Article(id=1240395014270939146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501421, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737734400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662816826, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662816826, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662816826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662816826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2670, endPage=2675, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395014551957540, articleId=1240395014270939146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study of comorbidity patterns in hypertensive patients and their association with healthcare burden, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the disease characteristics, comorbidity patterns, and healthcare burden of hospitalized patients with hypertension and comorbidities, providing evidence for optimizing hypertension comorbidity management.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 810 747 hospitalized patients with hypertension and comorbidities from all general hospitals in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, between 2016 and 2022. Systematic cluster analysis was used to generate a dendrogram and identify comorbidity patterns. Inter-group comparisons were performed to analyze hospitalization costs across different patterns.

Results

From 2016 to 2022, the number of hospitalized hypertensive patients with comorbidities showed an overall increasing trend, with a higher and rising proportion of males. The age distribution shifted toward older populations, with patients aged ≥85 years increasing annually. The top five most common comorbidities were atherosclerotic heart disease, cerebral infarction, type 2 diabetes, lipoprotein metabolism disorders, and chronic gastritis. Cluster analysis identified eight comorbidity patterns: cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular-metabolic disease,hepatic-renal disease, spinal-digestive disease, cerebral ischemia, senile cataract, dizziness-vertigo, and stroke. The senile cataract group incurred the highest total hospitalization costs(4 705.6,P<0.001). Among multi-comorbidity patterns, the hepatorenal disease group exhibited the highest total hospitalization costs(4 527.8), and the cardiovascular disease group had significantly higher Western medication and material expenses (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Hospitalized hypertensive patients with comorbidities are increasing in number and age. Prevention efforts should prioritize cardiovascular, metabolic, and digestive comorbidities. Eight distinct comorbidity patterns were identified, with senile cataract and hepatic-renal disease patients representing key populations for cost containment.

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目的

分析高血压共病住院患者的疾病特征、共病模式及医疗负担,为优化高血压共病管理提供参考依据。

方法

对2016—2022年广东省湛江市所有综合医院的810 747名高血压共病住院患者进行回顾性分析,采用系统聚类分析方法绘制聚类树状图,研究高血压共病住院患者的共病模式,并通过多组间比较分析不同共病模式的住院费用。

结果

2016—2022年高血压共病住院患者人数整体呈上升趋势,男性占比高于女性且逐年上升。2016—2022年高血压患者年龄呈现高龄化趋势,年龄≥85岁患者比例逐年增长。平均共病率排前五的依次是:动脉硬化性心脏病、脑梗死、Ⅱ型糖尿病、脂蛋白代谢紊乱和慢性胃炎。系统聚类发现8簇共病模式包括:心血管疾病模式、脑血管代谢疾病模式、肝肾疾病模式、脊椎及消化系统疾病模式、脑动脉供血不足模式、老年性白内障模式、头晕和眩晕模式、脑卒中模式。其中老年性白内障模式的住院总费用最高,为4 705.6元(P<0.001)。在多病种模式中,肝肾疾病模式的住院总费用最高,为4 527.8元,心血管疾病模式的西药费和耗材费高于其他共病模式(P<0.001)。

结论

高血压共病住院患者的住院人数和患病年龄逐年增高,高血压预防应重点关注心血管疾病、代谢疾病和消化系统疾病的共病,高血压共病住院患者的共病模式可分为8簇,其中老年性白内障模式和肝肾疾病模式患者是控制高血压共病住院患者费用负担的重点人群。

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曾志嵘,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zXkeqvd13f+4c78Kn6jjXw==, magXml=TdJckPsbuIa/avEDu5ItNw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZpScyawjWFoy2xhN3G/5dA==, pdfFileSize=759133, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=miN8O6tyvuR5hNGYpN8ApQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=v0D22/qs+H/8+YhSxwM2SA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈令(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

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陈令(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

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陈令(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Cost structure analysis of hospitalization expenses for hypertensive patients in a traditional Chinese medicine hospital, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240413535201710779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535214293693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535201710779, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535218487998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535201710779, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 湛江 524023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240413535348511430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535352705734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535348511430, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广东医科大学医疗保障研究院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240413535440786123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535449174733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535440786123, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.广东医科大学附属医院临床试验服务中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240413535625335505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535633724113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535625335505, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.广东医科大学附属医院肺部肿瘤专科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240413535759553237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413535767941846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, companyId=1240413535759553237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.广东医科大学公共卫生与健康研究院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240413542474633342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dendrogram of comorbidity patterns, figureFileSmall=hxVi+U/wMW9s/VGqZCQ4Hg==, figureFileBig=AR3FLcOKZmTsqbVskRYRFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413544013942921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=CN, label=图1, caption=共病模式树状聚类图, figureFileSmall=hxVi+U/wMW9s/VGqZCQ4Hg==, figureFileBig=AR3FLcOKZmTsqbVskRYRFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413544219463831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic Characteristics of 810,747 Hypertension Comorbidity Inpatient Cases from 2016 to 2022[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总例数2016年
(87 129例)
2017年
(99 695例)
2018年
(116 639例)
2019年
(128 912例)
2020年
(123 770例)
2021年
(141 213例)
2022年
(113 389例)
性别
415 802(51.29)43 945(50.44)50 472(50.63)59 344(50.88)65 532(50.83)63 760(51.51)73 099(51.77)59 650(52.61)
394 945(48.71)43 184(49.56)49 223(49.37)57 295(49.12)63 380(49.17)60 010(48.49)68 114(48.23)53 739(47.39)
年龄(岁)
0~4416 636(2.02)1 566(1.78)1 775(1.76)2 228(1.90)2 506(1.94)2 689(2.18)3 363(2.36)2 509(2.18)
45~64212 388(26.20)22 875(26.24)26 968(27.04)31 459(27.15)33 662(26.11)32 681(26.39)36 554(25.89)27 989(24.68)
65~84473 955(58.48)52 672(60.45)59 262(59.43)68 393(58.65)74 867(58.06)71 155(57.49)81 290(57.56)66 316(58.48)
≥85107 768(13.29)10 016(11.48)11 690(11.72)14 359(12.29)17 877(13.85)17 245(13.91)20 006(14.15)16 575(14.59)
共病数量(种)
1162 742(20.07)19 190(22.02)20 172(20.23)23 378(20.04)25 175(19.53)23 309(18.83)28 809(20.40)22 709(20.03)
2181 497(22.39)20 219(23.21)23 252(23.32)26 533(22.75)28 304(21.96)26 276(21.23)31 288(22.16)25 625(22.60)
3158 763(19.58)17 463(20.04)20 055(20.12)22 943(19.67)24 770(19.21)23 657(19.11)27 388(19.39)22 487(19.83)
4120 471(14.86)12 090(13.88)14 889(14.93)17 645(15.13)19 052(14.78)18 728(15.13)21 116(14.95)16 951(14.95)
≥5186 274(22.98)18 167(20.85)21 327(21.39)26 140(22.41)31 611(24.52)31 800(25.69)31 612(22.39)25 617(22.59)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544357875876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2016—2022年810747例高血压共病住院患者的基本特征[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总例数2016年
(87 129例)
2017年
(99 695例)
2018年
(116 639例)
2019年
(128 912例)
2020年
(123 770例)
2021年
(141 213例)
2022年
(113 389例)
性别
415 802(51.29)43 945(50.44)50 472(50.63)59 344(50.88)65 532(50.83)63 760(51.51)73 099(51.77)59 650(52.61)
394 945(48.71)43 184(49.56)49 223(49.37)57 295(49.12)63 380(49.17)60 010(48.49)68 114(48.23)53 739(47.39)
年龄(岁)
0~4416 636(2.02)1 566(1.78)1 775(1.76)2 228(1.90)2 506(1.94)2 689(2.18)3 363(2.36)2 509(2.18)
45~64212 388(26.20)22 875(26.24)26 968(27.04)31 459(27.15)33 662(26.11)32 681(26.39)36 554(25.89)27 989(24.68)
65~84473 955(58.48)52 672(60.45)59 262(59.43)68 393(58.65)74 867(58.06)71 155(57.49)81 290(57.56)66 316(58.48)
≥85107 768(13.29)10 016(11.48)11 690(11.72)14 359(12.29)17 877(13.85)17 245(13.91)20 006(14.15)16 575(14.59)
共病数量(种)
1162 742(20.07)19 190(22.02)20 172(20.23)23 378(20.04)25 175(19.53)23 309(18.83)28 809(20.40)22 709(20.03)
2181 497(22.39)20 219(23.21)23 252(23.32)26 533(22.75)28 304(21.96)26 276(21.23)31 288(22.16)25 625(22.60)
3158 763(19.58)17 463(20.04)20 055(20.12)22 943(19.67)24 770(19.21)23 657(19.11)27 388(19.39)22 487(19.83)
4120 471(14.86)12 090(13.88)14 889(14.93)17 645(15.13)19 052(14.78)18 728(15.13)21 116(14.95)16 951(14.95)
≥5186 274(22.98)18 167(20.85)21 327(21.39)26 140(22.41)31 611(24.52)31 800(25.69)31 612(22.39)25 617(22.59)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544466927785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Top Ten Comorbidities in Hypertension Comorbidity Inpatients from 2016 to 2022[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
大脑动脉粥样硬化22 124(25.39)23 750(23.82)24 410(20.93)22 318(17.31)18 486(14.94)13 262(9.39)10 258(9.05)
脑梗死21 589(24.78)25 178(25.26)30 043(25.76)35 667(27.67)36 313(29.34)31 903(22.59)31 696(27.95)
动脉硬化性心脏病21 184(24.31)23 188(23.26)29 629(25.40)34 907(27.08)35 944(29.04)40 975(29.02)29 568(26.08)
心力衰竭20 207(23.19)22 928(23.00)26 276(22.53)29 205(22.65)29 229(23.62)26 788(18.97)19 095(16.84)
脂蛋白代谢紊乱19 942(22.89)23 680(23.75)25 378(21.76)28 700(22.26)28 054(22.67)30 555(21.64)25 861(22.81)
Ⅱ型糖尿病18 994(21.80)22 623(22.69)26 175(22.44)33 592(26.06)32 746(26.46)35 813(25.36)29 597(26.10)
慢性胃炎17 023(19.54)20 518(20.58)25 105(21.52)27 418(21.27)27 927(22.56)33 996(24.07)28 473(25.11)
脊椎病15 562(17.86)18 361(18.42)20 949(17.96)16 262(12.61)14 460(11.68)16 944(12.00)12 043(10.62)
慢性肝病9 379(10.76)11 693(11.73)14 532(12.46)17 255(13.39)16 846(13.61)19 327(13.69)15 665(13.82)
脑梗死后遗症8 818(10.12)10 179(10.21)12 924(11.08)14 943(11.59)14 502(11.72)15 787(11.18)11 323(9.99)
电解质代谢紊乱7 620(8.75)8 665(8.69)11 579(9.93)16 819(13.05)18 039(14.57)18 151(12.85)15 881(14.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544626311347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2016—2022年高血压共病住院患者共病率前十疾病[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年
大脑动脉粥样硬化22 124(25.39)23 750(23.82)24 410(20.93)22 318(17.31)18 486(14.94)13 262(9.39)10 258(9.05)
脑梗死21 589(24.78)25 178(25.26)30 043(25.76)35 667(27.67)36 313(29.34)31 903(22.59)31 696(27.95)
动脉硬化性心脏病21 184(24.31)23 188(23.26)29 629(25.40)34 907(27.08)35 944(29.04)40 975(29.02)29 568(26.08)
心力衰竭20 207(23.19)22 928(23.00)26 276(22.53)29 205(22.65)29 229(23.62)26 788(18.97)19 095(16.84)
脂蛋白代谢紊乱19 942(22.89)23 680(23.75)25 378(21.76)28 700(22.26)28 054(22.67)30 555(21.64)25 861(22.81)
Ⅱ型糖尿病18 994(21.80)22 623(22.69)26 175(22.44)33 592(26.06)32 746(26.46)35 813(25.36)29 597(26.10)
慢性胃炎17 023(19.54)20 518(20.58)25 105(21.52)27 418(21.27)27 927(22.56)33 996(24.07)28 473(25.11)
脊椎病15 562(17.86)18 361(18.42)20 949(17.96)16 262(12.61)14 460(11.68)16 944(12.00)12 043(10.62)
慢性肝病9 379(10.76)11 693(11.73)14 532(12.46)17 255(13.39)16 846(13.61)19 327(13.69)15 665(13.82)
脑梗死后遗症8 818(10.12)10 179(10.21)12 924(11.08)14 943(11.59)14 502(11.72)15 787(11.18)11 323(9.99)
电解质代谢紊乱7 620(8.75)8 665(8.69)11 579(9.93)16 819(13.05)18 039(14.57)18 151(12.85)15 881(14.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544760529085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Temporal Trends of Hospitalization Costs among Hospitalized Patients with Hypertensive Multimorbidityfrom 2016 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
费用(元)2016年2017年2018年2019年
次均住院费用4 886.94 198.64 395.64 586.5
次均各项费用
次均综合医疗服务费592.0(12.49)497.8(12.05)525.8(12.47)551.2(12.40)
次均诊断费1 939.9(39.47)1 483.5(34.66)1 535.8(35.16)1 736.4(37.75)
次均西药费1 275.4(27.46)1 048.4(26.01)882.8(22.36)1 201.5(27.15)
次均中药费80.4(1.87)47.0(1.22)56.0(1.32)70.2(1.72)
次均耗材费111.0(2.67)125.9(3.57)98.8(2.69)121.9(3.14)
费用(元)2020年2021年2022年ZP
次均住院费用4 021.04 516.54 860.3-0.6970.486
次均各项费用
次均综合医疗服务费535.1(13.40)570.7(12.88)551.1(12.46)3.2120.001
次均诊断费1 481.8(36.81)1 737.4(38.34)2 023.1(41.74)4.020<0.001
次均西药费877.7(23.20)1 044.5(24.55)1 187.1(26.93)-1.7220.085
次均中药费80.3(2.12)94.1(2.35)85.6(2.25)4.341<0.001
次均耗材费68.3(2.11)98.9(2.63)100.7(2.46)-3.556<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544869580997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2016—2022年高血压共病住院患者住院费用趋势变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
费用(元)2016年2017年2018年2019年
次均住院费用4 886.94 198.64 395.64 586.5
次均各项费用
次均综合医疗服务费592.0(12.49)497.8(12.05)525.8(12.47)551.2(12.40)
次均诊断费1 939.9(39.47)1 483.5(34.66)1 535.8(35.16)1 736.4(37.75)
次均西药费1 275.4(27.46)1 048.4(26.01)882.8(22.36)1 201.5(27.15)
次均中药费80.4(1.87)47.0(1.22)56.0(1.32)70.2(1.72)
次均耗材费111.0(2.67)125.9(3.57)98.8(2.69)121.9(3.14)
费用(元)2020年2021年2022年ZP
次均住院费用4 021.04 516.54 860.3-0.6970.486
次均各项费用
次均综合医疗服务费535.1(13.40)570.7(12.88)551.1(12.46)3.2120.001
次均诊断费1 481.8(36.81)1 737.4(38.34)2 023.1(41.74)4.020<0.001
次均西药费877.7(23.20)1 044.5(24.55)1 187.1(26.93)-1.7220.085
次均中药费80.3(2.12)94.1(2.35)85.6(2.25)4.341<0.001
次均耗材费68.3(2.11)98.9(2.63)100.7(2.46)-3.556<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240413545024770258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the cost burden of different comorbidity patterns

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病模式次均总费用[MP25,P75),元]次均各项费用[MP25,P75),元]
次均综合医疗服务费次均诊断费
心血管疾病模式4 470.4(2 448.2,8 055.9)541.5(255.0,1 160.8)1 669.1(784.6,3 095.0)
脑血管代谢疾病模式4 463.6(2 451.1,8 084.5)543.2(256.1,1 168.5)1 689.0(801.8,3 125.7)a
肝肾疾病模式4 527.8(2 490.2,8 186.7)ab564.4(262.6,1 218.9)ab1 716.2(820.5,3 143.0)ab
脊椎及消化系统疾病模式4 492.2(2 502.9,8 079.0)ab573.6(267.9,1 231.3)ab1 703.3(836.1,3 119.4)ab
脑动脉供血不足4 367.4(2 417.1,7 944.5)abcd526.0(241.1,1 131.9)abcd1 598.1(748.5,2 979.8)abcd
老年性白内障4 705.6(2 591.1,8 481.2)abcde579.0(273.8,1 228.6)abce1 825.1(867.8,3 314.2)abcde
头晕和眩晕4 400.3(2 466.2,7 967.1)f544.3(256.2,1 171.2)cdef1 700.9(796.2,3 091.9)fg
脑卒中4 420.9(2 480.2,8 123.2)f553.6(261.7,1 203.1)f1 728.0(866.9,3 026.0)fg
共病模式次均各项费用[MP25,P75),元]
次均西药费次均中药费次均耗材费
心血管疾病模式1 075.8(423.3,2 345.0)69.5(0.0,358.8)105.3(23.8,304.1)
脑血管代谢疾病模式1 043.1(408.7,2 302.9)a76.0(0.0,368.6)a100.9(21.6,299.0)a
肝肾疾病模式1 046.1(409.5,2 282.9)a84.5(0.0,394.0)ab97.0(19.2,294.7)a
脊椎及消化系统疾病模式1 022.8(395.4,2 262.7)abc87.2(0.0,406.4)ab93.7(17.5,292.0)abc
脑动脉供血不足1038.7(398.8,2271.3)a67.5(0.0,366.0)bcd99.7(22.5,303.3)a
老年性白内障1 133.9(474.3,2 440.9)abcde83.8(0.0,395.4)abe106.6(22.7,310.1)abcd
头晕和眩晕998.1(410.9,2 223.5)af89.0(0.0,397.3)abe89.8(19.3,283.7)af
脑卒中1 048.1(424.9,2 226.8)f76.0(0.0,383.2)95.9(22.5,297.0)f
), ArticleFig(id=1240413545154793690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395014270939146, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各共病模式的费用负担比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共病模式次均总费用[MP25,P75),元]次均各项费用[MP25,P75),元]
次均综合医疗服务费次均诊断费
心血管疾病模式4 470.4(2 448.2,8 055.9)541.5(255.0,1 160.8)1 669.1(784.6,3 095.0)
脑血管代谢疾病模式4 463.6(2 451.1,8 084.5)543.2(256.1,1 168.5)1 689.0(801.8,3 125.7)a
肝肾疾病模式4 527.8(2 490.2,8 186.7)ab564.4(262.6,1 218.9)ab1 716.2(820.5,3 143.0)ab
脊椎及消化系统疾病模式4 492.2(2 502.9,8 079.0)ab573.6(267.9,1 231.3)ab1 703.3(836.1,3 119.4)ab
脑动脉供血不足4 367.4(2 417.1,7 944.5)abcd526.0(241.1,1 131.9)abcd1 598.1(748.5,2 979.8)abcd
老年性白内障4 705.6(2 591.1,8 481.2)abcde579.0(273.8,1 228.6)abce1 825.1(867.8,3 314.2)abcde
头晕和眩晕4 400.3(2 466.2,7 967.1)f544.3(256.2,1 171.2)cdef1 700.9(796.2,3 091.9)fg
脑卒中4 420.9(2 480.2,8 123.2)f553.6(261.7,1 203.1)f1 728.0(866.9,3 026.0)fg
共病模式次均各项费用[MP25,P75),元]
次均西药费次均中药费次均耗材费
心血管疾病模式1 075.8(423.3,2 345.0)69.5(0.0,358.8)105.3(23.8,304.1)
脑血管代谢疾病模式1 043.1(408.7,2 302.9)a76.0(0.0,368.6)a100.9(21.6,299.0)a
肝肾疾病模式1 046.1(409.5,2 282.9)a84.5(0.0,394.0)ab97.0(19.2,294.7)a
脊椎及消化系统疾病模式1 022.8(395.4,2 262.7)abc87.2(0.0,406.4)ab93.7(17.5,292.0)abc
脑动脉供血不足1038.7(398.8,2271.3)a67.5(0.0,366.0)bcd99.7(22.5,303.3)a
老年性白内障1 133.9(474.3,2 440.9)abcde83.8(0.0,395.4)abe106.6(22.7,310.1)abcd
头晕和眩晕998.1(410.9,2 223.5)af89.0(0.0,397.3)abe89.8(19.3,283.7)af
脑卒中1 048.1(424.9,2 226.8)f76.0(0.0,383.2)95.9(22.5,297.0)f
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高血压患者共病模式及其与医疗负担的相关性研究
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陈令 1 , 梁力中 2 , 吴家园 3 , 刘美莲 4 , 陈超 5 , 杜培文 1 , 刘韦余 1 , 刘建泽 1 , 曾志嵘 5
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025,52(14): 2670-2675
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2025, 52(14): 2670-2675
高血压患者共病模式及其与医疗负担的相关性研究
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陈令1, 梁力中2, 吴家园3, 刘美莲4, 陈超5, 杜培文1, 刘韦余1, 刘建泽1, 曾志嵘5
作者信息
  • 1.广东医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 湛江 524023
  • 2.广东医科大学医疗保障研究院
  • 3.广东医科大学附属医院临床试验服务中心
  • 4.广东医科大学附属医院肺部肿瘤专科
  • 5.广东医科大学公共卫生与健康研究院
  • 陈令(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

通讯作者:

曾志嵘,E-mail:
Study of comorbidity patterns in hypertensive patients and their association with healthcare burden
Ling CHEN1, Li-zhong LIANG2, Jia-yuan WU3, Mei-lian LIU4, Chao CHEN5, Pei-wen DU1, Wei-yu LIU1, Jian-ze LIU1, Zhi-rong ZENG5
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501421
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目的

分析高血压共病住院患者的疾病特征、共病模式及医疗负担,为优化高血压共病管理提供参考依据。

方法

对2016—2022年广东省湛江市所有综合医院的810 747名高血压共病住院患者进行回顾性分析,采用系统聚类分析方法绘制聚类树状图,研究高血压共病住院患者的共病模式,并通过多组间比较分析不同共病模式的住院费用。

结果

2016—2022年高血压共病住院患者人数整体呈上升趋势,男性占比高于女性且逐年上升。2016—2022年高血压患者年龄呈现高龄化趋势,年龄≥85岁患者比例逐年增长。平均共病率排前五的依次是:动脉硬化性心脏病、脑梗死、Ⅱ型糖尿病、脂蛋白代谢紊乱和慢性胃炎。系统聚类发现8簇共病模式包括:心血管疾病模式、脑血管代谢疾病模式、肝肾疾病模式、脊椎及消化系统疾病模式、脑动脉供血不足模式、老年性白内障模式、头晕和眩晕模式、脑卒中模式。其中老年性白内障模式的住院总费用最高,为4 705.6元(P<0.001)。在多病种模式中,肝肾疾病模式的住院总费用最高,为4 527.8元,心血管疾病模式的西药费和耗材费高于其他共病模式(P<0.001)。

结论

高血压共病住院患者的住院人数和患病年龄逐年增高,高血压预防应重点关注心血管疾病、代谢疾病和消化系统疾病的共病,高血压共病住院患者的共病模式可分为8簇,其中老年性白内障模式和肝肾疾病模式患者是控制高血压共病住院患者费用负担的重点人群。

高血压  /  共病  /  共病模式  /  疾病特征  /  医疗负担
Objective

To analyze the disease characteristics, comorbidity patterns, and healthcare burden of hospitalized patients with hypertension and comorbidities, providing evidence for optimizing hypertension comorbidity management.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 810 747 hospitalized patients with hypertension and comorbidities from all general hospitals in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, between 2016 and 2022. Systematic cluster analysis was used to generate a dendrogram and identify comorbidity patterns. Inter-group comparisons were performed to analyze hospitalization costs across different patterns.

Results

From 2016 to 2022, the number of hospitalized hypertensive patients with comorbidities showed an overall increasing trend, with a higher and rising proportion of males. The age distribution shifted toward older populations, with patients aged ≥85 years increasing annually. The top five most common comorbidities were atherosclerotic heart disease, cerebral infarction, type 2 diabetes, lipoprotein metabolism disorders, and chronic gastritis. Cluster analysis identified eight comorbidity patterns: cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular-metabolic disease,hepatic-renal disease, spinal-digestive disease, cerebral ischemia, senile cataract, dizziness-vertigo, and stroke. The senile cataract group incurred the highest total hospitalization costs(4 705.6,P<0.001). Among multi-comorbidity patterns, the hepatorenal disease group exhibited the highest total hospitalization costs(4 527.8), and the cardiovascular disease group had significantly higher Western medication and material expenses (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Hospitalized hypertensive patients with comorbidities are increasing in number and age. Prevention efforts should prioritize cardiovascular, metabolic, and digestive comorbidities. Eight distinct comorbidity patterns were identified, with senile cataract and hepatic-renal disease patients representing key populations for cost containment.

Hypertension  /  Comorbidity  /  Comorbidity patterns  /  Disease characteristics  /  Healthcare burden
陈令, 梁力中, 吴家园, 刘美莲, 陈超, 杜培文, 刘韦余, 刘建泽, 曾志嵘. 高血压患者共病模式及其与医疗负担的相关性研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2670 -2675 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501421
Ling CHEN, Li-zhong LIANG, Jia-yuan WU, Mei-lian LIU, Chao CHEN, Pei-wen DU, Wei-yu LIU, Jian-ze LIU, Zhi-rong ZENG. Study of comorbidity patterns in hypertensive patients and their association with healthcare burden[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2670 -2675 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501421
近年来,我国人群高血压患病率持续增高[1],最新数据显示,2018年我国年龄≥18岁成人高血压加权患病率为27.5%[2]。高血压共病是指高血压患者至少同时患有一种其他慢性病,多项研究结果显示高血压患者的共病患病率可以达到69%到88%[3-4]。当慢性病患者同时患有两种及以上慢性病,相比于单一疾病的临床干预效果更差[5],随之带来的更高的医疗资源使用率和医疗花费更可能产生不利的经济后果。《“十四五”国民健康规划》中提出实施慢性病综合防治策略,完善慢性病健康管理体系。分析高血压共病住院患者的疾病特征和负担,有助于优化针对高血压的医疗服务政策[6]。本研究以高血压共病住院患者为研究对象,总结高血压共病现状及趋势,识别高血压共病住院患者的共病模式及其疾病负担,为高血压的精准防治和医疗资源的优化配置提供参考依据。
本研究选取广东省湛江市2016—2022年所有综合医院的高血压共病住院患者为研究对象,纳入标准:(1)出院诊断中包括高血压[国际疾病分类(ICD-10)编码为I10];(2)出院诊断中患有除高血压以外其他慢性病;(3)住院时间≥1天。排除标准:(1)原发性高血压之外的其他类型高血压病患者;(2)病史资料不全。数据包括患者的人口统计学信息、诊断信息(主要诊断、出院诊断)和费用信息(综合医疗服务费、诊断费、西药费、中药费、耗材费)。本研究已获得广东医科大学附属医院临床科研伦理委员会批准(编号:KT2023-138-01)。
本研究所关注的慢性疾病为既往高血压相关研究中最常见提及高血压患者患有的其他慢性病以及湛江市高血压住院患者病案首页中患病率大于1%的慢性病,按国际疾病分类诊断标准ICD-10进行疾病分类及汇总。最终共纳入除高血压以外的34种慢性病进行研究:贫血、Ⅱ型糖尿病、脂蛋白代谢紊乱、高尿酸血症、电解质代谢紊乱、脑萎缩、椎基底动脉综合征、老年性白内障、心绞痛、动脉硬化性心脏病、缺血性心肌病、其他类型的心脏病、心力衰竭、脑梗死、脑卒中、大脑动脉粥样硬化、脑动脉供血不足、脑梗死后遗症、动脉粥样硬化、肺炎、支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性胃炎、慢性肝病、胆囊疾病、痛风、脊椎病、腰椎间盘突出、骨病和软骨病、慢性肾衰竭、肾结石、肾囊肿、前列腺增生、头晕和眩晕。高血压共病的定义为在高血压患者中患有以下34种慢性病中的1种及以上的慢性病。本研究中,共病数量指患者患有的疾病数量。
采用系统聚类法中的类平均法,并以皮尔逊相关系数作为聚类间的距离度量,通过绘制树状聚类图,探讨高血压共病住院患者的共病模式。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料以相对数表示,偏态分布的计量资料以MP25P75)表示。不同年份间比较采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验;使用R 4.4.2软件实现聚类分析,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同共病模式之间住院费用的差异,组间两两比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入810 747例诊断为高血压的共病住院病例。2016—2019年高血压共病住院患者的人数持续增长,由2016年的87 129例增长至2019年的128 912例,此后三年间人数有略微波动,2021年高血压共病住院患者人数最多,为141 213例。整体上男性略多于女性,占总样本的51.29%,男性占比呈逐年上升趋势(Tau值=0.905,P<0.001)。其中65~84岁的患者占比最大为58.48%,从2016—2022年高血压患者年龄呈现高龄化趋势,年龄≥85岁患者比例逐年增长,从2016年的11.48%上升至2022年的14.59%。共病数量≥5种的患者占比最大为22.98%,其次是共病数量2种的患者,占比22.39%。共病数量超过2种之后患者占比开始减少。2016—2020年轻度共病(1~2种)患者的比例逐渐下降,而较多共病(4种及以上)的患者比例上升。见表1
2016—2022年高血压共病患者前十位共病率的疾病如表2所示。其中平均共病率排前五的依次是动脉硬化性心脏病、脑梗死、Ⅱ型糖尿病、脂蛋白代谢紊乱和慢性胃炎,分别是26.57%,26.20%,24.61%,22.47%,22.26%。2016—2022年“高血压+大脑动脉粥样硬化”共病率由25.39%降低至9.05%,“高血压+心力衰竭”共病率由23.19%下降至16.84%;而“高血压+慢性胃炎”共病率由19.54%升高至25.11%。见表2
采用系统聚类法和类平均法对纳入研究的34种慢性病进行聚类分析,并结合临床及分类目的分为8簇,分为4个多病种模式和4个单一病种模式,按汇聚顺序依次为:1.心血管疾病模式;2.脑血管代谢疾病模式;3.肝肾疾病模式;4.脊椎及消化系统疾病模式;5.脑动脉供血不足模式;6.老年性白内障模式;7.头晕和眩晕模式;8.脑卒中模式。见图1
2016—2022年高血压住院患者次均住院费用从4 886.86元下降到4 860.3元,各年份次均住院费用中位数不同(H=2 354.376,P<0.001),但是不具有显著趋势(Z=-0.697,P=0.486)。次均综合医疗服务费占比整体呈上升趋势,但在2020年后有所回落,从13.40%下降至12.46%,次均诊断费占比和次均中药费占比分别从39.47%和1.87%增长至41.74%和2.25%,次均耗材费占比从2.67%下降至2.46%。见表3
高血压共病住院患者的次均住院费用为4 475.8元,老年性白内障模式的次均住院费用最高,为4 705.6元。在住院费用的各部分中,老年性白内障模式的综合医疗服务费、诊断费、西药费和耗材费均为最高,分别是579.0元、1 825.1元、1 133.9元和99.7元,头晕和眩晕模式的中药费最高,为89.0元,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。在多病种模式中,肝肾疾病模式和脊椎及消化系统疾病模式的综合医疗服务费、诊断费和中药费高于心血管疾病模式模式和脑血管代谢疾病模式,心血管疾病模式的西药费和耗材费高于其他共病模式(P<0.001),见表4
研究结果显示,高血压共病住院患者的数量和患病年龄逐年上升。可能与我国高血压患病率随年龄增长显著增高有关[7],此外,基层慢性病管理的普及和健康素养提升延长了患者生存期,增加了高龄患者比例[8]在本研究中,男性高血压共病患者略多于女性,这与既往研究的结果一致,这可能与饮酒、吸烟等多种不良生活方式有关[9-10]。高血压患者常常患有糖尿病和脂代谢紊乱等多种代谢紊乱疾病,既往研究也表明血糖控制和调脂治疗可以有降低高血压患者发生心力衰竭等不良心血管事件的风险[11]。值得注意的是,本研究发现高血压患者中慢性胃炎和慢性肝病等消化系统疾病的共病率较高,这可能与高血压患者血压长期处于高位导致血清睾酮与γ-干扰素上升有关[12],这会导致高血压患者发生消化性溃疡的风险上升。高血压患者共病模式中心血管疾病模式仍最为突出,但与既往研究[13]不同的是慢性阻塞性肺疾病在共病模式的识别过程中被划分到了心血管疾病模式,这可能是因为慢性阻塞性肺疾病与心血管疾病存在慢性低氧血症、全身性炎症反应和药物作用等复杂的相互作用机制有关[14]。另外脑血管疾病和代谢疾病被划分进了同一个共病模式,提示在高血压共病住院患者中,诱发代谢疾病和脑血管疾病的风险因素联系更加紧密。肝肾疾病模式中包括慢性肝病、肾结石和慢性肾衰竭等疾病,这可能与高血压患者长期服用控制血压的药物所导致的肝肾损伤有关[15]。脊椎及消化系统疾病模式的形成可能与高血压共病住院患者的不良生活方式有关,同时治疗关节炎常用的非甾体抗炎药会引起消化系统的不良反应[16],这也提示了骨关节疾病的患者易患有消化疾病的风险。
住院费用方面,次均中药费占比逐年上升,这可能与我国近年来大力发展中医药有关[17],居民对于中医的接受程度提高,逐渐接受中草药的使用;次均耗材费和综合医疗服务费用占比从2019年和2020年后有所下降,这可能与研究地区2019年开始深化公立医院综合改革,取消了药品耗材加成有关[18],但是次均西药费占比与改革前变化并不大,提示医疗制度改革还有需要完善的地方。本研究发现,老年性白内障模式的住院费用及住院各项费用显著高于其他共病模式,这可能是老年性白内障在临床上主要以手术治疗为主导致的[19]。在多病种模式模式中,肝肾疾病模式的住院费用较高,这可能是因为慢性肝病和慢性肾衰竭的共病复杂,并且血液透析、营养支持等维持疗法花费较高[20]。心血管疾病模式的西药费和耗材费较高,这可能与心血管疾病模式住院患者大部分是极高危患者,治疗难度大有关[21],因此在控制心血管疾病模式患者的住院费用时可着重控制治疗用药的成本。
本研究作为高血压共病横断面研究仍存在一定的局限性。另外相对于高血压等慢性病的长病程,研究时间跨度较短,且基于住院数据对高血压患者共病模式分析具有一定滞后性,因此探究高血压患者共病模式的变化趋势可能会存在偏移,在后续研究中会考虑结合体检和门诊数据探究高血压共病模式的变化趋势,为制定更为科学的公共卫生政策提供数据支持。
本研究对高血压共病住院患者的共病特征、共病模式和住院费用进行了分析,其中以心脑血管疾病、糖代谢紊乱和慢性胃炎的共病率较高,反映了高血压疾病控制中对代谢紊乱、消化系统疾病等多系统综合干预的必要性。心血管疾病模式依旧是最主要的问题,仍然需要着重关注。住院费用分析显示老年性白内障模式住院费用最高,在多病种模式中,肝肾疾病模式的住院费用显著高于其他共病模式,针对高负担共病制定个性化健康管理是降低高血压共病住院患者费用负担的关键。
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501421
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
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    1.广东医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 湛江 524023
    2.广东医科大学医疗保障研究院
    3.广东医科大学附属医院临床试验服务中心
    4.广东医科大学附属医院肺部肿瘤专科
    5.广东医科大学公共卫生与健康研究院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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