Article(id=1240395011687248800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662816210, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662816210, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662816210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662816210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2601, endPage=2606, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395011917935541, articleId=1240395011687248800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on the composition and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses of rare disease patients under different medical levels, Jiangxi, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the internal structure and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses for rare disease patients at different medical levels in Jiangxi Province’s “Health Expenditure Accounting System 2011” (SHA2011) sentinel hospitals, providing references for rare disease treatment in Jiangxi Province and its healthcare institutions.

Methods

Data on rare disease patients from 2018 to 2022 were collected from the sample hospitals in Jiangxi Province. Structural variation analysis and grey correlation analysis were employed to examine changes in the internal composition of hospitalization expenses and their interrelationships, while a random forest model was used to identify factors influencing the average total cost per hospitalization case.

Results

From 2018 to 2022, the average hospitalization costs per case were 19 082.70 yuan (provincial), 8 175.29 yuan (municipal), and 6 586.23 yuan (county/district). The random forest model revealed that medication fees and diagnostic examination fees were key factors affecting rare disease hospitalization costs, with structural variation values of -3.15, -1.79, and 5.30 for medication fees, and -3.86, 5.48, and 2.16 for diagnostic examination fees at provincial, municipal, and county/district levels, respectively. Grey correlation analysis showed that surgical fees and nursing fees had low correlation degrees with hospitalization costs across all levels, ranking between 7th and 8th.

Conclusion

From 2018 to 2022, hospitalization expenses at all levels exhibit fluctuating trends but remained generally high. Medication fees and diagnostic examination fees are critical influencing factors, though their structural variation trends and contribution rates differed significantly across hospital tiers. Additionally, surgical and nursing fees demonstrate consistently low correlation with hospitalization costs at all levels.

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目的

分析江西省《卫生费用核算体系2011》(SHA2011)检测点医院的罕见病患者住院费用在不同医疗层级的内部结构和影响因素,为江西省以及各医院治疗罕见病提供参考。

方法

收集2018—2022年江西省样本医院有关罕见病患者相关数据,运用结构变动度分析法和灰色关联分析法,研究住院费用内部构成结构变化以及相互间关联程度,运用随机森林模型分析住院患者例均总费用的影响因素。

结果

2018—2022年,省、市、县(区)级医院组例均住院费用分别为19 082.70、8 175.29和6 586.23;由随机森林模型结果显示,药品费和检查诊查费是影响罕见病住院费用的重要因素,省、市、县(区)级药品费结构变动值分别为-3.15、-1.79和5.30,检查诊查费结构变动值分别为-3.86、5.48和2.16;灰色关联分析结果显示,手术费、护理费在省、市、县(区)级医院对罕见病住院费用的关联程度均排名在7和8之间。

结论

2018—2022年,各层级医院住院费用整体呈上下波动趋势但总体住院费用偏高;药品费和检查诊查费是影响罕见病住院费用的关键因素,但在各层级医院的结构变动趋势和结构贡献率存在显著差异;同时,手术费、护理费与住院费用的关联度在各层级医院普遍偏低。

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赵恒伯,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4nJNf+JHJ2TeZi6IGXHVfw==, magXml=8qLKPICW/yJklNB8WI3sCg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=v2h8sFYQUfgQzAwym8c9qQ==, pdfFileSize=957194, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=u+Rno4xEUIfa83jSrV3cWA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=66e6sDSJJBrdkL3Ag0jYpA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘慧玲(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:罕见病研究

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刘慧玲(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:罕见病研究

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刘慧玲(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:罕见病研究

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Variable assignments in the Random Forest Model

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变量赋值说明
医院类别1=综合医院,2=中医院,3=专科医院,4=妇幼保健机构
付费方式1=城镇职工,2=城乡居民,3=全自费,4=其它
疾病类型1=肿瘤,2=血液及造血器官疾病和某些免疫机制的疾患,3=内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,4=精神和行为障碍,5=眼和附器疾病,6=耳和乳突疾病,7=循环系统疾病,8=呼吸系统疾病9=消化系统疾病,10=肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病,11=先天性畸形,变色和染色体异常,12=神经系统疾病,13=泌尿生殖系统疾病,14=皮肤和皮下组织疾病,15=起源于围生期的某些状况,16=妊娠、分娩和产褥期
实际住院天数实际值
药占比(%)实际值
手术治疗费用占比(%)实际值
检查化验费用占比(%)实际值
例均总费用(元)例均总费用取自然对数
), ArticleFig(id=1240413550523503038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395011687248800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

随机森林模型变量赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值说明
医院类别1=综合医院,2=中医院,3=专科医院,4=妇幼保健机构
付费方式1=城镇职工,2=城乡居民,3=全自费,4=其它
疾病类型1=肿瘤,2=血液及造血器官疾病和某些免疫机制的疾患,3=内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,4=精神和行为障碍,5=眼和附器疾病,6=耳和乳突疾病,7=循环系统疾病,8=呼吸系统疾病9=消化系统疾病,10=肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病,11=先天性畸形,变色和染色体异常,12=神经系统疾病,13=泌尿生殖系统疾病,14=皮肤和皮下组织疾病,15=起源于围生期的某些状况,16=妊娠、分娩和产褥期
实际住院天数实际值
药占比(%)实际值
手术治疗费用占比(%)实际值
检查化验费用占比(%)实际值
例均总费用(元)例均总费用取自然对数
), ArticleFig(id=1240413550628360644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395011687248800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural change values and degree of change in hospitalization costs for rare diseases in Jiangxi Province,2018—2022

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类别时间(年份)VSV结构变动值DSV结构变动度(%)
治疗费药品费床位费检查诊查费手术费化验费护理费其他费用
省级医院组2018—2019年0.041.870.080.00-0.46-0.74-2.001.216.41
2019—2020年9.021.12-1.21-2.220.27-2.18-1.59-3.2020.81
2020—2021年-9.62-1.301.322.92-0.133.760.512.5322.09
2021—2022年21.40-4.84-0.83-4.55-0.43-6.43-0.54-3.7842.80
2018—2022年20.84-3.15-0.63-3.86-0.76-5.59-3.62-3.2341.68
市级医院组2018—2019年1.151.221.410.83-2.14-0.12-5.112.7814.76
2019—2020年-11.6713.69-1.941.630.415.77-3.82-4.0742.99
2020—2021年10.26-16.950.273.665.21-3.040.050.5539.99
2021—2022年1.370.301.27-0.64-3.74-2.020.712.7412.79
2018—2022年1.11-1.741.015.48-0.260.58-8.181.9920.35
县(区)级医院组2018—2019年11.68-1.79-0.993.10-0.720.17-6.35-5.1029.91
2019—2020年-19.2716.92-1.01-3.53-0.43-0.98-0.188.4750.79
2020—2021年6.17-1.280.173.060.13-0.58-0.80-6.8619.04
2021—2022年-0.48-8.541.37-0.46-0.224.121.942.2819.41
2018—2022年-1.895.30-0.472.16-1.242.73-5.39-1.2020.38
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2018—2022年江西省罕见病住院费用结构变动值及结构变动度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别时间(年份)VSV结构变动值DSV结构变动度(%)
治疗费药品费床位费检查诊查费手术费化验费护理费其他费用
省级医院组2018—2019年0.041.870.080.00-0.46-0.74-2.001.216.41
2019—2020年9.021.12-1.21-2.220.27-2.18-1.59-3.2020.81
2020—2021年-9.62-1.301.322.92-0.133.760.512.5322.09
2021—2022年21.40-4.84-0.83-4.55-0.43-6.43-0.54-3.7842.80
2018—2022年20.84-3.15-0.63-3.86-0.76-5.59-3.62-3.2341.68
市级医院组2018—2019年1.151.221.410.83-2.14-0.12-5.112.7814.76
2019—2020年-11.6713.69-1.941.630.415.77-3.82-4.0742.99
2020—2021年10.26-16.950.273.665.21-3.040.050.5539.99
2021—2022年1.370.301.27-0.64-3.74-2.020.712.7412.79
2018—2022年1.11-1.741.015.48-0.260.58-8.181.9920.35
县(区)级医院组2018—2019年11.68-1.79-0.993.10-0.720.17-6.35-5.1029.91
2019—2020年-19.2716.92-1.01-3.53-0.43-0.98-0.188.4750.79
2020—2021年6.17-1.280.173.060.13-0.58-0.80-6.8619.04
2021—2022年-0.48-8.541.37-0.46-0.224.121.942.2819.41
2018—2022年-1.895.30-0.472.16-1.242.73-5.39-1.2020.38
), ArticleFig(id=1240413550871630287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395011687248800, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

New Grey Relational Indicators for per-admission hospitalization costs of patients with rare diseases in sample hospitals, 2018-2022

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类别年份治疗费药品费床位费检查诊查费手术费化验费护理费其他费用
省级医院组2018年0.131.020.270.280.180.250.060.37
2019年0.121.000.300.380.360.520.290.25
2020年0.270.830.120.260.460.290.110.25
2021年0.130.560.190.200.580.180.220.26
2022年0.050.480.300.150.170.140.110.18
关联度0.140.780.240.260.350.270.160.26
关联序81652374
市级医院组2018年0.580.900.440.290.200.670.100.63
2019年0.080.110.070.170.090.130.090.08
2020年0.120.760.150.240.100.610.130.16
2021年0.290.220.181.000.060.330.140.20
2022年0.450.240.480.710.630.270.150.41
关联度0.300.440.260.480.220.410.120.30
关联序42617385
县(区)级医院组2018年0.960.410.250.270.070.960.100.72
2019年0.080.321.000.390.590.790.290.24
2020年0.100.780.210.200.150.420.240.31
2021年0.820.190.910.180.650.530.350.77
2022年0.280.630.450.900.130.460.630.91
关联度0.450.470.560.390.320.630.320.59
关联序54368172
), ArticleFig(id=1240413551005848020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395011687248800, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2018—2022年样本医院罕见病患者次均住院费用新灰色关联指标

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类别年份治疗费药品费床位费检查诊查费手术费化验费护理费其他费用
省级医院组2018年0.131.020.270.280.180.250.060.37
2019年0.121.000.300.380.360.520.290.25
2020年0.270.830.120.260.460.290.110.25
2021年0.130.560.190.200.580.180.220.26
2022年0.050.480.300.150.170.140.110.18
关联度0.140.780.240.260.350.270.160.26
关联序81652374
市级医院组2018年0.580.900.440.290.200.670.100.63
2019年0.080.110.070.170.090.130.090.08
2020年0.120.760.150.240.100.610.130.16
2021年0.290.220.181.000.060.330.140.20
2022年0.450.240.480.710.630.270.150.41
关联度0.300.440.260.480.220.410.120.30
关联序42617385
县(区)级医院组2018年0.960.410.250.270.070.960.100.72
2019年0.080.321.000.390.590.790.290.24
2020年0.100.780.210.200.150.420.240.31
2021年0.820.190.910.180.650.530.350.77
2022年0.280.630.450.900.130.460.630.91
关联度0.450.470.560.390.320.630.320.59
关联序54368172
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江西省不同医疗层级的罕见病患者住院费用构成与影响因素探究
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刘慧玲 1 , 许春燕 1 , 吴海波 1 , 姚卓君 1 , 李春莹 1 , 谢志勤 2 , 赵恒伯 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(14): 2601-2606
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(14): 2601-2606
江西省不同医疗层级的罕见病患者住院费用构成与影响因素探究
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刘慧玲1, 许春燕1, 吴海波1, 姚卓君1, 李春莹1, 谢志勤2, 赵恒伯1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学经济与管理学院,江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.南昌大学第一附属医院江西省重大公共卫生事件医学中心感染ICU
  • 3.豫章师范学院书记办公室
  • 刘慧玲(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:罕见病研究

通讯作者:

赵恒伯,E-mail:
Study on the composition and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses of rare disease patients under different medical levels, Jiangxi
Hui-ling LIU1, Chun-yan XU1, Hai-bo WU1, Zhuo-jun YAO1, Chun-ying LI1, Zhi-qin XIE2, Heng-bo ZHAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412177
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目的

分析江西省《卫生费用核算体系2011》(SHA2011)检测点医院的罕见病患者住院费用在不同医疗层级的内部结构和影响因素,为江西省以及各医院治疗罕见病提供参考。

方法

收集2018—2022年江西省样本医院有关罕见病患者相关数据,运用结构变动度分析法和灰色关联分析法,研究住院费用内部构成结构变化以及相互间关联程度,运用随机森林模型分析住院患者例均总费用的影响因素。

结果

2018—2022年,省、市、县(区)级医院组例均住院费用分别为19 082.70、8 175.29和6 586.23;由随机森林模型结果显示,药品费和检查诊查费是影响罕见病住院费用的重要因素,省、市、县(区)级药品费结构变动值分别为-3.15、-1.79和5.30,检查诊查费结构变动值分别为-3.86、5.48和2.16;灰色关联分析结果显示,手术费、护理费在省、市、县(区)级医院对罕见病住院费用的关联程度均排名在7和8之间。

结论

2018—2022年,各层级医院住院费用整体呈上下波动趋势但总体住院费用偏高;药品费和检查诊查费是影响罕见病住院费用的关键因素,但在各层级医院的结构变动趋势和结构贡献率存在显著差异;同时,手术费、护理费与住院费用的关联度在各层级医院普遍偏低。

罕见病  /  住院费用  /  结构变动度  /  灰色关联分析  /  随机森林模型
Objective

To analyze the internal structure and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses for rare disease patients at different medical levels in Jiangxi Province’s “Health Expenditure Accounting System 2011” (SHA2011) sentinel hospitals, providing references for rare disease treatment in Jiangxi Province and its healthcare institutions.

Methods

Data on rare disease patients from 2018 to 2022 were collected from the sample hospitals in Jiangxi Province. Structural variation analysis and grey correlation analysis were employed to examine changes in the internal composition of hospitalization expenses and their interrelationships, while a random forest model was used to identify factors influencing the average total cost per hospitalization case.

Results

From 2018 to 2022, the average hospitalization costs per case were 19 082.70 yuan (provincial), 8 175.29 yuan (municipal), and 6 586.23 yuan (county/district). The random forest model revealed that medication fees and diagnostic examination fees were key factors affecting rare disease hospitalization costs, with structural variation values of -3.15, -1.79, and 5.30 for medication fees, and -3.86, 5.48, and 2.16 for diagnostic examination fees at provincial, municipal, and county/district levels, respectively. Grey correlation analysis showed that surgical fees and nursing fees had low correlation degrees with hospitalization costs across all levels, ranking between 7th and 8th.

Conclusion

From 2018 to 2022, hospitalization expenses at all levels exhibit fluctuating trends but remained generally high. Medication fees and diagnostic examination fees are critical influencing factors, though their structural variation trends and contribution rates differed significantly across hospital tiers. Additionally, surgical and nursing fees demonstrate consistently low correlation with hospitalization costs at all levels.

Rare disease  /  Hospital expenses  /  Structural variation  /  Grey correlation analysis  /  Random forest model
刘慧玲, 许春燕, 吴海波, 姚卓君, 李春莹, 谢志勤, 赵恒伯. 江西省不同医疗层级的罕见病患者住院费用构成与影响因素探究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2601 -2606 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412177
Hui-ling LIU, Chun-yan XU, Hai-bo WU, Zhuo-jun YAO, Chun-ying LI, Zhi-qin XIE, Heng-bo ZHAO. Study on the composition and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses of rare disease patients under different medical levels, Jiangxi[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2601 -2606 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412177
罕见病是危害全球人群健康的重大公共卫生问题之一。据相关研究表明,全世界约有2.63~4.46亿罕见病患者[1],其中,中国的罕见病患者已超过2 000万人,且每年新增约20万例[2]。2019年,相关研究报告显示,约60%的罕见病患者每年治疗费用在5万元以上,超50%为住院费用[3-4]。可见,罕见病的家庭医疗支出负担沉重,易导致支出型贫困。当前,罕见病因其高昂的住院费用,极易导致患者因病返贫现象的发生,而掌握罕见病住院费用构成及影响因素是降低患者经济负担的关键步骤。尽管近年来政策环境不断完善,推动了一些罕见病药品以及相关诊治费用的降价,但罕见病患者仍面临“入不敷出”的困境。目前,国内关于罕见病研究主要集中于保障机制、药品可及性、病种治疗、单医院费用分析等方面[5-8],这些研究从多个视角剖析罕见病,很难从整体性明确罕见病相关费用构成,因此,本研究选取《卫生费用核算体系2011》(SHA2011)监测点医院为研究对象,以区域视角,从省、市、县(区)级医疗层面分析江西省2018—2022年罕见病患者住院费用内部构成及影响因素,为减轻罕见病患者费用负担制定合理的管控措施提供科学的指导意见。
罕见病是指患病率和发病率都极低的疾病,本文研究的罕见病种类包含我国发布的《第一批罕见病目录》和《第二批罕见病目录》中的207种罕见病,在回收数据的基础上依据ICD10编码筛选出罕见病病种[9]
本研究以江西省《卫生费用核算体系2011》监测点医院为样本医院,采用多阶层整群抽样,综合考量经济水平与地理位置差异后,确定涵盖省直及南昌、萍乡、上饶、吉安四个地级市及其下辖县、乡镇(街道)和村(社区)五个层级的共712家医院作为研究样本。因地级市医院的医疗条件普遍比省级医院较弱,且基层医疗卫生机构罕见病住院患者较少,故分省、市和县(区)级三个医院层级进行研究。含省级医院10家,市级医院19家,县(区)级医院38家。从检测点医院出院日期为2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日的住院患者中提取信息,剔除缺失、异常数据,最终纳入有效样本量为11 108例。
结构变动度分析法广泛用于医疗服务费用研究,揭示内部构成变化趋势,它由三大核心指标构成[10]:结构变动值(value of structure,VSV)、 结构变动度(degree of structure variation,DSV)和结构贡献率(contribution rate of structure variationg,CSV)。
灰色关联分析是指对一个系统发展变化态势的定量描述和比较的方法。计算步骤:(1)建立原始矩阵A:确定住院总费用为参考序列Y,各项费用为比较序列X;(2)构建矩阵B:采用均值化法标准化矩阵A;(3)构造矩阵C:计算子序列与母序列的关联序数,确定矩阵C中的最小值min(C)和最大值max(C);(4)构造关联系数矩阵D:计算各项目费用的关联系数、关联度并排序。其中dij=(min(C)+ρmax(C)/(cij+ρmax(C))。其中ρ为分辨系数,常取0.05[11]。关联度
随机森林是通过构建多个决策树并将预测结构进行汇总,以达到提升模型整体预测准确性和稳定性的目的,且对于缺失和不平衡数据也能得到较稳健的结果。本研究以例均总费用的自然对数作为目标变量,医院类别、付费方式、疾病类型、实际住院天数和内部结构等变量作为解释变量进行建模分析。使用R软件构建randomForest函数,确定参数并计算变量对住院费用的重要性排序。各变量赋值见表1
2018—2022年,省、县(区)级医院组的例均总费用总体呈上下浮动的变化,市级医院组的例均总费用整体呈现下降趋势。省级医院组的例均总费用明显高于市级医院组和县(区)级医院组。见图1
2018—2022年,在省级医院层面,罕见病患者住院费用结构变动度为41.68%,除治疗费用为正向变动,其余费用均为负向变动。市级医院层面的费用结构变动度为20.39%,药品费、手术费和护理费为负向变动,其余为正向变动。在县(区)级医院层面,罕见病患者费用结构变动度为20.38%,药品费、检查诊查费和化验费为正向变动,其余均呈负向变动。见表2
2018—2022年,从省级医院分析显示,对次均住院费用结构贡献率排名前3的依次是治疗费、化验费和检查诊查费。市级医院对住院费用结构贡献率排名前3位的是护理费、检查诊查费和其他费用。从县级医院分析显示,对次均住院费用结构贡献率排名前3位的是药品费、护理费和化验费,见图2
2018—2022年,在影响省级医院层面住院费用因素中,药品费的关联系数最大,手术费次之,关联度最低的是治疗费。在市级医院层面,检查诊查费的关联系数最高,其次是药品费;关联度最低的是护理费。在县(区)级医院层面,化验费的关联度最高,关联度最低的是手术费。详情见表3
本研究基于省、市和县(区)级医院组,选取70%样本作为训练集,30%样本作为测试集,分别建立各组例均总费用对数值与费用变量和特征变量的随机森林模型。且预测变量参数ntree和mtry均为1 000和3,而R2分别为0.82、0.85、0.73和0.69。各级医院住院费用影响因素重要性排序见图3
研究发现,2018—2022年,江西省内省、市及县(区)级医院的罕见病患者次均住院费用显著高于同期非罕见病患者的费用水平。以2022年为例,省、市、县(区)级次均住院费用分别为20 041.64元、7 681.12元、6 217.35元,而全省所有患者次均住院费用仅为1 540.83元[9]。原因可能是由于临床医生对罕见病诊疗经验不足,误诊率高(44%)[12],为明确诊断,需依靠多种检查手段,导致住院费用升高;罕见病治疗多依赖于稀缺且昂贵的药品,进而推高了住院费用。本研究结果还显示,省级医院组的例均住院费用显著高于市、县(区)级医院组,反映出高层级医院在处理罕见病时面临的成本更高,包括高昂的医疗技术使用费、复杂的治疗方案以及可能的长期住院需求。为有效解决罕见病住院费用高昂问题,首先,政府可适度增加罕见病领域研究的政策支持和资金投入,为临床医生提供科学的费用控制指导意见和规范医疗行为。第二,完善罕见病医保政策,实现“病有所医,医有所报”,结合商业保险建立罕见病目录报销清单,降低罕见病患者的自付费用。第三,可定期开展罕见病培训课程,打造“国家、省、市、县(区)、基层”由上而下的完整教学链,各部门可以推动区域医疗协作机制,建立“基层首诊,双向转诊,上下联动”的方式,破解“虹吸”现象发生。
2018—2022年,省级医院组结构变动度为41.68%,而市、县(区)级医院结构变动度分别为20.35%和20.38%。这一现象可能与近年来相关政策推广与实施有关,省级医院一般作为试点医院,在医疗改革、政策实施和技术创新等方面扮演着引领和示范角色,更早享受政策带来的红利。从研究结果看,药品费、检查诊查费和化验费与住院费用的关联程度较高,是影响罕见病住院费用的重要因素。省、市级医院的药品费结构变动值负向变动明显。这一变化得益于多项政策的实施,如“罕见病目录”的出台,“取消药品加成”及“药品带量采购”等相关政策的大力推广,促使医院逐步告别“以药养医”的发展模式。然而,县(区)级医院的药品费结构变动值为正向变动,提示县级医院相对依赖药品销售。因此,建议贯彻落实国家集采政策,优先使用国家及省级中标的药品和耗材,继续深化公立医院综合改革,强化罕见病药品与耗材管理。同期,检查诊查费和化验费结构变动值在省级医院为负向变动,而市、县(区)级医院为正向变动。这可能与低层级医院对罕见病认知较少需要通过各项辅助检查来诊断罕见病。
2016年,《四部门关于印发推进医疗服务价格改革意见的通知》指出,各地要按照“总量控制、结构调整、有升有降、逐步到位”的原则,合理制定和调整医疗服务价格,体现对医疗服务技术劳动价值的重视。从研究结果来看,省、市、县(区)级医院的手术费、护理费占罕见病总费用仍然偏低并呈负向变动,二者仅占各层级医院的3.82%、9.21%和5.70%,同时,省、市、县(区)级医院组中,手术费与护理费与住院总费用的关联度排名分别在7和8之间。可见,为进一步提升医护人员的劳动价值,亟需提高医疗服务价格。因此,应适当提高手术、护理等技术劳务费用占比,通过挤压药品和耗材在住院费用中的比重,合理调整罕见病中医疗服务价格项目。另外,实际住院天数是省、市、县(区)级住院费用的重要影响因数,且均位列第一。究其原因,一方面缩短实际住院天数能够减少相应药品、检查和治疗等医疗资源的消耗,最终减少患者的医疗费用的支出;另一方面,罕见病种类繁多,临床表现复杂多样,诊疗难度极大,患者的病情越复杂需要更长时间治疗和恢复。据此,各层级医院应不断提升罕见病综合诊疗能力,加快病床周转效率,从而降低罕见病患者的住院费用。
  • 江西省自然科学基金管理科学类项目(20212BAA10004)
  • 江西中医药大学研究生科研训练计划(2024jzzdxkx031)
  • 江西中医药大学创新专项资金项目(XJ-S202424)
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412177
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
基金
江西省自然科学基金管理科学类项目(20212BAA10004)
江西中医药大学研究生科研训练计划(2024jzzdxkx031)
江西中医药大学创新专项资金项目(XJ-S202424)
作者信息
    1.江西中医药大学经济与管理学院,江西 南昌 330004
    2.南昌大学第一附属医院江西省重大公共卫生事件医学中心感染ICU
    3.豫章师范学院书记办公室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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