Article(id=1240413923803983962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503498, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773667325211, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773667325211, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773667325211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667325211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240413921266429979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='15', pageStart='2689', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773667324606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773667356299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240414054267802326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240413921266429979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2854, endPage=2859, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240413924013699174, articleId=1240413923803983962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance analysis of 53 human-derived Salmonella strains in Henan, 2023—2024, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of human-derived Salmonella strains from three cities in Henan during 2023 and 2024, providing a scientific basis for epidemiological surveillance and disease control.

Methods

Whole-genome sequencing was performed to analyze multilocus sequence typing (MLST), molecular serotyping, protein function, resistance genes, and virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method.

Results

A total of 53 human-derived Salmonella strains were collected from sentinel hospitals in Xuchang, Nanyang, and Zhoukou. The analysis revealed 16 ST types and 15 molecular serotypes, with Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 being the most prevalent (33.96%). Thirty-two virulence gene categories were identified, and all strains carried numerous genes associated with Salmonella pathogenicity islands. Fifteen classes of resistance genes were detected, with a multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of 67.92%. Minimum spanning tree clustering identified two clonal groups, and phylogenetic analysis showed a strong correlation between ST types and serotypes.

Conclusion

The 53 human-derived Salmonella strains harbored diverse resistance genes and highly pathogenic virulence genes, with Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 being the dominant strain.The high MDR prevalence warrants attention in disease prevention and control.

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目的

对2023—2024年河南省3个城市的人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性进行分析,为河南省沙门菌流行病学调查及疾病防控提供科学依据。

方法

通过全基因组测序对菌株的多位点序列分型、分子血清型、蛋白功能、耐药基因及毒力基因等进行分析,微量肉汤稀释法检测耐药表型。

结果

收集2023—2024年许昌市、南阳市、周口市国家致病菌识别网哨点医院人源性沙门菌共53株,分析结果显示ST型16种,分子血清型15种,肠炎沙门菌ST11占比最大(33.96%);毒力基因分类32种,所有菌株均携带大量与沙门菌毒力岛相关基因;携带耐药基因15类;多重耐药率为67.92%;最小生成树聚类分析有2个克隆群,系统发育树显示ST型与血清型高度相关。

结论

53株人源性沙门菌携带多种耐药基因和致病力强的毒力基因,优势菌为肠炎沙门菌ST11,多重耐药情况需引起疾病防控重视。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
夏晖,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LFxWaQKeykC/E69UuhKmGw==, magXml=fgham26OXL3i/IPxpfW4wg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AIGTEAU35pTxKpEYG65KkA==, pdfFileSize=1086642, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=T6+FRdoY0f7dW98mOTccVQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PIVlO4/fy3xhF6RzoFfZww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张晓璐(1989—),女,本科,主管技师,研究方向:微生物检验

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张晓璐(1989—),女,本科,主管技师,研究方向:微生物检验

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张晓璐(1989—),女,本科,主管技师,研究方向:微生物检验

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注:圆圈代表序列类型,圆圈上的数字代表ST型;圆圈之间连接线上的数字表示两个ST型之间的遗传进化差异。

, figureFileSmall=AqEgcBbGmGmEtrjcWi8mqQ==, figureFileBig=5Huwn1HD0yye1Ta+sTbRBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424359936971586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Whole-Genome SNP phylogenetic tree of 53 strains of Salmonella of human origin, figureFileSmall=ZM0+YcLn57kZVMr7DEcmpQ==, figureFileBig=nMiAoLlNWgKFU+AsBvdNxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424360033440583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=CN, label=图3, caption=53株人源性沙门菌全基因组SNP系统发育树, figureFileSmall=ZM0+YcLn57kZVMr7DEcmpQ==, figureFileBig=nMiAoLlNWgKFU+AsBvdNxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240424360108938057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ST typing and molecular serological identification of 53 strains of Salmonella of human origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ST型菌株数(株)血清型(菌种拉丁文名称)菌株数(株)
1118肠炎(S. Enteritidis18
192鼠伤寒(S. Typhimurium2
261汤卜逊(S. Newport1
295斯坦利(S. Stanley5
312纽波特(S. Newport2
3494,[5],12:i:-S. 4,[5],12:i:-9
1982肯塔基(S. Kentucky2
2142利奇菲尔德(S. Lichfield2
3583黄金海岸(S. Goldcoast3
4341非丁伏斯(S. Hvittingfoss1
4712约翰内斯堡(S. Johannesburg2
5162吉韦(S. Give2
15411科瓦利斯(S. Corvallis1
54941特勒凯比尔(S. Telelkebir1
74841麦克尔斯菲尔德(S. Macclesfield1
1661纽波特(S. Newport1
), ArticleFig(id=1240424360180241229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

53株人源性沙门菌ST型和分子血清学鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ST型菌株数(株)血清型(菌种拉丁文名称)菌株数(株)
1118肠炎(S. Enteritidis18
192鼠伤寒(S. Typhimurium2
261汤卜逊(S. Newport1
295斯坦利(S. Stanley5
312纽波特(S. Newport2
3494,[5],12:i:-S. 4,[5],12:i:-9
1982肯塔基(S. Kentucky2
2142利奇菲尔德(S. Lichfield2
3583黄金海岸(S. Goldcoast3
4341非丁伏斯(S. Hvittingfoss1
4712约翰内斯堡(S. Johannesburg2
5162吉韦(S. Give2
15411科瓦利斯(S. Corvallis1
54941特勒凯比尔(S. Telelkebir1
74841麦克尔斯菲尔德(S. Macclesfield1
1661纽波特(S. Newport1
), ArticleFig(id=1240424360268321619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major classification of virulence genes and related genes in 53 strains of Salmonella of human origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要分类相关基因
SPI-1hilACD、sptP、invABCEFGHIJ、avrA、sopABDD2EE2、spaOPQRS、sicAP、iacP、iagB、sprB、prgHIJK、orgABC、sipABCD、sitABCD
SPI-2ssrAB、sscAB、sifAB、spiC、ssaBCDEGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV、sopDD2、sseABCDEFGIJK1K2L、pipBB2、steABCDEF、slrP、
gogB、 sspH2、spvBD
SPI-3misL、mgtBC
SPI-5pipB、sopB、sigD
SPI-6saftcf
毒力质粒spvBD、rckpef
菌毛pilfim
鞭毛第一基因区:flgABCDEFGHIJKLMN
第二基因区:flhABCDE
第三基因区:fliABCDHIJKLMNOPQRSTYZ
第四基因区:fljB
运动相关:motAB
巨噬细胞诱导mig-14mig-5
抗吞噬probable wbaZ、manCalgU、rmlB、galF、ugdwcaI、wzbwecC、wbjD/wecB
自转运蛋白ehaB、upaG/ehaG
侵袭ibeBC、cheBRWYZ、motA
调节功能phoPQ、rpoS、csrA、gacA
血清抗药性rckrmlD、rmlA、rmlD、wbbO
逆境适应sodCI、katG
毒素spvB、cdtB、pltA
免疫逃逸gtrA、galE、rmlA、galU、mrsA/glmM、pgiacpXL
), ArticleFig(id=1240424360503202648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

53株人源性沙门菌毒力基因主要分类和相关基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要分类相关基因
SPI-1hilACD、sptP、invABCEFGHIJ、avrA、sopABDD2EE2、spaOPQRS、sicAP、iacP、iagB、sprB、prgHIJK、orgABC、sipABCD、sitABCD
SPI-2ssrAB、sscAB、sifAB、spiC、ssaBCDEGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV、sopDD2、sseABCDEFGIJK1K2L、pipBB2、steABCDEF、slrP、
gogB、 sspH2、spvBD
SPI-3misL、mgtBC
SPI-5pipB、sopB、sigD
SPI-6saftcf
毒力质粒spvBD、rckpef
菌毛pilfim
鞭毛第一基因区:flgABCDEFGHIJKLMN
第二基因区:flhABCDE
第三基因区:fliABCDHIJKLMNOPQRSTYZ
第四基因区:fljB
运动相关:motAB
巨噬细胞诱导mig-14mig-5
抗吞噬probable wbaZ、manCalgU、rmlB、galF、ugdwcaI、wzbwecC、wbjD/wecB
自转运蛋白ehaB、upaG/ehaG
侵袭ibeBC、cheBRWYZ、motA
调节功能phoPQ、rpoS、csrA、gacA
血清抗药性rckrmlD、rmlA、rmlD、wbbO
逆境适应sodCI、katG
毒素spvB、cdtB、pltA
免疫逃逸gtrA、galE、rmlA、galU、mrsA/glmM、pgiacpXL
), ArticleFig(id=1240424360603865945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Phenotypic results of drug resistance of 53 strains of Salmonella of human origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别抗生素名称菌株数量及百分比(%)
敏感(S)中介(I)耐药(R)
青霉素类氨苄西林16(30.19)1(1.89)36(67.92)
青霉素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂氨苄西林/舒巴坦17(32.08)10(18.87)26(49.05)
头孢菌素头孢噻肟42(79.25)0(0.00)11(20.75)
头孢他啶46(86.79)3(5.66)4(7.55)
头孢菌素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂头孢他啶/阿维巴坦53(100.00)0(0.00)
碳青霉稀类厄他培南51(96.22)1(1.89)1(1.89)
美罗培南51(96.22)0(0.00)2(3.78)
氨基糖苷类阿米卡星53(100.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
链霉素18(33.96)35(66.04)
四环素类四环素29(54.72)0(0.00)24(45.28)
氯霉素类氯霉素37(69.81)0(0.00)16(30.19)
甘氨酰环素类替加环素53(100.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
氟喹诺酮类环丙沙星13(24.53)28(52.83)12(22.64)
喹诺酮类萘啶酸28(52.83)25(47.17)
磺胺类复方磺胺甲噁唑40(75.47)13(24.53)
), ArticleFig(id=1240424360704529246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240413923803983962, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

53株人源性沙门菌耐药表型结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别抗生素名称菌株数量及百分比(%)
敏感(S)中介(I)耐药(R)
青霉素类氨苄西林16(30.19)1(1.89)36(67.92)
青霉素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂氨苄西林/舒巴坦17(32.08)10(18.87)26(49.05)
头孢菌素头孢噻肟42(79.25)0(0.00)11(20.75)
头孢他啶46(86.79)3(5.66)4(7.55)
头孢菌素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂头孢他啶/阿维巴坦53(100.00)0(0.00)
碳青霉稀类厄他培南51(96.22)1(1.89)1(1.89)
美罗培南51(96.22)0(0.00)2(3.78)
氨基糖苷类阿米卡星53(100.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
链霉素18(33.96)35(66.04)
四环素类四环素29(54.72)0(0.00)24(45.28)
氯霉素类氯霉素37(69.81)0(0.00)16(30.19)
甘氨酰环素类替加环素53(100.00)0(0.00)0(0.00)
氟喹诺酮类环丙沙星13(24.53)28(52.83)12(22.64)
喹诺酮类萘啶酸28(52.83)25(47.17)
磺胺类复方磺胺甲噁唑40(75.47)13(24.53)
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2023—2024年河南省53株人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性分析
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张晓璐 1 , 夏晖 1 , 郑惠平 1 , 王文华 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(15): 2854-2859
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025, 52(15): 2854-2859
2023—2024年河南省53株人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性分析
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张晓璐1, 夏晖1 , 郑惠平1, 王文华2
作者信息
  • 1.许昌市疾病预防控制中心微生物检测检验科,河南 许昌 461000
  • 2.河南省疾病预防控制中心
  • 张晓璐(1989—),女,本科,主管技师,研究方向:微生物检验

通讯作者:

夏晖,E-mail:
Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance analysis of 53 human-derived Salmonella strains in Henan, 2023—2024
Xiao-lu ZHANG1, Hui XIA1 , Hui-ping ZHENG1, Wen-hua WANG2
Affiliations
  • Xuchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuchang, Henan 461000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503498
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目的

对2023—2024年河南省3个城市的人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性进行分析,为河南省沙门菌流行病学调查及疾病防控提供科学依据。

方法

通过全基因组测序对菌株的多位点序列分型、分子血清型、蛋白功能、耐药基因及毒力基因等进行分析,微量肉汤稀释法检测耐药表型。

结果

收集2023—2024年许昌市、南阳市、周口市国家致病菌识别网哨点医院人源性沙门菌共53株,分析结果显示ST型16种,分子血清型15种,肠炎沙门菌ST11占比最大(33.96%);毒力基因分类32种,所有菌株均携带大量与沙门菌毒力岛相关基因;携带耐药基因15类;多重耐药率为67.92%;最小生成树聚类分析有2个克隆群,系统发育树显示ST型与血清型高度相关。

结论

53株人源性沙门菌携带多种耐药基因和致病力强的毒力基因,优势菌为肠炎沙门菌ST11,多重耐药情况需引起疾病防控重视。

沙门菌  /  多重耐药  /  全基因组测序  /  毒力基因  /  耐药基因
Objective

To analyze the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of human-derived Salmonella strains from three cities in Henan during 2023 and 2024, providing a scientific basis for epidemiological surveillance and disease control.

Methods

Whole-genome sequencing was performed to analyze multilocus sequence typing (MLST), molecular serotyping, protein function, resistance genes, and virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method.

Results

A total of 53 human-derived Salmonella strains were collected from sentinel hospitals in Xuchang, Nanyang, and Zhoukou. The analysis revealed 16 ST types and 15 molecular serotypes, with Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 being the most prevalent (33.96%). Thirty-two virulence gene categories were identified, and all strains carried numerous genes associated with Salmonella pathogenicity islands. Fifteen classes of resistance genes were detected, with a multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of 67.92%. Minimum spanning tree clustering identified two clonal groups, and phylogenetic analysis showed a strong correlation between ST types and serotypes.

Conclusion

The 53 human-derived Salmonella strains harbored diverse resistance genes and highly pathogenic virulence genes, with Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 being the dominant strain.The high MDR prevalence warrants attention in disease prevention and control.

Salmonella  /  Multidrug resistance  /  Whole-genome sequencing  /  Virulence genes  /  Resistance genes
张晓璐, 夏晖, 郑惠平, 王文华. 2023—2024年河南省53株人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2854 -2859 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503498
Xiao-lu ZHANG, Hui XIA, Hui-ping ZHENG, Wen-hua WANG. Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance analysis of 53 human-derived Salmonella strains in Henan, 2023—2024[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (15) : 2854 -2859 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503498
沙门菌是食物引起肠胃炎最常见的病原体,主要通过污染的食品和水源经粪口途径传播导致多种感染。河南省食品中检出的沙门菌和人源性沙门菌之间分子特征及多重耐药存在差异,人源性沙门菌多重耐药率一直处于高水平[1-3],给公众健康和社会经济带来巨大风险与挑战。通过检索中国知网及PubMed数据库文献发现近两年关于河南省人源性沙门菌的实验数据较少,本研究通过全基因组测序及药敏试验对2023—2024年河南省3个城市的53株人源性沙门菌分子特征及耐药性进行分析,为河南省人源性沙门菌流行病学调查提供持续性数据以及疾病防控的科学依据。
收集2023—2024年许昌市、南阳市、周口市国家致病菌识别网哨点医院人源性沙门菌共53株;其中17株来自许昌市(32.07%),菌株编号为XC01~XC17;10株来自南阳市(18.87%),菌株编号为NY01~NY10;26株来自周口市(49.06%),菌株编号为ZK01~ZK26。除1株分离自血液,其余52株均分离自粪便。样本采集方法参照《国家致病菌识别网工作手册》。质控菌株大肠埃希菌ATCC25922和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853由河南省疾病预防控制中心提供。
细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技北京有限公司),全基因组测序试剂、自动化样本制备系统MGISP-100及高通量测序仪MGISEQ-200(武汉华大智造科技有限公司),国家致病菌识别网定制药敏盘及全自动药敏分析仪Droplet48(复星诊断科技长沙有限公司),所有试剂均在有效期内。
将收集的沙门菌复苏后制备成2.5麦氏单位菌悬液,使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒采用离心柱法依照试剂说明书进行手工提取细菌DNA。
采用MGISP-100自动化样本制备系统进行文库制备,MGISEQ-200高通量测序仪进行测序以及华大MGAP软件进行拼接和组装。
将序列提交至PubMLST数据库和SeqSero2数据库获得菌株ST型和分子血清型。
将序列提交至华大MGAP软件进行预测和建树得到菌株的蛋白功能注释、抗菌药物的种类及耐药基因等信息和以最大似然法构建的全基因组单核苷酸多态性(single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)系统发育树。
将序列提交至VFDB数据库得到菌株的毒力基因分类及相关因子等信息。采用SPI Finder 2.0数据库分析沙门菌毒力岛(Salmonella pathogenicity island,SPI)。采用Phyloviz Online做最小生成树进行聚类分析。
根据美国临床和实验室标准化协会(Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute, CLSI)2023M100和《2024年国家食源性疾病工作手册》采用微量肉汤稀释法将所测最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)判读为敏感(susceptible,S)、中介(intermediate, I)及耐药(resistant, R)。
53株人源性沙门菌共检测到ST型16种,血清型15种。许昌市、南阳市、周口市均以肠炎沙门菌ST11占比最大,分别是41.18%、40.00%、26.92%。整体来看肠炎沙门菌ST11占比33.96%。见表1
53株人源性沙门菌编码蛋白总数为257 373,被注释到的蛋白数目为143 238,占比55.65%。注释到的蛋白功能主要集中在E(氨基酸转运和代谢)、G(碳水化合物转运和代谢)、J(翻译、核糖体结构和生物合成)、M(细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞外膜生物合成)等分类。见图1
VFDB数据库预测到抗吞噬、自转运蛋白、巨噬细胞诱导、镁的摄取、侵袭、调节、分泌系统、血清抗药性、逆境适应、毒素等共32种毒力基因分类。其中ZK26的毒力基因相关因子数目最多,为 308,ZK05数目最少,为78。所有菌株均携带大量与SPI相关基因,3株携带沙门菌基因组岛1(Salmonella genomic island 1,SGI1);15株存在抗吞噬相关基因;32株存在自转运蛋白相关基因;53株存在调节功能相关基因;20株存在血清抗药性相关基因;29株存在逆境适应相关基因;16株存在侵袭相关基因;30株存在毒素相关基因,其中8株存在伤寒毒素相关基因cdtB(细胞致死膨胀毒素基因)和 pltA(百日咳类毒素基因);7株存在免疫逃逸相关基因。见表2
预测到多重耐药、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类等共15类耐药基因。重点关注的药物各基因携带率:(1)多重耐药:ompfsdia hnsramr均为100%,msbaibcr均为1.30%;(2)耐氟喹诺酮类:parcgyrbgyra均为100%,qnra qnrqnrs分别为5.67%、15.09%、20.75%;(3)耐磺胺类:folpsuliiisuliisuli分别为100%、3.77%、62.26%、13.21%;(4)耐β-内酰胺类:ctxdhaimpomp36、oxatemvimlap分别为45.28%、11.32%、11.32%、20.75%、20.75%、56.60%、3.77%、1.89%;(5)耐氯霉素类:catacatbflorclma分别为11.32%、16.98%、30.19%、5.66%;(6)耐四环素类:tetbtetrmtetatetrtetd分别为20.75%、20.75%、28.30%、32.08%、5.66%;(7)耐磷霉素:glptmuraptsluhpt均为100%,fosa为7.55%;(8)耐氨基糖苷类:aac6-primea16s aph3-dprime ant3-dprime aph4、 aph6、 aac3、rrshrpsl分别为100%、79.25%、60.38%、13.21%、5.37%、58.50%、11.32%、7.55%、56.60%。
对于三类或以上的药物同时出现耐药称为多重耐药。53株人源性沙门菌中多重耐药菌株为36株(67.92%),同时出现三类耐药17株(32.07%),四类耐药5株(9.43%),五类耐药11株(20.75%),六类耐药3株(5.66%)。15种药物中氨苄西林耐药率最高(67.92%),其次为链霉素(66.04%)。头孢他啶/阿维巴坦、阿米卡星、替加环素均未出现耐药。见表3
有4个以上相同等位基因的菌株定义为克隆群(clonal complexes,CCs)。聚类分析显示有两个CCs,其中CC1包含S. 4,[5],12:i:-和鼠伤寒沙门菌共11株(20.75%),ST型为ST34和ST19;CC2包含麦克尔斯菲尔德沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌共19株(35.85%),ST型为ST7484和ST11。二者在进化关系上相距较远,ST214、ST19、ST471距离其他ST进化关系最远。见图2
从美国国家生物技术信息中心数据库下载参考基因组NC_011294.1肠炎沙门菌ST11以及NC_003197.2鼠伤寒沙门菌ST19。与53株人源性沙门菌共同构建系统发育树,结果显示从ST型和分子血清型来看,同一ST型同一血清型的沙门菌聚集在同一进化分支上,在亲缘关系上较近;从空间距离看,同一城市的沙门菌亲缘关系较近。聚集在同一进化分支上有些菌株来自不同城市,而来自某些城市(如南阳市和周口市)的菌株表现出相对接近的进化。见图3
据世界卫生组织报道,沙门菌感染后疾病的严重程度取决于宿主和血清型等因素。本研究中沙门菌的ST型与血清型高度相关但并不一一对应。COG功能注释的蛋白在不同类别中所占数量的差别可以反映出菌株在不同时期、不同环境下的代谢或生理偏好。最小生成树和系统发育树共同反映了菌株之间遗传进化的差异,CCs的菌株最小生成树和系统发育树都明显聚集在一起。
沙门菌的致病性是由毒力岛、毒素、毒力质粒、菌毛、鞭毛等多种因素共同作用导致的结果。SPI-1和SPI-2共同编码Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS-1和T3SS-2),SPI-1在肠道上皮细胞侵袭与复制,和人类细胞定植每个环节息息相关[4];SPI-2与口腔感染、促进肠道炎症及从肠道迁徙到全身定植相关[5];SPI-3与镁离子摄取相关;SPI-5用于编码多种T3SS的效应蛋白[6];SPI-6与Ⅵ型分泌系统相关,有助于沙门菌在宿主中的成功定植[7]。NY07、XC06(均为肯塔基沙门菌)、ZK18(S. 4,[5],12:i:-)携带的SGI1是一种与生物膜形成有关的可移动元件,可增强菌株的生存能力从而更频繁地感染新宿主,并且编码多种耐药基因与多重耐药紧密联系 [8],从耐药表型来看这3株沙门菌均出现5~6类药物耐也佐证了这一观点。伤寒毒素基因不仅存在于伤寒沙门菌同样存在于非伤寒沙门菌,本研究中携带伤寒毒素的沙门菌血清型分布在黄金海岸、约翰内斯堡、吉韦,相比无伤寒毒素基因的沙门菌更具侵袭力,可导致人类上皮细胞G2/M细胞周期停滞而且可能增加长期后遗症的风险[9]。毒力质粒spvrck绝大多数分布在肠炎沙门菌,spv通过抑制中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞功能逃逸宿主的先天免疫反应加速细菌的繁殖和传播[10],其中spvB会加重沙门菌发病机制并在体内诱导结肠细胞死亡[11],血清型主要分布在肠炎、鼠伤寒及麦克尔斯菲尔德;rck还与血清抗药性相关,可诱导宿主细胞DNA损伤并且增加细胞周期中S期时间以促进细菌感染[12]。位于噬菌体上的毒力基因 sodCI参与保护沙门菌免受巨噬细胞内氧化爆发[13]S. 4,[5],12:i:-是鼠伤寒沙门菌缺少编码2相鞭毛基因(flub)的单相变体,其携带的ibeB基因与入侵脑微血管内皮细胞相关[14],这一血清型所具备的生物膜形成能力使其对环境压力抗性较强[15]S. 4,[5],12:i:-的多重耐药率高达80.00%,高水平的耐药率与之前学者[16]的研究一致。
53株人源性沙门菌多重耐药率高达67.92%,高于海淀区(52.60%)[17]低于武汉地区(73.48%)[18],这需要引起临床医生的足够重视,更加合理规范使用抗菌药物。本研究中耐药基因与表型的关系如同ST型与血清型,紧密相关但并非一一对应:耐氨基糖苷类药物基因的种类及数量的多少与链霉素耐药率有显著相关性;世界卫生组织最新发布的《2024年细菌重点病原体目录》中更新的对人类威胁最大的耐药细菌中相比2017年依然将氟喹诺酮类耐药的沙门菌列为高优先级,并且非伤寒沙门菌总体排名从21位上升至11位[19],携带喹诺酮类抗性蛋白基因Qnr的22株非伤寒沙门菌中环丙沙星耐药率占比(83.33%)高于未携带此基因的耐药菌株(16.67%),说明携带Qnr基因的沙门菌更易产生耐药,这与赵月等[20]的研究一致;在氯霉素耐药菌株中携带氯霉素耐药基因的菌株占比(81.25%)高于未携带菌株(18.75%),但携带磺胺类药物耐药基因的菌株(96.23%)其表型耐药率仅24.53%,可能是所用药敏试剂的磺胺类药物种类仅有1种未覆盖更多种类,也可能存在更复杂的耐药机制。本研究发现一株从粪便中检出,目前国内报道较少同时河南省首次报道的血清型特勒凯比尔(ZK05),不仅具有伤寒毒素基因还检测到近年来新发现的磷霉素耐药基因fosa,其赋予广谱抗生素磷霉素的耐药性[21]fosa同样分布在XC11、ZK12、ZK13(均为肠炎沙门菌),这是与其它49株沙门菌不同之处。
本研究与同类研究相比不同之处在于对COG蛋白功能注释的分析,详细阐述了菌株毒力基因分类及功能以及对最小生成树和系统发育树进行了综合分析。不足之处在于全基因组测序工作是河南省近年来开展的新项目,由于开展时间较短且收集到菌株数量较少,未能对人源性沙门菌毒力基因、耐药基因与耐药表型之间的复杂关系等进行更加全面的分析,以及减少了血清型对应ST型多元化的展示,今后将继续收集此类菌株进行深入研究。
综上,河南省许昌市、南阳市、周口市53株人源性沙门菌的优势菌为肠炎沙门菌ST11,并携带多种耐药基因和致病力强的毒力基因,多重耐药情况需引起疾病防控重视。
  • 河南省感染性腹泻流行病学特征及病原谱研究医学科技攻关计划项目(LHGJ20240605)
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2025年第52卷第15期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503498
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
基金
河南省感染性腹泻流行病学特征及病原谱研究医学科技攻关计划项目(LHGJ20240605)
作者信息
    1.许昌市疾病预防控制中心微生物检测检验科,河南 许昌 461000
    2.河南省疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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