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Article(id=1240395010223427971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662815862, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662815862, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662815862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662815862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2538, endPage=2544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395010462503306, articleId=1240395010223427971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Relationship between night eating syndrome and depression, stress, and BMI among university students, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) among university students and explore its associations with depression, stress, and body mass index (BMI), thereby providing evidence for identifying high-risk populations and developing targeted interventions.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nanjing, recruiting 500 university students for a questionnaire survey. The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to assess NES symptoms, depressive mood, and stress levels. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, correlation analysis, and logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 531 valid questionnaires were collected. The prevalence of NES was 6.0%(n=32), while the rates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress were 42.7%(n=227) and 49.0%(n=260), respectively. Students in the NES group had significantly higher levels of depression (P<0.001) and stress (P=0.002) compared to the non-NES group, whereas no significant difference was found in BMI (P=0.130). Spearman correlation analysis showed that NEQ scores were positively correlated with SDS and PSS scores (both P<0.001), but not with BMI (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that depression (OR=22.995, 95% CI: 5.434-97.304, P<0.001) and stress (OR=2.825, 95% CI: 1.282-6.227, P=0.010) were positively associated with NES risk, and the risk increased with the severity of depression.

Conclusion

Depression and stress are critical risk factors for NES among university students. Enhancing mental health may serve as an effective approach to NES prevention and intervention.

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目的

调查大学生群体中夜间进食综合征（night eating syndrome，NES）的发生率，探究其与抑郁、压力以及体重指数（BMI）的关系，为识别NES的高危人群并制定干预措施提供依据。

方法

采用横断面研究，在南京市招募500名在校大学生进行问卷调查。使用夜间进食问卷（NEQ）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和知觉压力量表（PSS）评估NES症状、抑郁情绪和压力水平。采用Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验、相关性分析和logistic回归模型进行统计分析。

结果

共回收有效问卷531份，NES的检出率为6.0%（32人），抑郁症状的检出率为42.7%（227人），知觉压力的检出率为49.0%（260人）。NES组的抑郁（P<0.001）和压力（P=0.002）水平均高于非NES组，但BMI不存在统计学差异（P=0.130）。Spearman相关性分析显示，NEQ得分与SDS和PSS得分均呈正相关（P均<0.001），但与BMI无相关性（P>0.05）。logistic回归分析显示，抑郁（OR=22.995, 95% CI: 5.434~97.304, P<0.001）和压力（OR=2.825, 95% CI: 1.282~6.227, P=0.010）均与NES风险呈正相关，且抑郁程度越严重，风险越高。

结论

抑郁和压力是大学生患NES的重要危险因素，改善心理健康状况可能是有效的预防和干预手段。

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孙桂菊，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Epcfw1GNclqyWDYo2tOzcA==, magXml=iO2CGDsCvJPMXOrvStV19w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wI9ZGQWY+a3w9GR6xIwD2Q==, pdfFileSize=651487, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qHW2pqlYsstbwZ3fPeHEww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

严沁宇（2000—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康

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严沁宇（2000—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康

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Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2020, 13: 185-191., articleTitle=Night-Eating syndrome and depressive symptoms in college freshmen: fitness improvement tactics in youths (FITYou) project, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240413545519698156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, awardId=2021ZD 0200519, language=CN, fundingSource=科技创新2030-“脑科学与类脑研究”重大项目(2021ZD 0200519), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240413536912986898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413536921375509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, companyId=1240413536912986898, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240413536925569814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, companyId=1240413536912986898, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东南大学公共卫生学院教育部环境医学工程重点实验室/营养与食品卫生学系，江苏 南京 210009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240413544341098656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of NES, Depression, and Stress among university students［n(%), M(P25, P75)］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总样本(n=531)男性(n=199)女性(n=332)χ2/Z值P值
年龄 (岁)20.00(19.00,22.00)20.00(19.00,22.00)19.00(19.00,22.00)-1.7670.077
BMI(kg/m2)20.83(19.07,22.86)22.02(20.38,23.99)20.13(18.66,21.97)-7.137<0.001
BMI分类30.543<0.001
体重过低96(18.1)18(3.4)78(14.7)
体重正常352(66.3)133(25.0)219(41.2)
超重66(12.4)36(6.8)30(5.6)
肥胖17(3.2)12(2.3)5(0.9)
教育程度0.1860.991
学士477(89.8)179(33.7)298(56.1)
硕士37(6.9)13(2.4)24(4.5)
博士17(3.2)7(1.3)10(1.9)
NEQ得分14.00(12.00,17.00)14.00(12.00,18.00)14.00(12.00,16.00)-2.7680.006
未检出NES499(94.0)182(34.3)317(59.7)
检出NES32(6.0)17(3.2)15(2.8)
SDS得分48.75(41.25,58.75)50.00(41.25,58.75)48.75(41.25,58.75)-0.3100.756
无抑郁304(57.3)113(21.3)191(36.0)
轻度抑郁139(26.2)53(10.0)86(16.2)
中度抑郁80(15.0)30(5.6)50(9.4)
重度抑郁8(1.5)3(0.6)5(0.9)
PSS得分27.00(21.00,32.00)28.00(21.00,32.00)27.00(20.25,33.00)-0.3040.761
无知觉压力271(51.0)98(18.4)173(32.6)
有知觉压力260(49.0)101(19.0)159(30.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544471122090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大学生NES、抑郁和压力的检出情况［n(%), M(P25, P75)］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总样本(n=531)男性(n=199)女性(n=332)χ2/Z值P值
年龄 (岁)20.00(19.00,22.00)20.00(19.00,22.00)19.00(19.00,22.00)-1.7670.077
BMI(kg/m2)20.83(19.07,22.86)22.02(20.38,23.99)20.13(18.66,21.97)-7.137<0.001
BMI分类30.543<0.001
体重过低96(18.1)18(3.4)78(14.7)
体重正常352(66.3)133(25.0)219(41.2)
超重66(12.4)36(6.8)30(5.6)
肥胖17(3.2)12(2.3)5(0.9)
教育程度0.1860.991
学士477(89.8)179(33.7)298(56.1)
硕士37(6.9)13(2.4)24(4.5)
博士17(3.2)7(1.3)10(1.9)
NEQ得分14.00(12.00,17.00)14.00(12.00,18.00)14.00(12.00,16.00)-2.7680.006
未检出NES499(94.0)182(34.3)317(59.7)
检出NES32(6.0)17(3.2)15(2.8)
SDS得分48.75(41.25,58.75)50.00(41.25,58.75)48.75(41.25,58.75)-0.3100.756
无抑郁304(57.3)113(21.3)191(36.0)
轻度抑郁139(26.2)53(10.0)86(16.2)
中度抑郁80(15.0)30(5.6)50(9.4)
重度抑郁8(1.5)3(0.6)5(0.9)
PSS得分27.00(21.00,32.00)28.00(21.00,32.00)27.00(20.25,33.00)-0.3040.761
无知觉压力271(51.0)98(18.4)173(32.6)
有知觉压力260(49.0)101(19.0)159(30.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544622117041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of BMI, depression, and stress levels between NES and non-NES Groups in university students［n(%), M(P25, P75)］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类检出NES
(n=32)		未检出NES
(n=499)		χ2/Z值P值
性别男性17(3.2)182(34.3)3.5590.059
女性15(2.8)317(59.7)
BMI21.74(19.69,24.95)20.81(19.05,22.79)-1.5150.130
BMI分类体重过低6(1.1)90(16.9)2.9710.396
体重正常18(3.4)334(62.9)
超重7(1.3)59(11.1)
肥胖1(0.2)16(3.0)
教育程度学士30(5.6)447(84.2)1.1740.556
硕士2(0.4)35(6.6)
博士0(0.0)17(3.2)
SDS得分62.50(60.00,64.69)48.75(41.25,57.50)-6.752<0.001
抑郁检出无抑郁2(0.4)302(56.9)36.189<0.001
有抑郁30(5.6)197(37.1)
抑郁程度无抑郁2(0.4)302(56.9)49.807<0.001
轻度抑郁12(2.3)127(23.9)
中度抑郁16(3.0)64(12.1)
重度抑郁2(0.4)6(1.1)
PSS得分30.00(26.25,34.75)27.00(20.00,32.00)-3.0360.002
压力检出无知觉压力23(4.3)237(44.6)7.1530.007
有知觉压力9(1.7)262(49.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544743751864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NES组和非NES组大学生BMI、抑郁及压力水平的比较［n(%), M(P25, P75)］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类检出NES
(n=32)		未检出NES
(n=499)		χ2/Z值P值
性别男性17(3.2)182(34.3)3.5590.059
女性15(2.8)317(59.7)
BMI21.74(19.69,24.95)20.81(19.05,22.79)-1.5150.130
BMI分类体重过低6(1.1)90(16.9)2.9710.396
体重正常18(3.4)334(62.9)
超重7(1.3)59(11.1)
肥胖1(0.2)16(3.0)
教育程度学士30(5.6)447(84.2)1.1740.556
硕士2(0.4)35(6.6)
博士0(0.0)17(3.2)
SDS得分62.50(60.00,64.69)48.75(41.25,57.50)-6.752<0.001
抑郁检出无抑郁2(0.4)302(56.9)36.189<0.001
有抑郁30(5.6)197(37.1)
抑郁程度无抑郁2(0.4)302(56.9)49.807<0.001
轻度抑郁12(2.3)127(23.9)
中度抑郁16(3.0)64(12.1)
重度抑郁2(0.4)6(1.1)
PSS得分30.00(26.25,34.75)27.00(20.00,32.00)-3.0360.002
压力检出无知觉压力23(4.3)237(44.6)7.1530.007
有知觉压力9(1.7)262(49.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1240413544877969606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlationanalysis of NEQ Scores with BMI, SDS, and PSS Scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量NEQ得分BMISDS得分PSS得分
NEQ得分1.000
BMI0.0071.000
SDS得分0.499a-0.0151.000
PSS得分0.369a0.0370.663a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240413545012187346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

NEQ得分与BMI、SDS及PSS得分的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量NEQ得分BMISDS得分PSS得分
NEQ得分1.000
BMI0.0071.000
SDS得分0.499a-0.0151.000
PSS得分0.369a0.0370.663a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240413545125433559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Binary logistic regression analysis of NES with Depression, Stress, and BMI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量比较组β WaldOR(95% CI)P值
BMI分类体重过低1.000(ref.)
体重正常-0.2130.4860.1910.808(0.312~2.096)0.662
超重0.5760.5810.9841.780(0.570~5.558)0.321
肥胖-0.0651.1140.0030.938(0.106~8.316)0.954
抑郁检出无抑郁1.000(ref.)
有抑郁3.1350.73618.14622.995(5.434~97.304)<0.001
抑郁程度无抑郁1.000(ref.)
轻度抑郁2.6580.77111.88314.268(3.148~64.666)<0.001
中度抑郁3.6310.76322.67537.750(8.470~168.258)<0.001
重度抑郁3.9191.08213.12550.333(6.042~419.336)<0.001
压力检出无知觉压力1.000(ref.)
有知觉压力1.0390.4036.6322.825(1.282~6.227)0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1240413545301594336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395010223427971, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

NES与抑郁、压力及BMI的二元logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量比较组β WaldOR(95% CI)P值
BMI分类体重过低1.000(ref.)
体重正常-0.2130.4860.1910.808(0.312~2.096)0.662
超重0.5760.5810.9841.780(0.570~5.558)0.321
肥胖-0.0651.1140.0030.938(0.106~8.316)0.954
抑郁检出无抑郁1.000(ref.)
有抑郁3.1350.73618.14622.995(5.434~97.304)<0.001
抑郁程度无抑郁1.000(ref.)
轻度抑郁2.6580.77111.88314.268(3.148~64.666)<0.001
中度抑郁3.6310.76322.67537.750(8.470~168.258)<0.001
重度抑郁3.9191.08213.12550.333(6.042~419.336)<0.001
压力检出无知觉压力1.000(ref.)
有知觉压力1.0390.4036.6322.825(1.282~6.227)0.010
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大学生夜间进食综合征与抑郁、压力和BMI的关系
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严沁宇 , Waseem Shah Muhammad , 杨瑾 , 潘达 , 夏嘉跃 , 夏惠 , 孙桂菊
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025,52(14): 2538-2544
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025, 52(14): 2538-2544
大学生夜间进食综合征与抑郁、压力和BMI的关系
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严沁宇, Waseem Shah Muhammad, 杨瑾, 潘达, 夏嘉跃, 夏惠, 孙桂菊
作者信息
  • 东南大学公共卫生学院教育部环境医学工程重点实验室/营养与食品卫生学系，江苏 南京 210009

    • 严沁宇（2000—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康

通讯作者:

孙桂菊，E-mail：
Relationship between night eating syndrome and depression, stress, and BMI among university students
Qin-yu YAN, Waseem Shah Muhammad, Jin YANG, Da PAN, Jia-yue XIA, Hui XIA, Gui-ju SUN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412017
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摘要
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目的

调查大学生群体中夜间进食综合征（night eating syndrome，NES）的发生率，探究其与抑郁、压力以及体重指数（BMI）的关系，为识别NES的高危人群并制定干预措施提供依据。

方法

采用横断面研究，在南京市招募500名在校大学生进行问卷调查。使用夜间进食问卷（NEQ）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和知觉压力量表（PSS）评估NES症状、抑郁情绪和压力水平。采用Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验、相关性分析和logistic回归模型进行统计分析。

结果

共回收有效问卷531份，NES的检出率为6.0%（32人），抑郁症状的检出率为42.7%（227人），知觉压力的检出率为49.0%（260人）。NES组的抑郁（P<0.001）和压力（P=0.002）水平均高于非NES组，但BMI不存在统计学差异（P=0.130）。Spearman相关性分析显示，NEQ得分与SDS和PSS得分均呈正相关（P均<0.001），但与BMI无相关性（P>0.05）。logistic回归分析显示，抑郁（OR=22.995, 95% CI: 5.434~97.304, P<0.001）和压力（OR=2.825, 95% CI: 1.282~6.227, P=0.010）均与NES风险呈正相关，且抑郁程度越严重，风险越高。

结论

抑郁和压力是大学生患NES的重要危险因素，改善心理健康状况可能是有效的预防和干预手段。

夜间进食综合征  /  抑郁  /  压力  /  体重指数（BMI）  /  饮食失调
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) among university students and explore its associations with depression, stress, and body mass index (BMI), thereby providing evidence for identifying high-risk populations and developing targeted interventions.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nanjing, recruiting 500 university students for a questionnaire survey. The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to assess NES symptoms, depressive mood, and stress levels. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, correlation analysis, and logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 531 valid questionnaires were collected. The prevalence of NES was 6.0%(n=32), while the rates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress were 42.7%(n=227) and 49.0%(n=260), respectively. Students in the NES group had significantly higher levels of depression (P<0.001) and stress (P=0.002) compared to the non-NES group, whereas no significant difference was found in BMI (P=0.130). Spearman correlation analysis showed that NEQ scores were positively correlated with SDS and PSS scores (both P<0.001), but not with BMI (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that depression (OR=22.995, 95% CI: 5.434-97.304, P<0.001) and stress (OR=2.825, 95% CI: 1.282-6.227, P=0.010) were positively associated with NES risk, and the risk increased with the severity of depression.

Conclusion

Depression and stress are critical risk factors for NES among university students. Enhancing mental health may serve as an effective approach to NES prevention and intervention.

Night eating syndrome  /  Depression  /  Stress  /  Body mass index (BMI)  /  Eating disorders
严沁宇, Waseem Shah Muhammad, 杨瑾, 潘达, 夏嘉跃, 夏惠, 孙桂菊. 大学生夜间进食综合征与抑郁、压力和BMI的关系. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2538 -2544 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412017
Qin-yu YAN, Waseem Shah Muhammad, Jin YANG, Da PAN, Jia-yue XIA, Hui XIA, Gui-ju SUN. Relationship between night eating syndrome and depression, stress, and BMI among university students[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2538 -2544 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412017
正文
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夜间进食综合征（night eating syndrome，NES）是一种饮食失调，被定义为食物摄入的昼夜节律延迟，其特征为反复发作的夜间进食（每周至少两次）或晚饭后摄入过多食物（至少占每日食物摄入量的25%）[1]。根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第五版（DSM-V）的标准，NES患者还必须具备以下五个相关特征中的至少三个：（a）早晨缺乏食欲和/或每周四次或更多次不吃早餐；（b）在晚餐和睡前和/或夜间有强烈的进食欲望；（c）每周至少四次入睡困难和/或睡眠维持性失眠；（d）认为必须进食才能入睡；（e）晚间情绪低落或恶化。这些症状必须伴随显著的困扰或功能障碍，并持续3个月或更长时间[2]。研究表示，NES在普通人群中的发病率估计在1.5%至4.6%之间[3]。
尽管NES的病因尚不完全清楚，但普遍认为该综合征是由情绪、饱腹感和食物摄入的昼夜节律不同步所导致的。此外，NES与并发精神疾病和合并症有显著关联，包括暴食症、贪食症、广泛性焦虑症和药物使用障碍[4]。因此，NES患者往往经历严重的心理困扰和/或正常功能的损害[5]。研究发现，饮食失调行为更容易发生在青春期后期，在18-20岁之间达到顶峰。大学生的NES患病率高于普通人群，特别是大学生更容易存在身体形象问题、睡眠障碍以及紧张、焦虑和压力，这些都会增加NES的发生风险[1]。
许多研究已经注意到NES与抑郁症状之间的关系。夜间进食行为的增加与抑郁症状的增加显著相关[6]，抑郁症患者比健康参与者的NES患病率更高（35.2% vs. 19.2%）[7]，NES患者也比正常人更容易出现抑郁情绪[8]。在106名有夜间进食问题的参与者中，56%的人一生中都患有重度抑郁症[9]。此外，晚饭后吃零食与睡前进食对抑郁症状有交互作用[10]。尽管NES不是由抑郁症定义的，抑郁症也不是NES的原因、后果或特征，但它与抑郁症有很强的关联[11]。早在1955年，Stunkard等就提出，重大的生活压力会加重夜间进食的症状，而将个体从压力的环境中转移出来则可减轻症状[12]。研究发现，压力以及抑郁等精神疾病通常与夜间进食的初次发作和疾病的维持有关。情绪和认知可能在夜间进食的发作和维持中起着重要作用，认为不进食就无法入睡的信念，以及控制与该信念相关的焦虑的愿望，可能会维持NES的发作[13]。也有研究显示，NES与肥胖有关，肥胖样本中NES的患病率高于普通人群（1.1%~1.5%）[14]。然而，流行病学研究尚未证实这种关联是否存在，许多横断面研究显示了不一致的结果[15]。
迄今为止，大多数有关NES的研究主要集中在西方国家，鉴于文化背景和社会环境是饮食失调的重要影响因素[16]，中国人群中NES的流行率及其相关危险因素可能与西方国家的报告有所不同。因此，本研究旨在以中国大学生为样本，调查符合NES诊断标准的行为和症状的学生比例，并探究特定变量（如抑郁、压力、BMI）与发生NES之间的关系，为预防和治疗NES提供新的视角。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
这是一项基于大学生群体的横断面研究，采用方便抽样的方法，于2024年在南京市3所高校选取500名不同年级、不同专业的在校大学生开展面对面纸质问卷调查。本研究共发放问卷554份，剔除无效和缺失问卷后，最终有效问卷531份，有效回收率为95.8%。研究获得了东南大学附属中大医院临床研究伦理委员会的伦理批准（批件号：2024ZDSYLL265-P01），调查前学生均充分了解调查目的和研究内容，在知情、自愿同意的原则下匿名填写问卷。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　夜间进食综合征的评估
采用夜间进食问卷（Night Eating Questionnaire，NEQ）来评估NES症状的存在，NEQ是经过验证的、具有可靠性的自我报告式问卷[17]，共包含14个问题，采用0~4分的五点Likert量表计分。问题1~9主要针对入睡前发生的变量，若参与者在半夜醒来且在第9题上得分大于0则继续回答第10-12题，否则停止回答。若参与者在半夜醒来时进食且在第12题上得分大于0则继续回答第13~14题，否则停止回答。通过对第1、4和14项进行反向编码，并对除第13项（该项不评估NES的程度）以外的所有项目相加，计算出NEQ的总分。NEQ总分≥25分是确定NES的临界值[17]。
1.2.2　抑郁的评估
采用Zung编制的抑郁自评量表（Self-Rating Depression Scale，SDS）来评估抑郁状况[18]，该量表由20个项目组成（10项为正向计分题，10项为反向计分题），以四点Likert量表计分，从1分“从不或偶尔”到4分“总是如此”，将20个项目的得分相加得出粗分，再将粗分乘以1.25后取整数部分得到标准分。抑郁症状评定的临界值为SDS标准分≥53分，53~62分为轻度抑郁，63~72分为中度抑郁，73分以上为重度抑郁，得分越高，抑郁倾向越明显。在本研究中该量表的 Cronbach α系数为0.831。
1.2.3　压力的评估
知觉压力量表（Perceived Stress Scale，PSS）是衡量压力感知的最有效的心理学工具，用于评估最近一个月内发生的有关压力事件、控制、应对和克服压力的想法和感受[19]。该量表由14个项目组成，包括紧张感和失控感2个维度，采用五点Likert量表计分，从“从不”到“总是”分别赋值0~4分，将反向条目（4、5、6、7、9、10、12、13题）进行正向赋值后计算总分，分数越高则表明个体压力越大，PSS得分≥28分为压力检出的临界值[20]。在本研究中该量表的Cronbach α系数为 0.828。
1.2.4　BMI的评估
根据研究对象自我报告的身高和体重来计算体重指数（body mass index, BMI），计算公式为体重（kg）除以身高（m）的平方（kg/m2）。BMI按照中华人民共和国卫生行业标准分为四类[21]：体重过低（BMI <18.5 kg/m2）、体重正常（18.5≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2）、超重（24.0≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2）和肥胖（BMI ≥28.0 kg/m2）。
1.3　质量控制
调查前期制定科学详细的方案流程，并通过预调查对可能出现的情况进行调整。调查员按照统一要求接受培训和考核，在学校老师的组织协助下于教室内开展调查。调查员现场发放纸质问卷，以统一指导语讲解后，学生当场独立完成。问卷采用匿名方式，不涉及个人隐私和敏感信息。调查员现场收回并核查每一份问卷，发现缺漏或错误时及时补充更正，以确保问卷的完整性和准确性。
1.4　统计学处理
数据采用双人双机录入形式，统计分析使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov法进行正态性检验，计量资料均不符合正态分布用M(P25, P75)描述，计数资料用n(%)描述。用Mann-Whitney U检验分析NES与连续变量之间的关系，用 χ2 检验分析NES与分类变量之间的关系。通过Spearman相关性分析和logistic回归分析进一步验证NES与抑郁、压力和BMI之间的相关性。所有检验均为双尾检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　研究对象基本情况
在531名大学生中，其中男生199名（37.5%），女生332名（62.5%）；本科生、硕士生、博士生分别有477（89.8%）、37（6.9%）、17（3.2%）名。NES的检出率为6.0%（32人），其中男生17人，女生15人。抑郁情绪的检出率为42.7%（227人），其中男生86人，女生141人；轻度抑郁为26.2%（139人），中度抑郁为15.0%（80人），重度抑郁为1.5%（8人）。知觉压力的检出率为49.0%（260人），其中男生101人，女生159人（见表1）。
2.2　大学生NES与抑郁、压力及BMI的关联性分析
根据是否检出NES进行组间比较（见表2），Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示，NES组和非NES组在BMI方面无统计学差异（P=0.130），在SDS总分和PSS总分上存在统计学差异，NES组的SDS总分（P<0.001）和PSS总分（P=0.002）均显著高于非NES组。χ2检验结果显示，NES组和非NES组在性别、BMI分类、教育水平方面均无统计学差异（P均>0.05），在是否存在抑郁情绪（χ2=36.189，P<0.001）、抑郁程度（χ2=49.807，P<0.001）、知觉压力（χ2=7.153，P=0.007）方面均存在统计学差异。
Spearman相关性分析显示（见表3），NEQ得分与SDS得分（rs=0.499，P<0.001）、PSS得分（rs=0.369，P<0.001）均存在显著正相关关系，差异有统计学意义；但NEQ得分与BMI无显著相关性（rs=0.007，P=0.867）。由此推测，抑郁和压力水平越高，发生NES的可能性越大。
2.3　大学生NES与抑郁、压力及BMI的二元logistic回归分析
以BMI分类、是否存在抑郁情绪、抑郁程度、知觉压力为自变量，以是否检出NES（是=1，否=0）为因变量进行二元logistic回归分析。由表4可知，与体重过低者相比，体重正常、超重和肥胖与NES的发生均无显著相关性（P均>0.05）。但是，抑郁（OR=22.995, 95% CI: 5.434~97.304, P<0.001）和压力（OR=2.825, 95%CI: 1.282~6.227, P=0.010）的存在均会增加NES的发生风险。进一步分析抑郁程度发现，与无抑郁者相比，轻度（OR=14.268, 95% CI: 3.148~64.666, P<0.001）、中度（OR=37.750, 95% CI: 8.470~168.258, P<0.001）和重度抑郁（OR=50.333, 95% CI: 6.042~419.336, P<0.001）均与NES的发生呈正相关；且随着抑郁程度的加重，NES的发生风险也逐渐升高。
3　讨论
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本研究旨在评估中国大学生NES的患病率，并探讨其相关危险因素，为了解影响大学生饮食失调的原因、识别NES的高危人群以及制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据。调查结果显示，在531名不同年级专业的在校大学生中，NES的检出率为6.0%。与以往研究相比，不同国家大学生样本中NES的患病率差异较大（美国4.2%[22]、埃及5.8%[23]、沙特7.3%[3]、土耳其9.5%[24]、巴西15%[25]、巴勒斯坦29.7%[1]），这种差异可能归因于多个因素，包括饮食习惯、生活方式、文化差异、样本的代表性以及研究方法的不同，这些不同的结果也提示了进一步研究的必要性。
本研究确定了中国大学生NES的发生与抑郁和压力之间的显著关联，相关性分析和logistic回归分析均证实，随着抑郁程度和压力水平的提升，发生NES的风险也逐渐升高，提示抑郁和压力在NES的发生发展中具有关键作用。这与许多文献的研究结果一致[24-26]，之前一项针对849名中国大学生的研究发现，NES的发生率与心理困扰呈显著正相关[26]。另一项针对211名土耳其大学生的研究发现，NEQ得分与抑郁和焦虑症状呈显著正相关[24]。
据推测，NES的发生机制可能与抑郁和压力会影响身体的激素水平有关。皮质醇是肾上腺皮质在应对压力时释放的一种激素，与暴饮暴食有关[27-28]。一项压力荷尔蒙在夜间进食的作用研究发现，夜间进食者的血浆皮质醇水平在早上8点到凌晨2点之间显著高于对照组[29]。NES可能与控制皮质醇应激反应的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPA轴）的失调有关[30]。渐进性肌肉放松法（Progressive muscle relaxation，PMR）已被证明可以减轻压力，这可能与促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子和皮质醇水平的降低以及夜间褪黑素水平的升高有关[31-32]。Vander Wal等人制定了一个治疗NES的行为干预方案，将44名参与者随机分为教育组、教育加PMR组、PMR加运动组，接受基线干预和两次随访。结果显示，三组的NES症状以及抑郁、焦虑和压力症状均有所减轻，唯一的显著差异是晚饭后进食的百分比，PMR组的减少幅度最大，其次是PMR加运动组和教育组[33]。
本研究并没有发现NES与性别和BMI之间存在显著相关性。目前NES与这些因素之间的关系仍存在争议[23, 34-35]。先前有研究报告，男性比女性更容易出现NES；还有研究确定了特定年龄组NES与BMI之间的相关性[24, 26]。Bruzas等人回顾了11项调查NES和BMI之间关系的研究，其中5项研究表明这两者之间存在显著关联，5项研究证明两者之间没有关系，1项研究提供了混合数据[35]。这些不一致的结果可能是由于使用了不同的测量方法，本研究使用自我报告的身高和体重算出的BMI，未发现与NES之间存在相关性；也可能是由于本研究的样本有限，且全部由年轻人组成，他们的饮食行为还没有影响到他们的BMI[36]；其他可能的解释包括能量平衡、总热量摄入和夜间摄入食物的热量密度等[35]。
本研究存在几点局限性。首先，由于是横断面设计，因此不能随意推断NES与各风险因素之间的因果关系。第二，本研究的样本量和范围有限，可能会影响研究结果的普遍性。第三，收集到的数据都是自我报告的，可能会存在错误或偏差，并且评估结果仅反映研究对象自评的NES、抑郁及压力症状水平，并不等同于临床诊断。
NES作为一个新兴的医学研究领域，涉及对饮食行为和心理健康的评估与干预，对个人健康的影响日益显著[37]。本研究提供了关于中国大学生NES的发生率及其与心理因素相关性的有价值证据，也反映了饮食失调和心理状况之间的潜在相互作用[38]。检出NES的大学生存在抑郁和压力的情况相对普遍，建议对可能面临该风险的大学生群体进行早期筛查，以便及时制定适当的干预措施。另外，心理因素究竟是NES的临床特征、原因还是后果，目前仍不清楚。今后有必要开展大样本量的纵向研究，进一步探究NES与心理因素之间的确切关系，为NES的发生发展提供更深入的见解。
基金
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  • 科技创新2030-“脑科学与类脑研究”重大项目(2021ZD 0200519)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412017
  • 接收时间：2024-12-02
  • 首发时间：2026-03-16
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-02
基金
科技创新2030-“脑科学与类脑研究”重大项目(2021ZD 0200519)
作者信息
    东南大学公共卫生学院教育部环境医学工程重点实验室/营养与食品卫生学系，江苏 南京 210009

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