 450000, bio={"content":"

刘畅(1995—),男,博士,医师,研究方向:心血管基础与临床;

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谢骞(1996—),男,博士在读,研究方向:冠心病临床与基础研究;

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注:A为Western blot检测不同剂量Ad-PSME1处理下HUVEC中PSME1和PSME2的表达情况;B为PSME1与PSME2表达水平之间的相关性分析;C为Co-IP实验验证PSME1与PSME2蛋白互作。

, figureFileSmall=Ee/I7+kw98JIMMPS+VRIAg==, figureFileBig=KFUiKs0wwtPyKPbmKWwBdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424358477362035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of PSME1 overexpression on the activity of proteasome in HUVEC cells, figureFileSmall=hOLcAaEOisqeXwOuhEBuKA==, figureFileBig=SPw0wKhHRIZQLTcNNNDYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424358569636728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PSME1过表达对HUVEC细胞中蛋白酶体活性的影响

注:β1、β2、β5分别代表蛋白酶体的不同催化亚基;β1具有半胱天冬酶样活性,β2具有胰蛋白酶样活性,β5具有糜蛋白酶样活性;*表示P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=hOLcAaEOisqeXwOuhEBuKA==, figureFileBig=SPw0wKhHRIZQLTcNNNDYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424358661911424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of PSME1 overexpression on the protein level of GFPu, an alternative substrate of the UPS, figureFileSmall=aYQCPhBwrzZkwBkwR2iJGQ==, figureFileBig=R0y+//OepNWJd1CfHNNBNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424358770963333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PSME1过表达对UPS的替代底物GFPu蛋白水平的影响

注:A为PSME1过表达以剂量依赖性方式降低GFPu蛋白水平;B为GFPu蛋白水平与PSME1呈负相关;C为Western blot检测在不同追踪时间下PSME1过表达与对照细胞中GFPu蛋白水平;D为GFPu蛋白半衰期的比较分析。

, figureFileSmall=aYQCPhBwrzZkwBkwR2iJGQ==, figureFileBig=R0y+//OepNWJd1CfHNNBNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424359840510857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of PSME1 overexpression on proteasome substrates and 20s/19s subunits, figureFileSmall=E1dZ1Eq6GPl5hxC6D9DlCg==, figureFileBig=HGcx2z1ybTIqmkyV2tHf5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424359941174158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PSME1过表达对蛋白酶体底物和20S/19S亚基的影响

注:图A、B为PSME1过表达对HUVEC中AKT、GATA4、PTEN和PSME1蛋白的影响及定量分析;图C、D为PSME1过表达对20S亚基(PSMB5)和19S亚基(RPN2和RPT6)的影响及定量分析;*表示P< 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=E1dZ1Eq6GPl5hxC6D9DlCg==, figureFileBig=HGcx2z1ybTIqmkyV2tHf5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424360058614672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Overexpression of PSME1 can inhibit hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HUVEC cells, figureFileSmall=I8sHMK2d+ob3G7XonQl4cw==, figureFileBig=zrCFchbQnKz054R0Uqwssg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424360150889365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413924647039129, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PSME1过表达可抑制过氧化氢诱导的HUVEC氧化应激

注:A为dot blot检测不同处理组HUVEC的蛋白氧化水平(DNPH);B为dot blot结果定量分析;C为Western blot检测不同处理组HUVEC的DNPH水平;**表示P<0.01。

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PSME1调控蛋白酶体功能保护内皮细胞的实验研究
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刘畅 1, 2 , 谢骞 1 , 刘芬 1 , 张兴 1 , 房彬彬 1 , 张重阳 1 , 皮启星 1 , 杨毅宁 3 , 李晓梅 1
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(15): 2835-2841
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(15): 2835-2841
PSME1调控蛋白酶体功能保护内皮细胞的实验研究
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刘畅1, 2, 谢骞1, 刘芬1, 张兴1, 房彬彬1, 张重阳1, 皮启星1, 杨毅宁3, 李晓梅1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆医科大学第一附属医院心脏中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054
  • 2.阜外华中心血管病医院,国家心血管病中心华中分中心,河南省人民医院心脏中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 3.新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院心内科
  • 刘畅(1995—),男,博士,医师,研究方向:心血管基础与临床;

    谢骞(1996—),男,博士在读,研究方向:冠心病临床与基础研究;

通讯作者:

李晓梅,E-mail:
Experimental study on the role of PSME1 in regulating proteasome function and protecting endothelial cells
Chang LIU1, 2, Qian XIE1, Fen LIU1, Xing ZHANG1, Bin-bin FANG1, Chong-yang ZHANG1, Qi-xing PI1, Yi-ning YANG3, Xiao-mei LI1
Affiliations
  • Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504022
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目的

探讨蛋白酶体激活因子亚基1(PSME1)对内皮细胞蛋白酶体功能及抗氧化应激能力的影响。

方法

利用重组腺病毒载体(Ad-PSME1)将靶基因转入人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)以构建过表达PSME1的内皮细胞。使用免疫印记(Western blot)检测蛋白酶体相关蛋白的表达水平,斑点印迹(dot blot)检测蛋白质羰基化水平,免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)检测PSME1与蛋白酶体激活因子亚基2(PSME2)之间的相互作用,荧光底物法检测蛋白酶体活性,环己酰亚胺(CHX)追踪实验检测蛋白质降解速率,脉冲追踪实验检测绿色荧光蛋白-泛素-蛋白酶体系统报告蛋白(GFPu)的降解速度,2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化检测法检测蛋白质羰基化水平。

结果

HUVEC中PSME1过表达使PSME2的蛋白表达增多且半衰期延长,糜蛋白酶样(β5)蛋白酶体活性及腺苷三磷酸(ATP)依赖性蛋白水解功能增强,同时显著缩短GFPu半衰期(P<0.05);对内源性UPS底物(AKT、GATA4和PTEN)的稳定性及19S和20S复合物(RPN2、RPT6和PSMB5)丰度无显著影响(P>0.05);此外,PSME1过表达显著降低过氧化氢诱导的蛋白质羰基化水平,增强内皮细胞的抗氧化应激能力(P<0.05)。

结论

PSME1过表达可稳定PSME2,增强11S调节颗粒的功能,提高蛋白酶体对错误折叠和氧化损伤蛋白质的降解能力,从而保护内皮细胞。

PSME1  /  蛋白酶体  /  心血管疾病  /  氧化应激  /  蛋白质稳态
Objective

To investigate the effect of proteasome activator PSME1 on proteasome function and antioxidant stress capacity in endothelial cells.

Methods

An adenoviral vector (Ad-PSME1) was used to transduce the target gene into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to establish PSME1-overexpressing endothelial cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of proteasome-related proteins; dot blot was employed to assess protein carbonylation levels; co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP) was performed to examine the interaction between PSME1 and PSME2; fluorogenic substrate assays were used to determine proteasome activity;cycloheximide(CHX) chase experiments were conducted to evaluate protein degradation rates; pulse-chase assays were applied to measure the degradation rate of GFPu; and DNPH derivatization was used to detect protein carbonylation levels.

Results

Overexpression of PSME1 in HUVECs increased the expression and prolonged the half-life of PSME2, enhanced chymotrypsin-like (β5) proteasome activity and ATP-dependent proteolytic function, and significantly shortened the half-life of misfolded protein GFPu(P<0.05). No significant effects were observed on the stability of endogenous UPS substrates(AKT, GATA4, and PTEN) or on the abundance of the 19S and 20S proteasome complexes (RPN2, RPT6, and PSMB5) (P>0.05). Additionally, PSME1 overexpression significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced protein carbonylation levels and enhanced the antioxidant stress capacity of endothelial cells(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Overexpression of PSME1 stabilizes PSME2, enhances the function of the 11S regulatory particle, and improves the proteasome's ability to degrade misfolded and oxidatively damaged proteins, thereby protecting endothelial cells.

PSME1  /  Proteasome  /  Cardiovascular diseases  /  Oxidative stress  /  Protein homeostasis
刘畅, 谢骞, 刘芬, 张兴, 房彬彬, 张重阳, 皮启星, 杨毅宁, 李晓梅. PSME1调控蛋白酶体功能保护内皮细胞的实验研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2835 -2841 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504022
Chang LIU, Qian XIE, Fen LIU, Xing ZHANG, Bin-bin FANG, Chong-yang ZHANG, Qi-xing PI, Yi-ning YANG, Xiao-mei LI. Experimental study on the role of PSME1 in regulating proteasome function and protecting endothelial cells[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2835 -2841 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504022
泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome System,UPS)作为细胞内蛋白质降解的关键途径,负责清除异常及大多数正常细胞内蛋白质[1]。蛋白酶体由多个亚基组成,以多种不同的形式存在于细胞内,其中26S蛋白酶体是最主要的存在形式,它由20S核心颗粒和19S调节颗粒结合而成[2-3]。此外,20S核心颗粒可与11S调节颗粒或PA200调节颗粒结合,形成不同类型的蛋白酶体复合物[4-5]。11S调节颗粒是由蛋白酶体激活因子亚基1、2或3(PSME1、PSME2或PSME3)组合而成,它们在不需要ATP的情况下即可与20S核心颗粒组结合成20S-PSME1/2或20S-PSME3复合物,进而对20S的蛋白质降解功能发挥调控作用[6-7]。研究表明,蛋白酶体功能障碍可能与内皮功能相关[8-9]。有研究表明,11S在细胞内蛋白质降解中的作用可能大于在抗原加工中的作用[6],这一发现强调了其在维持细胞内蛋白质稳态中的作用可能更加关键。尽管PSME1在抗原呈递以外的生理功能仍不明确,但也有观察性研究报道,PSME1可能与人体血管系统的动脉粥样硬化和内膜增生相关[10]。此外,
蛋白酶体功能不足已在多种人类心血管疾病动物模型中观察到[11-13],这为其在血管健康中的潜在作用提供了线索。鉴于此,本研究通过相关分子生物学实验,旨在为异常蛋白质的降解研究提供有效思路,同时为后续研究及临床应用提供潜在的理论基础。
人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)购于深圳豪地华拓生物科技有限公司。胎牛血清购于美国Gibco公司。ECM内皮细胞专用培养基购于美国Sciencell公司。PSME1、PSME2、蛋白酶体亚基β5(PSMB5)、GATA结合蛋白4(GATA4)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)、蛋白酶体调节亚基2(RPN2)、蛋白酶体调节亚基6(RPT6)、二硝基苯酚(DNP)、绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)一抗及辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)二抗均购于美国Abcam公司。蛋白质羰基化氧化检测(OxyBlot)蛋白质氧化检测试剂盒购于德国Merck KGaA公司,用于检测蛋白酶活性的三肽底物Suc-LLVY-AMC(β5)、Z-LLE-AMC(β2)和Ac-RLR-AMC(β1)购于美国MCE公司。PSME1、绿色荧光蛋白-泛素-蛋白酶体系统报告蛋白(GFPu)和β-Gal过表达重组腺病毒购于上海莱福思畔基因科技有限公司。细胞培养箱、离心机和超低温冰箱购于美国Thermo Scientific公司。倒置显微镜购于德国Carl Zeiss公司,电泳仪、凝胶成像仪和垂直电泳槽购于美国Bio-Rad公司。PVDF膜购于美国Millipore公司。
将HUVEC接种到含10%胎牛血清和1%抗生素的ECM培养基中,并置于37 ℃,含5%二氧化碳和饱和湿空气培养箱中孵育,镜下观察细胞密度约80%时,按1:3的比例传代。镜下观察细胞密度约60%时,更换无血清培养基,选择优化的感染复数5 MOI添加病毒,在37 ℃,含5%二氧化碳和饱和湿空气培养箱孵育6~8 h后更换新鲜培养基,以去除含病毒的培养液,继续在37 ℃,含5%二氧化碳和饱和湿空气培养箱培养,观察细胞生长状态及污染情况。
当观察到细胞生长到密度约为80%时,使用细胞刮刀从细胞培养瓶的底部收集细胞,离心得到细胞沉淀;加入预冷的裂解液(5 μl磷酸酶抑制剂、5 μl蛋白酶抑制剂、5 μl PMSF)以提取蛋白;随后进行蛋白浓度测定与蛋白质变性;配制蛋白分离胶;蛋白上样按照每孔30 μg,电泳分离蛋白后进行转膜;转膜完毕后TBST洗膜3遍,随后用含有5%的脱脂牛奶的TBST溶液在室温封闭1 h;封闭结束后,将PVDF膜置于稀释好的一抗中,4 ℃摇床孵育12 h;TBST洗膜3遍,随后孵育二抗,室温摇床孵育1 h;配制ECL发光液,均匀滴在PVDF膜上,通过BIO-RAD凝胶成像仪进行显影成像后存档。
裁剪适当大小的PVDF膜并画出数个1 cm×1 cm的方格,甲醇活化后取3 μl蛋白样品滴加到方格中央后置于37 ℃恒温箱中自然晾干;使用预先配制好的BSA溶液室温孵育1 h进行封闭;加入一抗工作液,4 ℃孵育12 h;TBST洗膜3遍,随后孵育二抗,室温孵育1 h;TBST洗膜3遍后,在膜上均匀滴加DAB显色液,显影成像后存档。
收集细胞进行裂解,4 ℃进行高速离心后收集上清液,即为总蛋白。将其与抗PSME1抗体或抗PSME2抗体以及偶联了蛋白A/G的琼脂糖珠一起在4 ℃下孵育过夜。然后将沉淀产物通过SDS-PAGE进行分离,通过Western blot实验方法检测PSME1和PSME2的表达。
在96孔黑色透明底板中接种细胞(1×104个/孔,设3个副孔)。分别构建对照组(control)和PSME1过表达组(PSME1 OE),同时使用2.5 μg/ml寡霉素处理细胞以构建无ATP的培养环境。置于37 ℃,含5%二氧化碳和饱和湿空气培养箱中孵育约24 h;细胞贴壁后使用PBS缓冲液冲洗3遍,加入RIPA裂解液100 μl/孔,4 ℃孵育10 min以促进蛋白释放,使用移液枪轻柔吹打,确保裂解均匀;加入25 μmol/L的三肽底物Suc-LLVY-AMC、Z-LLE-AMC和Ac-RLR-AMC分别用于检测糜蛋白酶样(β5)、半胱天冬酶样(β1)和胰蛋白酶样(β 2)活性;37 ℃恒温箱中避光孵育30 min后,使用荧光酶标仪(激发波长380 nm,发射波长460 nm)检测荧光强度。酶活性为荧光强度和孵育时间之比,以对照组为基准进行归一化计算得出相对酶活性(AU)。
将HUVEC培养于添加有浓度为50 μM的CHX的培养基中,构建表达空病毒的对照组(Ad-β-Gal)和过表达PSME1的实验组(Ad-PSME1)。在不同的时间点(0、2、6和12 h)收集细胞,并通过Western blot实验检测相应时间的PSME2蛋白水平,以评估过表达PSME1对PSME2蛋白降解速率的影响。
将HUVEC与Ad-GFPu和Ad-β-Gal以及Ad-PSME1共感染,将细胞分为对照组(CTL)和PSME1过表达组(Ad-PSME1)。观察细胞密度达到70%左右时,使用无甲硫氨酸培养基饥饿处理30 min,随后在培养基中加入35S-Met进行标记15 min以标记新合成蛋白。紧接着,弃去放射性培养基,PBS冲洗两次后更换含非放射性Met/Cys的追踪培养基。在不同的时间点(0、5、10、15、30和60 min)收集细胞后用RIPA裂解液进行裂解。用抗GFP抗体检测GFPu的蛋白水平。
细胞经Ad-PSME1或Ad-β-Gal感染48 h后,用H2O2(200 μM,2 h)处理诱导细胞氧化应激[14]。使用OxyBlot蛋白质氧化检测试剂盒评估蛋白质羰基化,蛋白羰基化是氧化应激的标志之一。依照说明书进行蛋白提取、DNPH衍生化等步骤。然后将DNPH标记的蛋白质用Western blot以及dot blot实验加载到PVDF膜上,使用DNP抗体检测DNPH衍生化蛋白质。DNPH信号表示蛋白质羰基化水平。
应用SPSS 25.0和Graphpad Prism 8.0.2软件对数据进行统计分析,所有实验均重复三次。计量资料使用(均数±标准差)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD检验。检验水准α=0.05。
Western blot实验结果显示,PSME1的表达水平呈现剂量依赖性增加。同时观察到PSME1的表达增加伴随着PSME2表达水平的升高。进一步的分析显示,PSME1和PSME2蛋白水平的增加呈显著正相关(r=0.997)。为了验证PSME1对PSME2表达的影响,免疫共沉淀实验结果表明,与对照HUVEC相比,Ad-PSME1感染的细胞中,PSME1与PSME2之间的结合显著增加。此外,PSME2与PSME1结合的水平也同步提升,PSME1过表达可促进HUVEC中11S调节颗粒的PSME2的表达水平升高。见图1A、B
CHX追踪实验结果表明,PSME1过表达显著降低了PSME2蛋白的降解速率,见图1C。在对照细胞中,PSME2的半衰期约为12 h,而在PSME1过表达的细胞中,PSME2的半衰期延长至约28 h。这一结果进一步支持了PSME1过表达提高了PSME2的蛋白稳定性。
体外蛋白酶体活性检测结果显示,与感染了Ad-β-Gal的对照细胞相比,PSME1过表达显著增强了不依赖于ATP的蛋白酶体糜蛋白酶样(β5)活性(P<0.05),但对半胱天冬酶样(β1)活性和胰蛋白酶样(β2)活性无明显影响。此外,ATP处理显著提高PSME1过表达组和对照组中β5、β1和β2的活性。在依赖ATP的蛋白酶体活性方面,PSME1过表达组的β 5活性和β1活性显著高于对照组,但β2活性未见明显变化,见图2。这些结果表明,PSME1过表达可能对蛋白酶体的蛋白水解功能具有积极调控作用。
GFPu是UPS的替代底物“绿色荧光蛋白泛素-蛋白酶体系统报告基因(GFP UPS reporter)”,由GFP和降解决定子CL-1融合而成的短肽,当细胞内蛋白酶体的功能正常时,GFPu可被蛋白酶体快速降解。若蛋白酶体功能受抑,GFP则会发生累积。本研究将HUVEC分别与重组腺病毒载体Ad-GFPu、Ad-β-Gal及不同滴度(1~20 MOI)的Ad-PSME1共感染48 h。Western blot实验结果显示,PSME1过表达可导致GFPu蛋白水平呈剂量依赖性降低,且GFPu蛋白水平与PSME1及PSME2蛋白水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.981 5)。此外,放射性蛋白脉冲追踪实验结果显示,GFPu蛋白的半衰期由对照组14 min显著缩短至PSME1 OE内皮细胞7 min,见图3。即PSME1过表达使GFPu半衰期缩短约1倍(P< 0.05),该结果表明PSME1过表达可增强内皮细胞蛋白酶体的蛋白水解功能。
通过Western blot技术检测HUVEC中典型内源性UPS底物(AKT、GATA4和PTEN)的蛋白水平。实验结果显示,HUVEC过表达PSME1后,AKT、GATA4和PTEN的表达水平无明显改变,见图4。该结果表明PSME1过表达不会影响HUVEC内源性UPS底物的稳定性。
通过Western blot技术检测PSME1过表达的HUVEC中19S和20S代表性亚基丰度的影响,见图4。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,PSME1过表达并未显著改变19S的亚基RPN2和RPT6的水平,也未影响20S亚基PSMB5的水平。该结果表明PSME1过表达不会影响19S和20S复合物的整体丰度。
在细胞密度为80%时,使用50 μM的H2O2处理4 h,通过dot blot和Western blot技术检测蛋白羰基化水平,见图5。Dot blot实验结果显示,H2O2处理的内皮细胞DNPH信号显著增强(P<0.01),提示细胞内总蛋白羰基化水平升高。而PSME1过表达的内皮细胞,DNPH信号减弱(P<0.01),说明PSME1可能促进异常蛋白降解从而减少羰基化水平。Western blot实验结果进一步证实,H2O2处理使得50~220 kDa范围内DNPH信号显著增强,即蛋白质的羰基化水平显著上升,而PSME1过表达可有效抑制该上升趋势(DNPH信号显著减弱)。对于未经H2O2诱导的内皮细胞(control组),DNPH信号变化不显著,表明PSME1过表达不会显著改变基础状态下的蛋白质羰基化水平。综上所述,H2O2处理可诱导蛋白质羰基化,促进氧化损伤和错误折叠蛋白质的积累,而PSME1过表达可显著降低H2O2诱导的氧化损伤。
近年来,研究发现蛋白酶体复合物在亚基功能以及单个亚基的生化特性方面存在异质性[15-16]。研究表明,细胞内存在多个不同类型的蛋白酶体,它们的亚细胞定位不同或在相同位置但不同时间可能表现出显著生化与生理特性的差异[17]。研究表明,死于急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的患者,其晚期动脉粥样斑块中的蛋白酶体活性显著下降,甚至低于非病变血管的基线水平[12,18-19]。此外,在有症状的颈动脉粥样斑块中也观察到蛋白酶体活性下降,这一变化与氧化应激及细胞凋亡密切相关[20-21]。总体而言,蛋白酶体功能的持续受损可导致斑块内皮细胞的凋亡,继而通过诱发炎症反应和细胞外基质降解等机制,促进斑块不稳定性。
本研究结果表明,HUVEC中过表达PSME1能够上调11S调节颗粒亚基PSME2的表达水平,并通过与其结合稳定PSME2,从而增强蛋白酶体功能。进一步通过检测GFPu的降解情况,发现PSME1过表达可提高蛋白酶体的蛋白水解能力,进而保护内皮免受氧化应激的损伤。考虑到蛋白酶体功能不全在动脉粥样硬化、缺血-再灌注损伤、心肌病和心力衰竭等心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)中普遍存在[11,22-25],本研究的发现为增强心血管系统蛋白酶体活性提供了一种新的潜在策略,有望为CVD的干预与治疗提供新的分子靶点。
11S调节颗粒可由PSME3组成同源性七聚体,也可由PSME1与PSME2组成异源性七聚体[26]。研究表明,IFN-γ可诱导PSME1和PSME2的表达,这一现象不仅存在于免疫细胞,也存在于非免疫细胞中[27]。本研究通过探讨PSME1在11S调节颗粒形成中的作用发现,PSME1在HUVEC中过表达可上调PSME2的表达水平,提示PSME1和PSME2之间可能存在协同调控机制。本研究进一步证实,PSME1过表达可抑制PSME2的降解速率,这一现象支持二者相互作用的假设。此外,有研究报道了PSME2基因敲除小鼠体内未检测到PSME1蛋白的表达[28],进一步强调了PSME1和PSME2在蛋白酶体调节中的协同关系。
蛋白酶体介导的蛋白质降解通常依赖于底物蛋白的多聚泛素化修饰,这是降解途径中的重要限速步骤[29]。正常细胞蛋白的泛素化往往依赖于其翻译后修饰状态,以及特定E3泛素连接酶的识别与作用。只有在这些条件满足的前提下,泛素化过程才能顺利进行[30-31]。因此,单纯增强蛋白酶体的蛋白水解活性不应显著影响正常蛋白质的稳定性[32]。错误折叠或损伤的蛋白通常会发生构象改变,暴露其疏水序列,从而激活泛素化修饰。GFPu通过在GFP的羧基端融合结构域CL1构建而成,CL1可通过其暴露的疏水序列诱导泛素化[33]。因此,GFPu被认为是错误折叠蛋白的替代标志物,可用于评估UPS的蛋白水解功能[34]。本研究显示,PSME1在HUVEC中过表达显著降低GFPu蛋白水平,且存在剂量依赖性。此外,GFPu半衰期的缩短提示PSME1过表达可能通过转录后机制促进错误折叠蛋白质的降解。进一步分析发现了PSME1过表达的细胞中蛋白酶体的ATP非依赖性和ATP依赖性水解活性均显著升高。这些结果表明,PSME1上调可增强HUVEC内错误折叠蛋白的降解能力,同时不影响正常蛋白质的稳态,这一特性有助于维护心血管系统的蛋白质稳态。
蛋白酶体通过降解错误折叠、未折叠以及受损的蛋白质,在细胞内蛋白质质量控制方面发挥着不可或缺的作用[35-36]。在常见类型心脏病的动物模型中,已经观察到蛋白质错误折叠现象[37],且在人类动脉粥样硬化中也有类似关联[12,38]。蛋白质稳态失衡被认为是CVD进展的一个重要致病因素[11,39]。蛋白酶体对氧化应激的调节在CVD中发挥关键作用。本研究发现,PSME1过表达能显著降低H2O2诱导的蛋白质羰基化水平,提示在氧化应激等危险因素存在的情况下,内皮细胞处于应激状态,而PSME1的表达减少可能导致错误折叠蛋白质的清除受阻,进而破坏内皮细胞蛋白质稳态,并最终导致内皮细胞损伤。本研究揭示了PSME1在调控蛋白酶体功能及维持内皮细胞蛋白质稳态中的关键作用,为探索针对内皮功能障碍的新型治疗策略提供了理论支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(8216020109)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项资金(ZYYD2022C21)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B03022-2)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”培养计划(2023TSYCLJ0035)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504022
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(8216020109)
中央引导地方科技发展专项资金(ZYYD2022C21)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B03022-2)
新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”培养计划(2023TSYCLJ0035)
作者信息
    1.新疆医科大学第一附属医院心脏中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054
    2.阜外华中心血管病医院,国家心血管病中心华中分中心,河南省人民医院心脏中心,河南 郑州 450000
    3.新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院心内科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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