Article(id=1240395015319507543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412484, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662817077, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662817077, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662817077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662817077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2637, endPage=2644, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395015629886057, articleId=1240395015319507543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on executive functioning in adults with depression, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the effect of exercise intervention on executive function in adult patients with depression.

Methods

Seven databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, China Knowledge (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and Wipro Journal Network (VIP), were searched to include randomized controlled trials from the time of database construction to July 2024. Stata 18.0 and Review Manager 5.4.1 software were used for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 7 papers with 497 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that exercise intervention significantly enhanced executive function (SMD=0.29, 95% CI[0.13, 0.44]), with inhibitory control (SMD=0.31, 95% CI[0.02, 0.60]), working memory (SMD=0.25, 95% CI[0.09, 0.40]) and cognitive flexibility (SMD=-0.33, 95% CI[-0.49, -0.17]) significantly improved (P<0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that the exercise intervention of low to moderate intensity, 30-60 minutes per session, lasting 12-16 weeks had the best effect on improvement of inhibitory control; the exercise intervention of high intensity, 30-60 minutes per session, lasting 3-8 weeks had the best effect on improvement of working memory and cognitive flexibility.

Conclusion

Exercise intervention can effectively enhance the executive function and its subdomains in patients with depression, and it is recommended to choose the appropriate exercise modality and dosage according to the actual situation of the patients in order to optimize the effect of the intervention.

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目的

通过系统综述和Meta分析全面评估运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能的影响。

方法

检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Central、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普期刊网(VIP)7个数据库,纳入自建库至2024年7月的随机对照实验。采用Stata 18.0和Review Manager 5.4.1软件进行统计分析。

结果

共纳入7篇文献,共497名受试者。Meta分析显示,运动干预显著提升抑郁症患者的执行功能(SMD=0.29,95% CI [0.13,0.44]),抑制控制(SMD=0.31,95% CI [0.02, 0.60])、工作记忆(SMD=0.25,95% CI [0.09, 0.40])和认知灵活性(SMD=-0.33,95% CI [-0.49, -0.17])均具有显著的改善效果(P<0.05)。亚组分析结果显示,中低强度、每次30-60分钟、持续12-16周的运动干预对抑制控制改善效果最佳;高等强度、每次30-60分钟、持续3-8周的运动干预对工作记忆和认知灵活性的改善效果最佳。

结论

运动干预能够有效提升抑郁症患者的执行功能及其子域,建议根据患者实际情况选择适宜的运动方式和剂量,以优化干预效果。

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朱玉珍,E-mail:
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张欣雨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:抑郁症的运动干预效应及机制

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注:“+”表示低风险,“-”表示高风险,“?”表示不明确。

, figureFileSmall=y/CWzpQTA8lI69E9V8w1VQ==, figureFileBig=i/yG0L4jBbA3MuLQ2dxhpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540230689321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Forest plot of inhibitory controls (random effects), figureFileSmall=Ti4lZ2MD7HFA6IJwf0k+Kg==, figureFileBig=IrtXC+r1/zIwO///i0pfjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540432015922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=图4, caption=抑制控制森林图(随机效应)

注:合并效应量SMD>0,位于无效轴右侧,表示干预有效。

, figureFileSmall=Ti4lZ2MD7HFA6IJwf0k+Kg==, figureFileBig=IrtXC+r1/zIwO///i0pfjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540553650749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Forest plot of working memory (fixed effects), figureFileSmall=EbBXXNk3RedsYx1RgjxZQg==, figureFileBig=UGy4rc6yrocrFqyEGJ2azg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540658508360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=图5, caption=工作记忆森林图(固定效应)

注:合并效应量SMD>0,位于无效轴右侧,表示干预有效。

, figureFileSmall=EbBXXNk3RedsYx1RgjxZQg==, figureFileBig=UGy4rc6yrocrFqyEGJ2azg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540788531791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Forest plot of cognitive flexibility (fixed effects), figureFileSmall=no4z/04HdnRP2t1sTINwjg==, figureFileBig=XHD7DC77+vb43deUfFVFGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540893389399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=图6, caption=认知灵活性森林图(固定效应)

注:合并效应量SMD<0,位于无效轴左侧,表示干预有效。

, figureFileSmall=no4z/04HdnRP2t1sTINwjg==, figureFileBig=XHD7DC77+vb43deUfFVFGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413540994052702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Forest plot of overall levels of executive functioning (fixed effects), figureFileSmall=u/pAkCtWcFLVd9+83MqkQA==, figureFileBig=qvNGHGa6UWFNvUH2fnyy+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413541082133096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=图7, caption=执行功能整体水平(固定效应)

注:合并效应量SMD>0,位于无效轴右侧,表示干预有效。

, figureFileSmall=u/pAkCtWcFLVd9+83MqkQA==, figureFileBig=qvNGHGa6UWFNvUH2fnyy+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413541212156528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Suppression control funnel plot, figureFileSmall=4ySheSxSYcJzNrbs64xluA==, figureFileBig=mheMwYKEaUtIYzH8qFsZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413541317014135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=图8, caption=抑制控制漏斗图, figureFileSmall=4ySheSxSYcJzNrbs64xluA==, figureFileBig=mheMwYKEaUtIYzH8qFsZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413541430260354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic Characteristics of the Included Literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者年份国家诊断标准抑郁程度
(BDI/HAMD-7)
例数年龄执行功能子域评估方法
EGCG
BRUSH[19]2022美国DSM-5
ICD-10
轻中度
EG:22.0±8.03
CG:20.3±7.04
353120.2±2.3抑制控制(1)
陈倩倩[20]2021中国DSM-5轻度
EG:10.30±3.4
CG:10.00±3.8
636230.3±7.5
32.7±6.5
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(2)(3)(4)
IMBODEN[21]2020瑞士ICD-10中度
EG:27.4±9.1
CG:25.6±7.0
EG:22.0±4.0
CG:20.9±2.6
222038.3±18.4
41.3±9.2
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(5)(6)(7)
KROGH[22]2009丹麦DSM-5
ICD-10
轻中度
17.8±3.8
555538.1±9.0抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(8)(3)(9)
BUSCHERT[23]2018德国ICD-10轻中度
EG:22.40±8.53
CG:18.27±11.56
EG:11.00±3.42
CG:9.67±4.21
151547.2±6.8
47.4±8.4
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(10)(11)(12)
ZHANG[24]2022中国DSM-5轻中度
EG:23.32±1.06
CG:23.32±1.06
201947.2±6.99
54.1±6.09
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(13)(14)(15)
OLSON[25]2017美国DSM-5
Mini-NDI
中度
EG:24.5±11.5
CG:24.3±11.9
151521.0±1.9
21.2±2.2
抑制控制(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413541556089483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者年份国家诊断标准抑郁程度
(BDI/HAMD-7)
例数年龄执行功能子域评估方法
EGCG
BRUSH[19]2022美国DSM-5
ICD-10
轻中度
EG:22.0±8.03
CG:20.3±7.04
353120.2±2.3抑制控制(1)
陈倩倩[20]2021中国DSM-5轻度
EG:10.30±3.4
CG:10.00±3.8
636230.3±7.5
32.7±6.5
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(2)(3)(4)
IMBODEN[21]2020瑞士ICD-10中度
EG:27.4±9.1
CG:25.6±7.0
EG:22.0±4.0
CG:20.9±2.6
222038.3±18.4
41.3±9.2
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(5)(6)(7)
KROGH[22]2009丹麦DSM-5
ICD-10
轻中度
17.8±3.8
555538.1±9.0抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(8)(3)(9)
BUSCHERT[23]2018德国ICD-10轻中度
EG:22.40±8.53
CG:18.27±11.56
EG:11.00±3.42
CG:9.67±4.21
151547.2±6.8
47.4±8.4
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(10)(11)(12)
ZHANG[24]2022中国DSM-5轻中度
EG:23.32±1.06
CG:23.32±1.06
201947.2±6.99
54.1±6.09
抑制控制
工作记忆
认知灵活性
(13)(14)(15)
OLSON[25]2017美国DSM-5
Mini-NDI
中度
EG:24.5±11.5
CG:24.3±11.9
151521.0±1.9
21.2±2.2
抑制控制(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413541686112916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Exercise intervention programs included in the literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者干预类型干预措施运动周期
(周)
运动强度运动频率
(次/周)
运动时间
(min)
EGCG
BRUSH[19]EG:有氧运动
CG:轻度拉伸
跑步机或功率自行车拉伸运动8中低强度
HRmax 40%~65%
345
陈倩倩[20]EG:有氧运动
CG:药物治疗
慢跑、广场舞等抑郁药物16中等强度
HRmax 57%~76%
360
IMBODEN[21]EG:有氧运动
CG:拉伸运动
功率自行车拉伸运动6中等强度
HRmax 60%~75%
345
KROGH[22]EG:混合运动
CG:放松训练
抗阻运动
有氧运动
放松训练16中等强度
HRmax 50%~75%
高等强度
HRmax 70%~89%
290
BUSCHERT[23]EG:有氧运动
CG:不干预
有氧耐力训练3-4高等强度
HRmax 85%
2-330
ZHANG[24]EG:太极运动
CG:不干预
太极拳12低等强度
HRmax 30%~40%
290
OLSON[25]EG:有氧运动
CG:伸展运动
跑步机或功率自行车伸展运动8中低强度
HRmax 40%~65%
345
), ArticleFig(id=1240413541786776218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纳入文献的运动干预方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者干预类型干预措施运动周期
(周)
运动强度运动频率
(次/周)
运动时间
(min)
EGCG
BRUSH[19]EG:有氧运动
CG:轻度拉伸
跑步机或功率自行车拉伸运动8中低强度
HRmax 40%~65%
345
陈倩倩[20]EG:有氧运动
CG:药物治疗
慢跑、广场舞等抑郁药物16中等强度
HRmax 57%~76%
360
IMBODEN[21]EG:有氧运动
CG:拉伸运动
功率自行车拉伸运动6中等强度
HRmax 60%~75%
345
KROGH[22]EG:混合运动
CG:放松训练
抗阻运动
有氧运动
放松训练16中等强度
HRmax 50%~75%
高等强度
HRmax 70%~89%
290
BUSCHERT[23]EG:有氧运动
CG:不干预
有氧耐力训练3-4高等强度
HRmax 85%
2-330
ZHANG[24]EG:太极运动
CG:不干预
太极拳12低等强度
HRmax 30%~40%
290
OLSON[25]EG:有氧运动
CG:伸展运动
跑步机或功率自行车伸展运动8中低强度
HRmax 40%~65%
345
), ArticleFig(id=1240413541895828130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of subgroup analysis of different moderator variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调节变量分组抑制控制工作记忆
I2(%)SMD(95% CI)PI2(%)SMD(95% CI)P
运动强度中低强度61.10.45[0.16,0.74]0.0020.00.18[0.01,0.35]0.002
高等强度70.2-0.30[-1.07,0.47]0.4400.00.73[0.27,1.19]0.036
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
运动周期3~8周53.00.31[-0.09,0.53]0.0760.00.30[0.04,0.55]0.024
12~16周84.10.34[0.12,0.55]0.00256.80.21[0.01,0.42]0.037
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
运动时间30~60 min60.10.43[0.23,0.62]0.0000.00.28[0.06,0.50]0.013
>60 min78.80.15[-0.10,0.40]0.23059.90.21[-0.02,0.44]0.072
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
调节变量分组认知灵活性
I2(%)SMD(95% CI)P
运动强度中低强度20.8-0.26[-0.43,-0.10]0.001
高等强度0.0-0.80[-1.27,-0.34]0.002
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
运动周期3~8周49.0-0.34[-0.60,-0.08]0.010
12~16周40.2-0.32[-0.52,-0.12]0.002
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
运动时间30~60 min36.1-0.35[-0.58,-0.13]0.002
>60 min51.0-0.30[-0.53,-0.07]0.010
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240413542030045870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395015319507543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同调节变量亚组分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调节变量分组抑制控制工作记忆
I2(%)SMD(95% CI)PI2(%)SMD(95% CI)P
运动强度中低强度61.10.45[0.16,0.74]0.0020.00.18[0.01,0.35]0.002
高等强度70.2-0.30[-1.07,0.47]0.4400.00.73[0.27,1.19]0.036
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
运动周期3~8周53.00.31[-0.09,0.53]0.0760.00.30[0.04,0.55]0.024
12~16周84.10.34[0.12,0.55]0.00256.80.21[0.01,0.42]0.037
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
运动时间30~60 min60.10.43[0.23,0.62]0.0000.00.28[0.06,0.50]0.013
>60 min78.80.15[-0.10,0.40]0.23059.90.21[-0.02,0.44]0.072
overall69.60.31[0.02,0.60]0.03528.80.25[0.09,0.40]0.002
调节变量分组认知灵活性
I2(%)SMD(95% CI)P
运动强度中低强度20.8-0.26[-0.43,-0.10]0.001
高等强度0.0-0.80[-1.27,-0.34]0.002
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
运动周期3~8周49.0-0.34[-0.60,-0.08]0.010
12~16周40.2-0.32[-0.52,-0.12]0.002
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
运动时间30~60 min36.1-0.35[-0.58,-0.13]0.002
>60 min51.0-0.30[-0.53,-0.07]0.010
overall35.9-0.33[-0.49,-0.17]0.000
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运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能影响的系统综述与Meta分析
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张欣雨 1 , 李铭浩 2 , 朱玉珍 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(14): 2637-2644
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(14): 2637-2644
运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能影响的系统综述与Meta分析
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张欣雨1, 李铭浩2, 朱玉珍1
作者信息
  • 1.上海师范大学体育学院,上海 200233
  • 2.青岛大学
  • 张欣雨(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:抑郁症的运动干预效应及机制

通讯作者:

朱玉珍,E-mail:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on executive functioning in adults with depression
Xin-yu ZHANG1, Ming-hao LI2, Yu-zhen ZHU1
Affiliations
  • College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412484
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目的

通过系统综述和Meta分析全面评估运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能的影响。

方法

检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Central、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普期刊网(VIP)7个数据库,纳入自建库至2024年7月的随机对照实验。采用Stata 18.0和Review Manager 5.4.1软件进行统计分析。

结果

共纳入7篇文献,共497名受试者。Meta分析显示,运动干预显著提升抑郁症患者的执行功能(SMD=0.29,95% CI [0.13,0.44]),抑制控制(SMD=0.31,95% CI [0.02, 0.60])、工作记忆(SMD=0.25,95% CI [0.09, 0.40])和认知灵活性(SMD=-0.33,95% CI [-0.49, -0.17])均具有显著的改善效果(P<0.05)。亚组分析结果显示,中低强度、每次30-60分钟、持续12-16周的运动干预对抑制控制改善效果最佳;高等强度、每次30-60分钟、持续3-8周的运动干预对工作记忆和认知灵活性的改善效果最佳。

结论

运动干预能够有效提升抑郁症患者的执行功能及其子域,建议根据患者实际情况选择适宜的运动方式和剂量,以优化干预效果。

运动干预  /  执行功能  /  抑郁症  /  Meta分析
Objective

To evaluate the effect of exercise intervention on executive function in adult patients with depression.

Methods

Seven databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, China Knowledge (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and Wipro Journal Network (VIP), were searched to include randomized controlled trials from the time of database construction to July 2024. Stata 18.0 and Review Manager 5.4.1 software were used for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 7 papers with 497 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that exercise intervention significantly enhanced executive function (SMD=0.29, 95% CI[0.13, 0.44]), with inhibitory control (SMD=0.31, 95% CI[0.02, 0.60]), working memory (SMD=0.25, 95% CI[0.09, 0.40]) and cognitive flexibility (SMD=-0.33, 95% CI[-0.49, -0.17]) significantly improved (P<0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that the exercise intervention of low to moderate intensity, 30-60 minutes per session, lasting 12-16 weeks had the best effect on improvement of inhibitory control; the exercise intervention of high intensity, 30-60 minutes per session, lasting 3-8 weeks had the best effect on improvement of working memory and cognitive flexibility.

Conclusion

Exercise intervention can effectively enhance the executive function and its subdomains in patients with depression, and it is recommended to choose the appropriate exercise modality and dosage according to the actual situation of the patients in order to optimize the effect of the intervention.

Exercise intervention  /  Executive function  /  Depression  /  Meta-analysis
张欣雨, 李铭浩, 朱玉珍. 运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能影响的系统综述与Meta分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2637 -2644 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412484
Xin-yu ZHANG, Ming-hao LI, Yu-zhen ZHU. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on executive functioning in adults with depression[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2637 -2644 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412484
抑郁症(Major Depressive Disorder, MDD)是全球范围内最常见的神经精神障碍之一,同时也是导致残疾的主要原因之一[1]。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)报告,2019年全球约9.7亿人受精神障碍影响,其中约3.5亿人为抑郁症患者[2],抑郁障碍终身患病率为6.8%,终身致残率高达47%,对公众健康威胁严重[3-4]。WHO预测,到2030年抑郁症将成为全球疾病负担首位[5]
执行功能(Executive Function, EF)是完成复杂认知任务所需的高级认知过程,由抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性三大核心功能组成[6]。执行功能是衡量身体、心理及大脑健康的重要指标,对个体的健康、学业、社会化发展及情绪调节至关重要[7]。在抑郁症患者中,执行功能显著受损,表现为认知灵活性下降、抑制控制能力受损等,并随着疾病复发逐渐恶化[8]。研究表明,约2/3的抑郁症患者存在认知缺陷,即使情绪症状缓解,仍有1/3患者持续认知受损[9]。此外,抑郁人群抑制能力显著下降,工作记忆和长期记忆缺陷在抑郁缓解后依然存在,并因反复发作而加重[10]
运动干预作为潜在的非药物治疗策略,有助于缓解抑郁症[11-12],已被广泛认可并应用于临床实践。美国[13]、英国[14]和澳大利亚[15]的临床指南均建议将体育活动纳入抑郁症治疗方案。研究表明,体育锻炼是抑郁症与整体认知的重要中介因素,缺乏体育锻炼可能增加抑郁症状导致认知障碍的风险[16]。然而,现有研究在干预类型、运动剂量和研究对象特征上存在异质性,尚未明确不同运动类型和剂量对抑制控制及认知灵活性的具体机制。因此,有必要进一步探讨最佳运动剂量及其作用机制。
基于此,本研究采用系统综述和Meta分析方法,对相关随机对照实验进行定量分析,系统评价运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能及其子功能的影响,分析不同运动类型和剂量的改善效果,为运动干预应用于抑郁症临床治疗提供理论支持和实证依据。
本研究遵循系统综述和Meta分析优先报告的PRISMA声明及Cochrane工作手册的相关要求[17-18]。通过检索中外电子数据库的中英文公开发表文献,英文数据库包括Web of Science、PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Central,中文数据库包括中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普期刊网(VIP)。检索时间范围为数据库建库至2024年7月,文献筛选严格遵循PICOS原则(人群、干预、比较、结果及研究设计)。每个数据库的搜索策略结合主题词和自由词的组合,英文检索词包括:“Exercises”“Physical Activity”“Depression”“Major Depressive Disorder”“Depressive Symptoms”“Executive Function”“Cognitive Function”“Inhibition”“Working Memory”“Executive Functioning”等;中文检索词包括:“抑郁症”、“抑郁障碍”、“运动干预”、“体育锻炼”、“身体活动”、“有氧运动”、“抗阻运动”、“身心运动”、“太极拳”、“舞蹈”等。为确保研究的全面性和完整性,对检索文献的参考文献进行追溯,以挖掘潜在相关文献。以PubMed检索为例,如图1所示。
随机对照实验。
①年龄范围为18~60岁;②符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第四版(DSM-IV)或《国际疾病分类》第十版(ICD-10)标准,确诊为抑郁症的成人;③或根据其他公认的临床诊断标准,已被确诊为抑郁症的成年人。
①运动干预,包括但不限于有氧运动、抗阻训练、身心运动等;②对照组则不进行运动干预,或仅接受常规治疗。
执行功能及其核心子功能(抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性)
①患有其他严重疾病或精神障碍;②文献数据不完整或无法获取全文;③研究结局指标不符合要求;④非随机对照试验(如横断面研究、观察性研究、回顾性研究等);⑤综述、会议论文、评述文章、动物试验、重复发表或Meta分析等文献类型。
两名研究人员独立筛选文献标题与摘要,以判断是否符合纳入和排除标准,并对符合标准的文献进行质量评估。在此基础上,根据研究目标提取相关信息,包括作者、年份、诊断标准、研究对象特征等。数据提取由两名研究人员依据统一格式的表格独立完成,并相互核对以确保准确性。如遇分歧,交由第三方裁定。
根据循证医学研究指南,使用Cochrane风险评估工具对纳入的文献进行质量评价[18]。按照标准,对文献的偏倚风险进行分类,分别标注为“低风险”、“高风险”和“不明确”,并绘制偏倚风险评估图。
采用Stata 18.0和Review Manager 5.4.1软件进行统计分析。所有结局指标数据均为连续型变量,干预效果以标准化均数差及其95%置信区间进行描述。根据异质性水平,选择合适的效应模型:当I2≤50%时,采用固定效应模型;若I2>50%,则选用随机效应模型。统计学显著性以P<0.05为标准,同时采用Begg检验评估发表偏倚结果。
从多个数据库初步检索到相关中英文文献共计3 433篇,最终纳入Meta分析的文献共7篇,如图2所示。
本研究共纳入7篇文献,总样本量为497人,其中干预组280人,对照组217人。
纳入文献基本特征详见表1,运动干预方案汇总于表2
通过Review Manager 5.4.1偏倚风险评估工具,依据Cochrane系统评价手册中的偏倚风险评估标准,对纳入的7篇文献进行方法学质量评估,如图3所示。
抑制控制,共纳入7篇文献[19-25],异质性检验I2=69.6%,表明研究间存在较高异质性,采用随机效应模型。结果显示,实验组在抑制控制方面明显优于对照组,两组差异达到统计学显著水平[SMD=0.31,95% CI为(0.02,0.60)]。如图4所示。
工作记忆,共纳入5篇文献[20-24],异质性检验I2=28.8%,采用固定效应模型。结果显示,实验组的工作记忆评分显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义[SMD=0.25,95% CI(0.09,0.40)]。如图5所示。
认知灵活性,共纳入5篇文献[20-24],异质性检验I2=35.9%,采用固定效应模型。结果显示,实验组的认知灵活性在反应时间和处理速度上均优于对照组,且差异显著[SMD=-0.33,95% CI(-0.49,-0.17)]。如图6所示。
执行功能整体水平,共纳入5篇文献[20-24],异质性检验I2=0.0%,表明研究间不存在异质性,选择固定效应模型。结果显示,实验组执行功能整体得分显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义[SMD=0.29,95% CI(0.13,0.44)]。如图7所示。
为检验抑制控制指标结果的稳定性,使用Stata 18.0软件进行敏感性分析。逐一排除研究后,效应量始终集中于置信区间内,无明显变化,表明研究结果稳健。
采用Begg检验,对抑制控制指标进行发表偏倚检验。结果显示P=0.59(P>0.05),表明不存在显著的发表偏倚。图8抑制控制漏斗图对称,与Begg检验结果一致,未发现显著的发表偏倚。这表明纳入文献的效应量具有较高的可信度。
为进一步探究最佳运动剂量,对运动强度、周期、时间3个调节变量进行亚组分析(如表3所示)。其他调节变量在各研究间基本一致,因此未单独进行亚组分析。
亚组分析结果显示,①运动强度:中低强度对抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性均有显著的改善效果(P<0.01)。高强度仅对工作记忆和认知灵活性产生显著影响(P<0.05),且产生更大效应量,而对抑制控制则未表现出显著效果(P>0.05)。②运动周期:12~16周运动干预对抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性均具有显著性影响(P<0.05),而3~8周对工作记忆和认知灵活性改善效果更为显著(P<0.05)。③运动时间:30~60 min的运动时间对抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性具有显著影响(P<0.05),且改善效果最佳,而超过60 min的运动干预仅对认知灵活性表现出显著的改善效果(P<0.05),且产生效应量较小。
本研究共纳入7篇文献,通过系统综述和Meta分析综合评估运动干预对成年抑郁症患者执行功能的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比运动干预后对抑郁症患者执行功能整体水平及其子域(抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性)具有显著改善效果。有研究表明,运动能够通过调节前额叶皮层特定区域,对执行功能具有急性改善作用,特别对抑郁症患者具有潜在益处[26]。然而,前额叶皮层的可塑性受年龄影响,随年龄增长减弱,由于本研究受试者年龄跨度较大(18-60岁),可能存在年龄异质性。另外,一项关于运动干预对抑郁大鼠行为表现的研究结果表明运动缓解抑郁症状的机制可能通过调节大脑皮质中的单胺类神经递质的水平来发挥抗抑郁作用[27]。未来研究建议从生物学角度深入分析运动对抑郁症患者执行功能的治疗机制,为运动干预的临床应用提供理论支持。
为进一步探讨运动干预对抑郁症患者抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性改善的最佳运动剂量,对运动强度、周期和时间进行亚组分析。运动强度亚组结果显示,中低强度运动在提升抑制控制能力方面效果最佳,而高强度运动未显示出显著改善抑制控制的效果。Herbert等[28]研究表明低至中等强度运动对抑郁症患者执行功能的子功能改善效果更有效。然而,在工作记忆、认知灵活性方面,中低强度和高等强度的运动干预均具有显著影响,且高等强度的改善效果更为显著。有研究表明高强度运动可显著促进神经营养因子(Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor,BDNF)释放,短时间内对提升脑功能更具优势[29],但鉴于抑郁症患者的特殊性,高强度运动干预的研究较少,建议后续进一步补充高质量高强度运动干预试验,以观察其效果。
运动周期亚组结果表明,12~16周运动对执行功能子域均具有显著性影响,而3~8周运动仅对工作记忆和认知灵活性的改善效果具有显著性,对抑制控制的影响未发现显著变化,表明运动干预在改善抑制控制方面的效果可能受干预持续时间的影响。已有研究显示,不同运动干预方案对抑郁人群抑郁症状的减轻程度与运动干预的持续周期密切相关,长期锻炼计划能够对心理疾病患者的抑郁症状产生长期且稳定的改善作用[30]。与本研究结果一致。
运动时间亚组结果表明,持续30~60分钟的运动对抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性影响效果更显著,超过60分钟的运动干预仅对认知灵活性具有改善效果。进一步证实了适度的运动时间(≤60分钟)对执行功能有积极影响,而持续较长时间运动对执行功能的改善效果逐渐减弱[31]。一项研究表明每周2~3次、每次60分钟、持续16周的干预,从第9周起抑郁症状逐渐缓解[32]。这些结果支持运动干预的效果因运动周期、持续时间而异,并且长周期更适合持续性改善,这与先前研究结果一致。欧洲精神病学会建议每周进行2~3次、每次30~60分钟的中等强度运动有助于改善抑郁症和精神分裂症症状[33]。流行病学调查指出,每周运动2次或以上可显著降低抑郁症风险,而频率过高或过低可能影响干预效果[34]。目前运动与抑郁症患者执行功能的剂量关系及其潜在机制的研究仍显不足。此外,由于相关文献数量有限,本研究仅纳入一项抗阻运动(混合运动)的研究和一项身心运动(太极拳)的研究,且纳入文献中有氧运动干预形式单一,这可能导致研究结果存在一定的差异性。未来仍需更多高质量的实证研究,以进一步探讨不同运动类型对执行功能不同子域的改善效果。
综上所述,运动作为一种广泛应用且易于实施的非药物治疗方法,已被证明在改善抑郁症状和提升执行功能及其子域方面具有显著的积极效果,而抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性对不同运动剂量存在差异性反应。因此,建议在设计运动干预方案前,全面评估患者执行功能的各子领域,制定个性化运动处方,以最大程度缓解抑郁症状,从而改善执行功能并提升患者生活质量。
建议未来研究进一步细化指标维度,如性别、年龄、抑郁程度、运动类型等,综合考虑运动方案的适用性与有效性。这将有助于优化研究设计,提升研究结果的科学性和临床应用价值。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412484
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
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    1.上海师范大学体育学院,上海 200233
    2.青岛大学

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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