Article(id=1240395010231825230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412477, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662815863, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662815863, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662815863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662815863, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2551, endPage=2557, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395011049714540, articleId=1240395010231825230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Mendelian randomization study of the causal association between lifestyle behaviors and uterine fibroids, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the causal association of twelve lifestyle behaviors in six categories (including smoking, drinking, physical activity, sexual behaviors, sleep habits and nutrients) on uterine fibroids using mendelian randomization (MR) method, and to investigate the mediating role of obesity related indicators.

Methods

Using genome-wide association study data, bidirectional MR analysis was first performed to identify exposures with causal associations with the outcome, which were then incorporated into multivariable MR to evaluate the independent causal effect of each variable, and finally two-step MR was used to evaluate the mediating role of obesity in the above causal pathways. Univariable MR analysis primarily employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, with the MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method used as the robustness verification methods; Multivariable MR was performed using the multivariable IVW method.

Results

IVW results showed that genetically predicted regular smoking (OR=1.150, 95% CI: 1.006-1.316, P=0.041), higher alcohol intake (OR=1.306, 95% CI: 1.092-1.563, P=0.004) and higher carbohydrate intake (OR=1.681, 95% CI: 1.151-2.456, P=0.007) were risk factors for uterine fibroids, and were consistent with the results of the MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method. No reverse causal relationship was found in reverse MR analysis (all P values<0.05). Multivariable MR analysis showed that regular smoking (OR=1.302, 95% CI: 1.124-1.507, P<0.001) and carbohydrate intake (OR=1.410, 95% CI: 1.053-1.887, P=0.022) had independent causal effects on uterine fibroids. The two-step MR analysis showed that the waist hip ratio adjusted by body mass index mediated the effect of regular smoking on uterine fibroids, with a mediation proportion of 16.2%.

Conclusion

Regular smoking and higher carbohydrate intake are associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids, with obesity partially mediating the relationship between regular smoking and uterine fibroids, emphasizing the importance of healthy lifestyle and weight management in the prevention of uterine fibroids.

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目的

利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)方法探讨吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、性行为、睡眠习惯和营养素等6类12种行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的因果关联,并探索肥胖相关指标的中介作用。

方法

利用全基因组关联研究数据,首先进行双向MR分析筛选与结局有因果关联的暴露因素,纳入多变量MR以评估独立因果效应,最后利用两步MR评估肥胖在上述因果路径的中介作用。单变量MR分析以逆方差加权法(Inverse-variance weighted,IVW)为主,并将MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法用于稳健性验证;多变量MR分析采用多变量IVW法。

结果

IVW结果显示,遗传预测的经常吸烟(OR=1.150,95% CI:1.006~1.316,P=0.041)、高酒精摄入量(OR=1.306,95% CI:1.092~1.563,P=0.004)和高碳水化合物摄入量(OR=1.681,95% CI:1.151~2.456,P=0.007)是子宫肌瘤的危险因素,且与MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法结果一致。反向MR分析未见显著因果关联(P值均>0.05)。多变量MR分析支持经常吸烟(OR=1.302,95% CI:1.124~1.507,P<0.001)、碳水化合物摄入量(OR=1.410,95% CI:1.053~1.887,P=0.022)对子宫肌瘤的独立因果效应。两步MR分析表明,经身体质量指数调整的腰臀比介导了经常吸烟对子宫肌瘤的影响,中介比例为16.2%。

结论

经常吸烟和高碳水化合物摄入量可增加子宫肌瘤患病风险,且肥胖在经常吸烟与子宫肌瘤之间发挥了部分中介作用,这强调了健康行为生活方式和体重管理在子宫肌瘤预防中的重要性。

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刘振谧,E-mail:
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罗小利(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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罗小利(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2017, 124 Suppl 3: 46-52., articleTitle=The effect of exercise on high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment efficacy in uterine fibroids and adenomyosis: a retrospective study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240413557582516800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=558, pageEnd=560, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=50, authorNames=郭来霞, journalName=宁夏医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭来霞.妇女生活行为、饮食习惯与子宫肌瘤关系的分析[J].宁夏医学杂志2016,38(6):558-560., articleTitle=妇女生活行为、饮食习惯与子宫肌瘤关系的分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240413557720928833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=558, pageEnd=560, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Guo LX, journalName=Ningxia Medical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo LX.Analysis of the relationship between women’s life behavior and dietary habits and uterine fibroids[J]. Ningxia Medical Journal, 2016, 38(6): 558-560. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of the relationship between women’s life behavior and dietary habits and uterine fibroids, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240413541971316821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413541975511126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, companyId=1240413541971316821, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413541983899735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, companyId=1240413541971316821, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院(华西第四医院),四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240413546660548924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The effects of different lifestyle behaviors on uterine fibroids, figureFileSmall=eKDD72q4+vrlWJgGSXQeNQ==, figureFileBig=Wrb7mYr61ZxIRVI//XYqzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413546761212230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同行为生活方式对子宫肌瘤的影响

注:*表明使用随机效应IVW模型。

, figureFileSmall=eKDD72q4+vrlWJgGSXQeNQ==, figureFileBig=Wrb7mYr61ZxIRVI//XYqzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413547042230613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The effects of uterine fibroids on different lifestyle behaviors, figureFileSmall=eZK4OgLCFg6O6M2nBI/ILA==, figureFileBig=wRPsm9FJQGkeeLI370PeFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413548539597153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=图2, caption=子宫肌瘤对不同行为生活方式的影响

注:*表明使用随机效应IVW模型。

, figureFileSmall=eZK4OgLCFg6O6M2nBI/ILA==, figureFileBig=wRPsm9FJQGkeeLI370PeFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413548682203493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of multivariate MR analysis of lifestyle behaviors and uterine fibroids, figureFileSmall=H0nmHa8Lia6Pa5uA+LU4dg==, figureFileBig=Mns1zHKP5jX4dEkYi5G4Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413548799644011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的多变量MR分析结果, figureFileSmall=H0nmHa8Lia6Pa5uA+LU4dg==, figureFileBig=Mns1zHKP5jX4dEkYi5G4Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413548933861744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The mediating role of obesity in the causal pathway between lifestyle behaviors and uterine fibroids, figureFileSmall=TTe06ZDj8LA6nnkTffz5jg==, figureFileBig=L7p/K0FYEE9+ARl0LiuRhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413549080662389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肥胖在行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤因果路径的中介作用

注:a:中介因素的筛选过程;b:经常吸烟-WHRadjBMI-子宫肌瘤的两步MR分析结果。

, figureFileSmall=TTe06ZDj8LA6nnkTffz5jg==, figureFileBig=L7p/K0FYEE9+ARl0LiuRhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240413549227463036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

GWAS information used in MR analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型样本量(总样本量或病例数/对照数)人群作者PMID/GWAS ID
结局数据
子宫肌瘤58 655/244 324欧洲C S Gallagher31 649 266
暴露数据
吸烟
经常吸烟1 175 108/1 493 921欧洲Gretchen R B Saunders36 477 530
饮酒
酒精摄入量449 210欧洲Joanne B Cole32 193 382
体力活动
久坐看屏幕时间526 725欧洲Zhe Wang36 071 172
中等至剧烈强度的体力活动608 595a欧洲Zhe Wang36 071 172
性行为
首次性行为年龄387 338欧洲Melinda C Mills34 211 149
性伴侣数量370 711欧洲Richard Karlsson Linner30 643 258
睡眠习惯
早晨偏好697 828欧洲Samuel E Jones30 696 823
睡眠时长326 224欧洲Hassan S Dashti30 846 698
白天嗜睡452 071欧洲Heming Wang31 409 809
营养素
碳水化合物摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
蛋白质摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
脂肪摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
候选中介数据
BMI681 275欧洲Loic Yengo30 124 842
WHRadjBMI142 762欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
WCadjBMI104 052欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
HIPadjBMI93 955欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
体脂百分比454 633欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-8909
手臂脂肪量454 684欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-8338
腿部脂肪量454 823欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-7212
躯干脂肪量454 588欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-20044
全身脂肪量454 137欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-19393
全身非脂肪量454 850欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-13354
握力461 026欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-7478
四肢廋体重450 243欧洲Yu Fang Pei33 097 823
), ArticleFig(id=1240413549353292160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MR分析中所使用的GWAS信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型样本量(总样本量或病例数/对照数)人群作者PMID/GWAS ID
结局数据
子宫肌瘤58 655/244 324欧洲C S Gallagher31 649 266
暴露数据
吸烟
经常吸烟1 175 108/1 493 921欧洲Gretchen R B Saunders36 477 530
饮酒
酒精摄入量449 210欧洲Joanne B Cole32 193 382
体力活动
久坐看屏幕时间526 725欧洲Zhe Wang36 071 172
中等至剧烈强度的体力活动608 595a欧洲Zhe Wang36 071 172
性行为
首次性行为年龄387 338欧洲Melinda C Mills34 211 149
性伴侣数量370 711欧洲Richard Karlsson Linner30 643 258
睡眠习惯
早晨偏好697 828欧洲Samuel E Jones30 696 823
睡眠时长326 224欧洲Hassan S Dashti30 846 698
白天嗜睡452 071欧洲Heming Wang31 409 809
营养素
碳水化合物摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
蛋白质摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
脂肪摄入量235 000欧洲S Fleur W Meddens32 393 786
候选中介数据
BMI681 275欧洲Loic Yengo30 124 842
WHRadjBMI142 762欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
WCadjBMI104 052欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
HIPadjBMI93 955欧洲Dmitry Shungin25 673 412
体脂百分比454 633欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-8909
手臂脂肪量454 684欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-8338
腿部脂肪量454 823欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-7212
躯干脂肪量454 588欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-20044
全身脂肪量454 137欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-19393
全身非脂肪量454 850欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-13354
握力461 026欧洲Ben Elsworthukb-b-7478
四肢廋体重450 243欧洲Yu Fang Pei33 097 823
), ArticleFig(id=1240413549470732677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露异质性检验水平多效性检验
Cochran QPMR-Egger截距项P
经常吸烟474.619<0.001-0.0020.313
酒精摄入量33.2740.2260.0040.243
休闲看屏幕时间138.4230.0020.0090.182
中等至剧烈强度的身体活动21.1380.173-0.0020.897
首次性行为年龄150.4960.015-0.0080.143
性伴侣数量102.060<0.0010.0070.490
早晨偏好241.2570.0030.0010.815
睡眠时长21.5390.308-0.0130.079
白天嗜睡46.5310.0150.0050.737
碳水化合物摄入量14.4030.072-0.0370.301
蛋白质摄入量1.6350.8020.0230.463
脂肪摄入量4.0180.259-0.0180.244
), ArticleFig(id=1240413549604950415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010231825230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

异质性和水平多效性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露异质性检验水平多效性检验
Cochran QPMR-Egger截距项P
经常吸烟474.619<0.001-0.0020.313
酒精摄入量33.2740.2260.0040.243
休闲看屏幕时间138.4230.0020.0090.182
中等至剧烈强度的身体活动21.1380.173-0.0020.897
首次性行为年龄150.4960.015-0.0080.143
性伴侣数量102.060<0.0010.0070.490
早晨偏好241.2570.0030.0010.815
睡眠时长21.5390.308-0.0130.079
白天嗜睡46.5310.0150.0050.737
碳水化合物摄入量14.4030.072-0.0370.301
蛋白质摄入量1.6350.8020.0230.463
脂肪摄入量4.0180.259-0.0180.244
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行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究
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罗小利 , 金馨 , 张璐 , 肖成汉 , 刘振谧
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(14): 2551-2557
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(14): 2551-2557
行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究
全屏
罗小利, 金馨, 张璐, 肖成汉, 刘振谧
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院(华西第四医院),四川 成都 610041
  • 罗小利(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

通讯作者:

刘振谧,E-mail:
Mendelian randomization study of the causal association between lifestyle behaviors and uterine fibroids
Xiao-li LUO, Xin JIN, Lu ZHANG, Cheng-han XIAO, Zhen-mi LIU
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412477
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目的

利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)方法探讨吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、性行为、睡眠习惯和营养素等6类12种行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的因果关联,并探索肥胖相关指标的中介作用。

方法

利用全基因组关联研究数据,首先进行双向MR分析筛选与结局有因果关联的暴露因素,纳入多变量MR以评估独立因果效应,最后利用两步MR评估肥胖在上述因果路径的中介作用。单变量MR分析以逆方差加权法(Inverse-variance weighted,IVW)为主,并将MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法用于稳健性验证;多变量MR分析采用多变量IVW法。

结果

IVW结果显示,遗传预测的经常吸烟(OR=1.150,95% CI:1.006~1.316,P=0.041)、高酒精摄入量(OR=1.306,95% CI:1.092~1.563,P=0.004)和高碳水化合物摄入量(OR=1.681,95% CI:1.151~2.456,P=0.007)是子宫肌瘤的危险因素,且与MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法结果一致。反向MR分析未见显著因果关联(P值均>0.05)。多变量MR分析支持经常吸烟(OR=1.302,95% CI:1.124~1.507,P<0.001)、碳水化合物摄入量(OR=1.410,95% CI:1.053~1.887,P=0.022)对子宫肌瘤的独立因果效应。两步MR分析表明,经身体质量指数调整的腰臀比介导了经常吸烟对子宫肌瘤的影响,中介比例为16.2%。

结论

经常吸烟和高碳水化合物摄入量可增加子宫肌瘤患病风险,且肥胖在经常吸烟与子宫肌瘤之间发挥了部分中介作用,这强调了健康行为生活方式和体重管理在子宫肌瘤预防中的重要性。

行为生活方式  /  子宫肌瘤  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

To investigate the causal association of twelve lifestyle behaviors in six categories (including smoking, drinking, physical activity, sexual behaviors, sleep habits and nutrients) on uterine fibroids using mendelian randomization (MR) method, and to investigate the mediating role of obesity related indicators.

Methods

Using genome-wide association study data, bidirectional MR analysis was first performed to identify exposures with causal associations with the outcome, which were then incorporated into multivariable MR to evaluate the independent causal effect of each variable, and finally two-step MR was used to evaluate the mediating role of obesity in the above causal pathways. Univariable MR analysis primarily employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, with the MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method used as the robustness verification methods; Multivariable MR was performed using the multivariable IVW method.

Results

IVW results showed that genetically predicted regular smoking (OR=1.150, 95% CI: 1.006-1.316, P=0.041), higher alcohol intake (OR=1.306, 95% CI: 1.092-1.563, P=0.004) and higher carbohydrate intake (OR=1.681, 95% CI: 1.151-2.456, P=0.007) were risk factors for uterine fibroids, and were consistent with the results of the MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method. No reverse causal relationship was found in reverse MR analysis (all P values<0.05). Multivariable MR analysis showed that regular smoking (OR=1.302, 95% CI: 1.124-1.507, P<0.001) and carbohydrate intake (OR=1.410, 95% CI: 1.053-1.887, P=0.022) had independent causal effects on uterine fibroids. The two-step MR analysis showed that the waist hip ratio adjusted by body mass index mediated the effect of regular smoking on uterine fibroids, with a mediation proportion of 16.2%.

Conclusion

Regular smoking and higher carbohydrate intake are associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids, with obesity partially mediating the relationship between regular smoking and uterine fibroids, emphasizing the importance of healthy lifestyle and weight management in the prevention of uterine fibroids.

Lifestyle behaviors  /  Uterine fibroids  /  Mendelian randomization
罗小利, 金馨, 张璐, 肖成汉, 刘振谧. 行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤因果关联的孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2551 -2557 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412477
Xiao-li LUO, Xin JIN, Lu ZHANG, Cheng-han XIAO, Zhen-mi LIU. Mendelian randomization study of the causal association between lifestyle behaviors and uterine fibroids[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2551 -2557 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412477
子宫肌瘤是女性最常见的子宫良性肿瘤,患病率因种族、人群的不同而在全球范围内有较大差异,从4.5%~68.6%不等[1]。在我国,育龄期妇女子宫肌瘤的患病率为25%,由尸体解剖估计的患病率高达50%以上[2]。子宫肌瘤在临床早期多表现为无症状,但约有30%的患者会出现腹痛、异常子宫出血等严重的症状,并且可能导致不孕症和不良产科结局如流产[3]。为彻底根治疾病,子宫肌瘤成为子宫切除的主要原因,约占所有子宫切除术的40%~60%[4]。据美国统计数据显示,因子宫肌瘤住院人数占妇科住院总人数的29%,每年造成的直接和间接成本可达344亿美元[5-6]。由于巨大的医疗、经济和社会成本,子宫肌瘤被认为是影响患者和医疗保健系统的主要公共卫生问题。
目前,子宫肌瘤的发病机制尚未完全阐明,但行为生活方式可能通过调控其发育和生长过程中的信号通路和分子机制,进而影响患病的风险[7]。观察性研究结果表明,行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤发生风险之间存在潜在的关联。最近的前瞻性队列研究和病例对照研究显示,吸烟可使子宫肌瘤发生风险降低33%~69%[8-9],而早期研究则发现二者存在正相关关系[10-11]。多项研究表明,饮酒与子宫肌瘤的患病风险显著相关[12-14],但其他研究未能证实这一关联[15-16]。性行为方面,目前仅有的两项探讨首次性行为年龄与子宫肌瘤关系的病例对照研究得出了并不一致的结果[17-18]。而睡眠习惯和营养素如碳水化合物、蛋白质摄入量与子宫肌瘤之间的关联很少受到关注,尚需进一步探讨。此外,由于观察性研究容易受到各种混杂因素和反向因果关系的干扰,不同行为生活方式和子宫肌瘤之间的真实关联仍然未知。肥胖被认为是子宫肌瘤的重要危险因素,已有研究表明,身体质量指数(Body mass index,BMI)、腰臀比、腰围等肥胖相关指标与子宫肌瘤风险呈正相关[19-20]。同时,吸烟、重度饮酒、不健康饮食和长时间睡眠等行为生活方式与超重及肥胖密切相关[21-24]。然而,行为生活方式是否通过肥胖间接影响子宫肌瘤的发生,尚缺乏直接的证据,因此有必要进一步探讨肥胖在二者关系中的潜在中介作用。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)利用遗传变异作为工具变量(Instrumental variable,IV)来推断暴露因素对结局的影响,能最大限度地减少混杂、偏倚以及反向因果的干扰,为因果推断提供了更为可靠的方法[25]。然而,关于行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的MR研究却较为局限,目前仅发现两项单变量MR研究探索了烟酒、性行为与子宫肌瘤的关系,且并未发现因果关联[26-27]。因此,本研究基于全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide association studies,GWAS)数据,利用双向MR和多变量MR的方法从吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、性行为、睡眠习惯和饮食6个方面深入探讨12种行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤之间的因果关联,并且利用两步MR分析探索肥胖在二者因果关联之间的潜在中介作用,旨在为子宫肌瘤的预防和治疗提供参考依据。
本研究首先通过单变量MR分析探索不同行为生活方式对子宫肌瘤的因果效应,然后将与子宫肌瘤有因果关联的行为生活方式视为多个暴露因素,采用多变量MR的方法得到每种暴露对子宫肌瘤的独立因果效应。此外,通过两步MR分析探索肥胖相关指标在行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤因果路径中的中介作用。为避免反向因果关系,研究还将子宫肌瘤作为暴露,不同行为生活方式作为结局进行了反向MR分析。
子宫肌瘤的数据来源于Gallagher等人[28]于2019年发表的GWAS研究,该研究仅根据自我报告或临床记录的子宫肌瘤病史来区分病例和对照,最后共纳入58 655名病例和244 324例欧洲白人女性对照。研究从吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、性行为、睡眠习惯和营养素6个方面纳入了12种行为生活方式指标,其中体力活动指标包括久坐看屏幕时间和中等至剧烈强度的体力活动,性行为指标包括首次性行为年龄和性伴侣数量,睡眠习惯指标包括早晨偏好、睡眠时长和白天嗜睡,营养素指标包括碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量。此外,研究纳入了12种肥胖相关的候选中介因素,包括BMI、BMI调整的腰臀比(BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio,WHRadjBMI)、BMI调整的腰围(BMI-adjusted waist circumferences,WCadjBMI)、BMI调整的臀围(BMI-adjusted hip circumferences,HIPadjBMI)、体脂百分比、手臂脂肪量、腿部脂肪量、躯干脂肪量、全身脂肪量、全身非脂肪量、握力以及四肢瘦体重。有关每个GWAS的详细信息见表1。本研究所使用数据均来源于已发表或公开的GWAS数据,因此不需要额外的伦理申请和知情同意。为减少人口分层所带来的潜在偏倚,纳入数据均基于欧洲血统个体。
将单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作为IV,其选择需满足三个核心假设:(1)关联性假设,即SNP与研究的暴露因素强相关;(2)独立性假设,即SNP与混杂因素相互独立;(3)排他性假设,即SNP只能通过暴露因素影响结局。为满足上述假设,IV的筛选过程如下:(1)选择与暴露因素具有强关联的SNP,即全基因组显著性阈值P<5.00×10-8。(2)通过国际千人基因组计划参考数据集排除处于连锁不平衡状态的SNP,设定条件为r2<0.001且遗传距离小于10 000kb。(3)为了避免弱工具变量偏倚,采用F统计量评估每个SNP的强度并剔除F<10的SNP[29]F统计量计算公式为:[25]。对于单个SNP,N代表每个SNP所对应的GWAS样本量,k=1,R2表示单个SNP所能解释的方差比例。(4)由于无法确定回文SNP在暴露和结局中的方向,因此进行删除处理。(5)利用MR-PRESSO评估是否存在异常离群值,在剔除离群值后进行MR分析。
采用逆方差加权法(Inverse-variance weighted,IVW)作为因果效应估计的主要分析方法,该方法通过固定效应或随机效应的逆方差加权分析总结每个SNP的Wald比值。利用Cochran Q统计量进行异质性检验,P<0.05表明不同SNP之间存在异质性,此时采用随机效应的IVW法以估计因果效应值,否则采用固定效应的IVW法[30]。由于IVW的估计值可能会受到无效IV或水平多效性的影响,因此本研究也补充了MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法(Weighted median estimation,WME)。MR-Egger法的斜率代表因果效应,即使所有SNP由于多效性而无效,MR-Egger也可以提供因果效应的无偏估计值[31]。WME根据每个SNP的Wald比值大小对其进行排序,并利用权重计算的百分位数构建函数,从而得到最终的效应估计值,当高达50%的SNP无效时,WME仍能提供稳定的估计值[32]。为确保结果的可靠性,研究还进行了水平多效性检验。根据MR-Egger回归法的截距项评估SNP和结局之间的多效性,P>0.05表明无水平多效性。在单变量MR的基础上,选择满足以下条件的行为生活方式纳入多变量MR分析:IVW法中P<0.05,IVW、MR-Egger和WME效应方向一致,无水平多效性。此外,将单变量MR分析中与子宫肌瘤有因果关联的行为生活方式纳入两步MR分析,计算中介因素的中介比例。中介因素的选择原则如下:(1)中介因素与子宫肌瘤之间有因果关联;(2)行为生活方式对中介因素有因果效应(β1);(3)调整行为生活方式后,中介因素对子宫肌瘤有直接的因果效应(β2);(4)中介效应(β1×β2)与单变量MR分析中总效应(β0)的方向一致。若中介因素同时满足以上所有条件,则通过公式计算中介比例[33]。本研究所有分析均采用R 4.4.2软件进行,主要涉及的R包为“TwoSampleMR”、“MRPRESSO”以及“MVMR”,研究结果以比值比(Odds ratio,OR)和95%置信区间(Confidence interval,CI)表示。
Cochran Q检验提示,经常吸烟、休闲看屏幕时间、首次性行为年龄、性伴侣数量、早晨偏好和白天嗜睡纳入的SNP之间存在异质性(P值均<0.05,表2),因此采用随机效应的IVW法以估计因果效应值,其余变量采用固定效应的IVW法。MR-Egger截距项提示不存在水平多效性(P值均>0.05,表2)。
正向MR分析结果显示,遗传预测的经常吸烟(OR=1.150,P=0.041)、高酒精摄入量(OR=1.306,P=0.004)和高碳水化合物摄入量(OR=1.681,P=0.007)是子宫肌瘤的危险因素,MR-Egger和WME因果效应方向与IVW法一致(OR值均>1),表明因果关系可靠。IVW结果表明,首次性行为年龄(OR=0.824,P=0.013)越小,子宫肌瘤患病风险越高,但MR-Egger效应方向相反(图1)。反向MR结果显示,子宫肌瘤与任何行为生活方式之间均不存在因果关联(P值均>0.05,图2)。
多变量MR分析结果显示,调整酒精和碳水化合物摄入量后,经常吸烟与子宫肌瘤之间的正向因果关联依然显著(OR=1.302,P<0.001);调整经常吸烟和酒精摄入量后,碳水化合物摄入量的正向因果效应亦保持稳健(OR=1.410,P=0.022);而酒精摄入量与子宫肌瘤的关联在调整其他变量后消失(OR=0.856,P=0.110)(图3)。
在12种肥胖相关指标中,仅有WHRadjBMI满足中介因素的所有筛选标准(图4a)。两步MR分析结果显示,遗传预测的经常吸烟可升高WHRadjBMI(β1=0.121,P=0.005),而在调整经常吸烟后,WHRadjBMI与子宫肌瘤患病风险之间的关联仍然显著(β2=0.188,P=0.046)(图4b)。WHRadjBMI可以介导经常吸烟对子宫肌瘤的因果效应,中介比例为16.2%。
本研究探讨了不同行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的因果关联,并探索了肥胖在二者因果路径中所起的中介作用。单变量MR研究结果表明,经常吸烟、酒精摄入量和碳水化合物摄入量与子宫肌瘤患病风险之间存在正向因果效应;多变量MR分析显示,经常吸烟、碳水化合物摄入量对子宫肌瘤具有独立因果效应;两步MR分析表明,WHRadjBMI可部分介导经常吸烟与子宫肌瘤之间的因果关联。
Bidgoli等人[10]的研究显示吸烟与子宫肌瘤呈正相关关系,Dragomir等人[11]针对986名35~49岁女性的研究表明吸烟会增加患弥漫性子宫肌瘤的风险。本研究使用的吸烟数据来源于迄今为止最大规模的GWAS研究,基于孟德尔随机化方法,支持吸烟对子宫肌瘤风险的潜在因果作用。而Qu等人[26]的MR研究未发现每天平均吸烟次数与子宫肌瘤的关联。这一差异可能源于样本量的增加所带来的统计效能提升,使得微弱但真实的因果效应得以显现,此外,吸烟变量的定义不同也可能影响研究结果。关于吸烟增加子宫肌瘤发病风险的机制尚不清楚,但有研究认为吸烟主要通过抑制免疫效能而发挥作用。烟草中的有害化学物质进入血液循环后,可刺激多种免疫细胞如T细胞和B细胞发生反应,从而干扰免疫系统的正常功能,促使疾病的发生和发展[34]。同时,烟草烟雾可能会升高炎症因子如转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的表达水平,而TGF-β可诱导细胞外基质形成,在子宫肌瘤的病理性纤维化过程中起着重要作用[35-36]
研究表明,吸烟与腹部肥胖密切相关,吸烟者较非吸烟者具有更不利的脂肪分布特征,表现为更高的腹部和内脏脂肪堆积[21,37-38]。观察性研究和MR分析均表明,腹部肥胖与子宫肌瘤的发生风险显著相关[19,39-40]。例如,Qin等人[20]针对24项研究,涉及325 899名参与者和19 593名病例的meta分析显示,腰臀比最高组的个体患子宫肌瘤的风险增加。以往研究提出,肥胖可能通过提高内源性激素水平、减少血清激素结合球蛋白、改变雌激素代谢以及影响子宫肌层细胞的信号传导来促进子宫肌瘤的发生[41-42]。本研究结果进一步证实,吸烟可能通过影响体脂分布和脂肪代谢,从而增加子宫肌瘤的发生风险。
根据肿瘤发生发展的机制,肿瘤细胞主要利用血液中的葡萄糖以摄取能量,富含碳水化合物的食物可升高循环胰岛素和游离胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的水平,进而通过胰岛素/IGF-1信号通路直接促使肿瘤细胞快速增殖,因此低碳水化合物饮食可能是对抗肿瘤增殖的有效策略[43]。此外,减少碳水化合物的摄入可抑制炎症标志物的生成和下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的失调现象,从而减缓子宫肌瘤发展过程中的平滑肌血管生成现象[44]。黑人女性健康研究中对21 861名绝经前妇女的前瞻性队列研究表明,低膳食血糖指数(即食物相对于参考食物的等效碳水化合物部分提高餐后血糖浓度的能力)和血糖负荷(即血糖指数与食物所含碳水化合物克数的乘积)与较低的子宫肌瘤风险相关[45]。此外,限制碳水化合物饮食在治疗代谢性疾病方面的作用被广泛认可,相关综述和临床意见也支持其在女性常见生殖内分泌疾病如多囊卵巢综合征的应用[44, 46]。结合MR分析结果,本研究认为通过调整饮食结构有助于降低子宫肌瘤的发生风险。
单变量MR研究为饮酒与子宫肌瘤的因果关系提供了潜在性的证据。最近一项针对250万名20~39岁女性的回顾性队列研究也证明饮酒量与子宫肌瘤风险成正比关系[12]。酒精可抑制雌激素代谢,增加内源性雌激素水平,使子宫肌瘤患者子宫肌层平滑肌细胞中的生长因子及其受体表达水平增加[47]。同时,酒精可与黄体生成素产生交互作用,刺激卵巢释放雌二醇,从而刺激子宫肌瘤的生长[48]。不良性行为可能通过改变性激素水平和增加子宫感染的易感性而影响子宫肌瘤的发生,但本研究显示首次性行为年龄和性伴侣数量与子宫肌瘤之间不存在因果关联,与Pakiz等人[18]的研究结果一致。并且在先前一项MR研究中可找到类似的结果,Wu等人[27]未证实性行为与子宫肌瘤之间的因果关联,但发现首次性行为年龄与子宫肌瘤存在显著的负基因组相关性,这表明二者的内在联系可能是由共同的生物学机制驱动的,而并非因果关系。本研究MR分析未发现体力活动与子宫肌瘤的关联,而以往研究倾向于运动对子宫肌瘤的保护作用[49-50],该差异可能反映观察性研究中存在混杂或反向因果关系,也可能提示当前遗传工具对体力活动的解释力有限,二者的关系尚需进一步验证。
本研究基于MR的框架探究不同行为生活方式与子宫肌瘤的关系,能够避免观察性研究因混杂等因素造成的偏差,增强了因果推断的可能性。但也存在一些局限性:研究基于汇总数据,无法判断非线性关联如U型、J型关联;尽管采用了不同的敏感性分析方法以验证结果的稳健性,但仍可能存在一些无法解释的混杂因素;研究所用数据均来源于欧洲人群,研究结论是否适用于其他种族仍需进一步研究。
综上所述,经常吸烟和高碳水化合物摄入量增加子宫肌瘤患病风险,可通过减少吸烟和碳水化合物的摄入达到预防子宫肌瘤的目的。此外,肥胖在吸烟与子宫肌瘤之间起部分中介作用,这突出了健康的行为生活方式及体重控制在子宫肌瘤预防中的重要性,为疾病防控和干预策略提供了新的科学依据。但未来仍需更多大样本前瞻性研究以识别潜在混杂因素,并进一步探讨子宫肌瘤的致病机制。
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412477
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院(华西第四医院),四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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