Article(id=1240395009275523893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503176, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773662815635, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773662815635, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773662815635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662815635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240395006914130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773662815073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773662858015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240395187109810536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240395006914130733, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2507, endPage=2513, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240395009485239095, articleId=1240395009275523893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics and disease burden forecast of occupational noise-induced hearing loss in the Chinese working population based on GBD2021, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the spatiotemporal trends of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) in the Chinese working population, predict its medium- and long-term disease burden, and provide scientific evidence for occupational disease prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, data on Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) due to ONIHL in the Chinese working population between 1990 and 2021 were obtained. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to assess temporal trends in disease burden, while an age-period-cohort (APC) model was developed to examine shifts in epidemiological patterns. Additionally, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to project the future burden of disease through 2040.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized rate of YLDs for ONIHL among the Chinese working population was 0.22%(95% CI: 0.19%-0.24%), with sex-specific rates of 0.15%(95% CI:0.13%-0.17%) in males and 0.33%(95% CI: 0.29%-0.37%) in females. In 2021, the age-standardized rate of YLDs was higher in males than in females, reaching a peak of 510.61 per 100 000 in individuals aged 60-64 years. According to the APC model, the YLDs rate increased with age and calendar period, and exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline across successive birth cohorts. Projections using the ARIMA model suggest that the overall age-standardized rate of YLDs is projected to increase to 166.66 per 100 000 by 2040.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized rate of YLDs for ONIHL among the Chinese working population demonstrated a consistent upward trend, with males bearing a higher burden than females. The disease burden also escalated with increasing age. Over the next 19 years, the disease burden is expected to persist in rising, underscoring the urgent need to strengthen workplace noise control measures to mitigate the adverse health effects of occupational noise on the labor force.

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目的

系统评估中国劳动人群职业性噪声听力损失(Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, ONIHL)的时空演变规律,预测中长期疾病负担趋势,为职业病防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

基于2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)数据库,提取1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL的伤残损失寿命年(Years Lived with Disability, YLDs)数据,采用Joinpoint软件分析疾病负担时间变化趋势,构建年龄-时期-队列模型评估流行病学特征变迁,自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model, ARIMA)预测至2040年疾病负担。

结果

1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率总体的平均年度变化百分比为0.22%(95% CI: 0.19%~0.24%),男性为0.15%(95% CI: 0.13%~0.17%),女性为0.33%(95% CI: 0.29%~0.37%)。2021年,男性标化YLDs率高于女性,60~64岁YLDs率达峰值510.61/10万。APC模型显示,总体YLDs率随年龄的增长呈现升高趋势、随时期增长呈现上升趋势、随出生队列增长呈现先升高后下降趋势。ARIMA模型预测,2040年总体标化YLDs率上升至166.66/10万。

结论

1990—2021年,中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率总体上升,男性负担高于女性,且疾病负担随年龄增长加重。预计未来19年疾病负担仍将增加,需加强工作场所噪声防控措施,降低职业性噪声对劳动人群健康的影响。

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周丁子,E-mail:
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余昶(1992—),男,硕士,医师,研究方向:职业流行病学

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases among industrial workers in an industrial park in Humen Town, Dongguan City, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240417232791065392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, awardId=2023YFC2509300, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2509300), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240417232849785649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, awardId=S2024014, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省医学会医学科研项目(S2024014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240417230190596860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240417230203179773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, companyId=1240417230190596860, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sichuan Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240417230211568382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, companyId=1240417230190596860, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240417230278677247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240417230287065856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, companyId=1240417230278677247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南华大学附属第一医院肿瘤科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240417230354174722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240417230362563331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, companyId=1240417230354174722, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240417232078033702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The disease burden of ONIHL among Chinese working population stratified by age and sex from 1990 to 2021, figureFileSmall=rUdDdUaJMtIfiXq5q4UUNA==, figureFileBig=pB+WRM3Z+/IkhhzIEDyqMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232153531175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2021年中国劳动人群性别和年龄相关ONIHL疾病负担情况

注:图A为性别负担情况,图B为年龄负担情况。

, figureFileSmall=rUdDdUaJMtIfiXq5q4UUNA==, figureFileBig=pB+WRM3Z+/IkhhzIEDyqMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232237417256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Age-Period-Cohort analysis of the disease burden of ONIHL among the Chinese working population from 1990 to 2021, figureFileSmall=3qt3Nws6OfONMImoHt+5SA==, figureFileBig=bq5R49gDbaRRjvuJ6rIV/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232291943209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担年龄-时期-队列分析

注:A为年度变化百分率,B为年龄效应,C为时期效应,D为队列效应。

, figureFileSmall=3qt3Nws6OfONMImoHt+5SA==, figureFileBig=bq5R49gDbaRRjvuJ6rIV/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232359052074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Prediction of the disease burden trends of ONIHL among the Chinese working population, figureFileSmall=MjPQax50DVxnsQsIZNN0eQ==, figureFileBig=mSH75/BrJcDJv+kpOLihMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232417772331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担预测趋势

注:图A、B、C分别为总体、男性、女性标化YLDs率。

, figureFileSmall=MjPQax50DVxnsQsIZNN0eQ==, figureFileBig=mSH75/BrJcDJv+kpOLihMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240417232480686892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Trends in the disease burden of ONIHL among the Chinese working population from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别1990年
YLDs(95% UI)标化YLDs率(95% UI)
总体1 051 533(648 465~1 590 892)150.98(92.89~229.26)
男性621 398(383 625~939 103)171.23(105.39~259.58)
女性430 135(265 101~653 651)128.96(79.29~196.62)
性别2021年变化率
(%)
AAPC[%,(95% CI)]
YLDs(95% UI)标化YLDs率(95% UI)
总体1 914 963(1 183 786~2 897 122)161.64(100.29~243.66)82.110.22(0.19~0.24)
男性1 078 908(663 490~1 629 543)179.54(110.87~270.41)73.630.15(0.13~0.17)
女性836 056(517 534~1 272 790)143.03(88.89~217.13)94.370.33(0.29~0.37)
), ArticleFig(id=1240417232539407149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL的疾病负担变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别1990年
YLDs(95% UI)标化YLDs率(95% UI)
总体1 051 533(648 465~1 590 892)150.98(92.89~229.26)
男性621 398(383 625~939 103)171.23(105.39~259.58)
女性430 135(265 101~653 651)128.96(79.29~196.62)
性别2021年变化率
(%)
AAPC[%,(95% CI)]
YLDs(95% UI)标化YLDs率(95% UI)
总体1 914 963(1 183 786~2 897 122)161.64(100.29~243.66)82.110.22(0.19~0.24)
男性1 078 908(663 490~1 629 543)179.54(110.87~270.41)73.630.15(0.13~0.17)
女性836 056(517 534~1 272 790)143.03(88.89~217.13)94.370.33(0.29~0.37)
), ArticleFig(id=1240417232602321710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Annual trendsin disease burden of ONIHL among the Chinese working population from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年份(年)APC[%,(95% CI)]tP
总体1990—19940.38(0.33~0.43)16.299<0.001
1995—1999-0.02(-0.09~0.05)-0.6040.555
2000—20040.85(0.78~0.92)25.564<0.001
2005—20140.03(0.01~0.05)2.7270.016
2015—20180.37(0.25~0.48)7.048<0.001
2019—2021-0.49(-0.71~-0.27)-4.751<0.001
男性1990—19940.33(0.3~0.37)22.068<0.001
1995—1999-0.12(-0.17~-0.08)-5.782<0.001
2000—20040.97(0.92~1.01)45.111<0.001
2005—2015-0.06(-0.07~-0.05)-10.836<0.001
2016—20180.32(0.18~0.47)4.804<0.001
2019—2021-0.74(-0.89~-0.60)-11.131<0.001
女性1990—19930.50(0.39~0.62)9.118<0.001
1994—19990.24(0.15~0.32)6.031<0.001
2000—20060.61(0.55~0.68)21.062<0.001
2007—20140.12(0.07~0.17)5.150<0.001
2015—20180.55(0.37~0.74)6.414<0.001
2019—2021-0.27(-0.64~0.10)-1.5620.139
), ArticleFig(id=1240417232665236271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240395009275523893, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担年度变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年份(年)APC[%,(95% CI)]tP
总体1990—19940.38(0.33~0.43)16.299<0.001
1995—1999-0.02(-0.09~0.05)-0.6040.555
2000—20040.85(0.78~0.92)25.564<0.001
2005—20140.03(0.01~0.05)2.7270.016
2015—20180.37(0.25~0.48)7.048<0.001
2019—2021-0.49(-0.71~-0.27)-4.751<0.001
男性1990—19940.33(0.3~0.37)22.068<0.001
1995—1999-0.12(-0.17~-0.08)-5.782<0.001
2000—20040.97(0.92~1.01)45.111<0.001
2005—2015-0.06(-0.07~-0.05)-10.836<0.001
2016—20180.32(0.18~0.47)4.804<0.001
2019—2021-0.74(-0.89~-0.60)-11.131<0.001
女性1990—19930.50(0.39~0.62)9.118<0.001
1994—19990.24(0.15~0.32)6.031<0.001
2000—20060.61(0.55~0.68)21.062<0.001
2007—20140.12(0.07~0.17)5.150<0.001
2015—20180.55(0.37~0.74)6.414<0.001
2019—2021-0.27(-0.64~0.10)-1.5620.139
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中国劳动人群职业性噪声听力损失的时空流行特征与疾病负担预测:基于GBD2021数据
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余昶 1 , 张钊 1 , 吴瑕 1 , 贺俊彦 2 , 周丁子 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(14): 2507-2513
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(14): 2507-2513
中国劳动人群职业性噪声听力损失的时空流行特征与疾病负担预测:基于GBD2021数据
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余昶1, 张钊1, 吴瑕1, 贺俊彦2, 周丁子3
作者信息
  • 1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.南华大学附属第一医院肿瘤科
  • 3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院
  • 余昶(1992—),男,硕士,医师,研究方向:职业流行病学

通讯作者:

周丁子,E-mail:
Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics and disease burden forecast of occupational noise-induced hearing loss in the Chinese working population based on GBD2021
Chang YU1, Zhao ZHANG1, Xia WU1, Jun-yan HE2, Ding-zi ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • Sichuan Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503176
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目的

系统评估中国劳动人群职业性噪声听力损失(Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, ONIHL)的时空演变规律,预测中长期疾病负担趋势,为职业病防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

基于2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)数据库,提取1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL的伤残损失寿命年(Years Lived with Disability, YLDs)数据,采用Joinpoint软件分析疾病负担时间变化趋势,构建年龄-时期-队列模型评估流行病学特征变迁,自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model, ARIMA)预测至2040年疾病负担。

结果

1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率总体的平均年度变化百分比为0.22%(95% CI: 0.19%~0.24%),男性为0.15%(95% CI: 0.13%~0.17%),女性为0.33%(95% CI: 0.29%~0.37%)。2021年,男性标化YLDs率高于女性,60~64岁YLDs率达峰值510.61/10万。APC模型显示,总体YLDs率随年龄的增长呈现升高趋势、随时期增长呈现上升趋势、随出生队列增长呈现先升高后下降趋势。ARIMA模型预测,2040年总体标化YLDs率上升至166.66/10万。

结论

1990—2021年,中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率总体上升,男性负担高于女性,且疾病负担随年龄增长加重。预计未来19年疾病负担仍将增加,需加强工作场所噪声防控措施,降低职业性噪声对劳动人群健康的影响。

中国劳动人群  /  职业性噪声听力损失  /  疾病负担  /  预测分析
Objective

To analyze the spatiotemporal trends of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) in the Chinese working population, predict its medium- and long-term disease burden, and provide scientific evidence for occupational disease prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, data on Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) due to ONIHL in the Chinese working population between 1990 and 2021 were obtained. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to assess temporal trends in disease burden, while an age-period-cohort (APC) model was developed to examine shifts in epidemiological patterns. Additionally, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to project the future burden of disease through 2040.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized rate of YLDs for ONIHL among the Chinese working population was 0.22%(95% CI: 0.19%-0.24%), with sex-specific rates of 0.15%(95% CI:0.13%-0.17%) in males and 0.33%(95% CI: 0.29%-0.37%) in females. In 2021, the age-standardized rate of YLDs was higher in males than in females, reaching a peak of 510.61 per 100 000 in individuals aged 60-64 years. According to the APC model, the YLDs rate increased with age and calendar period, and exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline across successive birth cohorts. Projections using the ARIMA model suggest that the overall age-standardized rate of YLDs is projected to increase to 166.66 per 100 000 by 2040.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized rate of YLDs for ONIHL among the Chinese working population demonstrated a consistent upward trend, with males bearing a higher burden than females. The disease burden also escalated with increasing age. Over the next 19 years, the disease burden is expected to persist in rising, underscoring the urgent need to strengthen workplace noise control measures to mitigate the adverse health effects of occupational noise on the labor force.

Chinese working population  /  Occupational noise-induced hearing loss  /  Disease burden  /  Predictive analysis
余昶, 张钊, 吴瑕, 贺俊彦, 周丁子. 中国劳动人群职业性噪声听力损失的时空流行特征与疾病负担预测:基于GBD2021数据. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2507 -2513 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503176
Chang YU, Zhao ZHANG, Xia WU, Jun-yan HE, Ding-zi ZHOU. Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics and disease burden forecast of occupational noise-induced hearing loss in the Chinese working population based on GBD2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (14) : 2507 -2513 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503176
职业性噪声听力损失(Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, ONIHL)是全球范围内最常见且呈持续增长态势的职业性疾病之一,包括职业性噪声聋和未达到职业病诊断标准的噪声相关性听力损失[1-3]。长期暴露于85分贝以上的噪声环境会引发内耳毛细胞不可逆性损伤,进而导致渐进性听力下降与语言识别功能异常,持续性噪声暴露还会显著提升心理健康问题和心血管疾病的发生风险[4-6]。全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)研究显示,2019年职业噪声暴露造成伤残损失寿命年(Years Lived with Disability, YLDs)约700万人年,占听力损失相关疾病负担的16.11%[7]。美国国家职业安全与健康研究所(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH)数据显示,全美每年有2 200万工人面临职业噪声暴露风险[8]。据估计,2020年中国制造业约805万名劳动者患听力损失,对中青年人群听力健康造成了严重威胁[9]。随着工业化进程加快,ONIHL患病率持续上升不仅加剧劳动者健康损害,还将引发医疗支出增长、劳动效率下降以及社会福利成本攀升等系列社会问题,ONIHL已成为全球公共卫生重要威胁。
既往研究通过GBD2019对中国ONIHL负担进行了流行特征描述[10],随着中国工业化进程和劳动环境变化,职业噪声暴露对劳动人群听力健康影响仍然显著,对未来负担趋势仍然未知,亟需对中国劳动人群ONIHL最新疾病负担数据进行趋势分析。本研究基于GBD2021获取了1990—2021年中国劳动人群YLDs数据,分析了年龄、时期及队列对疾病负担的影响,运用自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model, ARIMA)预测长期发展趋势,旨在为ONIHL的预防控制政策制定及健康干预措施实施提供科学依据。
本研究数据来源于GBD2021数据库(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/[11]。选择中国1990—2021年ONIHL的YLDs和YLDs率系统描述疾病负担。数据主要提取方法为:“GBD Estimate”选择“Risk factor”,“Measure”选择“YLDs”,“Metric”选择“Number,Rate”,“Risk”选择“Occupational noise”,“Cause”选择“Age-related and other hearing loss”,基于以上筛选条件“Age”选择“15~19岁”,“20~24岁”,“25~29岁”,“30~34岁”,“35~39岁”,“40~44岁”,“45~49岁”,“50~54岁”,“55~59岁”,“60~64岁”年龄段,并依据WHO对劳动人群的界定,结合GBD全球标准人口,采用公式计算15~64岁劳动人群的标化YLDs率:,其中,ASR代表年龄段标化率,αi代表特定年龄组的YLDs率,Wi代表GBD全球标准人口在该年龄组的权重。
采用对数线性模型进行分段回归拟合,模型构建通过网格搜索法(Grid Search Method)遍历所有潜在连接点组合,以均方误差最小化为准则筛选最优分段方案。通过蒙特卡洛置换检验(Monte Carlo Permutation Test)验证模型的稳健性,设置最大连接点数为5,并通过5 000次数据置换生成经验分布确定统计学显著性。计算各趋势分段的年度变化百分比(Annual Percent Change, APC)及整体平均年度变化百分比(Average Annual Percent Change, AAPC)。若AAPC>0,则表示呈上升趋势;AAPC<0,则表示呈下降趋势;若APC>0,则表示特定年份区间呈上升趋势;APC<0则表示特定年份区间呈下降趋势。
模型本研究将劳动人群按5岁为间隔分为10个年龄组,1992—2021年按5年为间隔分为6个时期,并通过三个因素间的确定性代数关系(即出生队列=时期-年龄)计算并划分为15个不同的出生队列。模型的主要评价指标包括净漂移和局部漂移,分别表示调整时期和队列效应后的整体及各年龄组YLDs率年度变化百分比。次要评价指标包括年龄时期偏差、队列偏差、时期率比(Rate Ratio, RR)和队列率比(Rate Ratio, RR)。
采用ARIMA模型预测疾病未来负担,基于最小赤池信息准则选择最优模型,通过白噪声检验评估残差独立性。模型性能由均方根误差、均方误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分比误差指标进行评估,数值越小,预测效果越优。
采用R软件(4.3.0)整理分析数据,Joinpoint软件(5.3.0)分析疾病负担时间动态变化趋势,使用APC网页工具构建APC模型,通过ARIMA模型预测未来疾病负担趋势。检验水准为α=0.05。
2021年,中国劳动人群ONIHL的YLDs为1 914 963人年,相较于1990年增长了82.11%。1990—2021年,ONIHL的标化YLDs率呈上升趋势,标化YLDs率从150.98/10万上升至161.64/10万,AAPC为0.22%,差异具有统计学意义(见表1)。
2021年,中国劳动人群的男性和女性YLDs分别为1 078 908人年和836 056人年,较1990年分别增加了73.63%和94.37%。1990—2021年,男性标化YLDs率始终高于女性,并呈上升趋势。男性和女性的标化YLDs率分别从1990年的171.23/10万和128.96/10万升高至2021年的179.54/10万和143.03/10万,AAPC分别为0.15%和0.33%。1990—2021年,中国劳动人群YLDs率随年龄增长而增加,其中60~64岁的YLDs率最高,2021年达510.64/10万(见表1图1)。
Joinpoint回归结果显示,1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率在不同年度区间波动变化。总体劳动人群标化YLDs率在1990—1994年、2000—2004年、2005—2014年和2015—2018年均有所上升,APC分别为0.38%、0.85%、0.03%和0.37%;而在2019—2021年下降,APC为-0.49%。男性标化YLDs率在1990—1994年、2000—2004年和2016—2018年上升,APC分别为0.33%、0.97%和0.32%;在1995—1999年、2005—2015年和2019—2021年则下降,APC分别为-0.12%、-0.06%和-0.74%。女性标化YLDs率在1990—2018年各年度区间均显著上升。见表2
1990—2021年,中国劳动人群ONIHL的标化YLDs率总体年度变化百分比(净漂移)均大于0,总体为0.15%(95% CI: 0.09%~0.21%),男性为0.09%(95% CI: 0.04%~0.15%),女性为0.26%(95% CI: 0.18%~0.33%)。中国劳动人群ONIHL的YLDs率在各年龄组的年度变化百分比(局部漂移)均呈现逐渐升高趋势。总体和男性局部漂移值在25~64岁均大于0,女性在20~64岁大于0(见图2A)。
在年龄效应中,中国劳动人群ONIHL的YLDs率呈上升趋势。总体YLDs率从15~19岁的25.57/10万升至60~64岁的505.36/10万。男性15~19岁YLDs率为28.5/10万,是同年龄段女性的1.27倍;男性60~64岁YLDs率为567.43/10万,是同年龄段女性的1.28倍(见图2B)。
在时期效应中,中国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担呈上升趋势。以2002—2006年为参考时期(RR=1.000),总体YLDs率在2017—2021年最高,RR为1.015。女性YLDs率在2017—2021年达到高峰,RR为1.036;男性YLDs率基本保持稳定(见图2C)。
在队列效应中,中国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担随着出生队列的推移,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。以1962—1971年出生队列为参考队列(RR=1.000),1982—1991年出生队列的疾病负担最高,RR为1.021。男性1977—1986年和1982—1991年出生队列的疾病负担最高,RR均为1.029;女性1987—1996年出生队列的疾病负担最高,RR为1.016(见图2D)。
预测结果显示,2022—2040年中国劳动人群ONIHL标化YLDs率呈上升趋势,从2022年的160.51/10万升至2040年的166.66/10万。男性呈下降趋势,标化YLDs率从2022年的177.05/10万降至2040年的172.28/10万;女性则呈上升趋势,标化YLDs率从2022年的143.15/10万升至2040年的152.49/10万(见图3)。
本研究揭示我国劳动人群ONIHL疾病负担的流行病学特征及变迁规律,可归纳为总体负担严重、性别差异持续、老年群体聚集以及增长趋势明显。研究显示,1990—2021年中国劳动人群ONIHL的YLDs从105.15万人年增至191.50万人年,增幅为82.11%;标化YLDs率以年均0.22%的增幅上升至161.64/10万;男性标化YLDs率始终高于女性;高年龄组标化YLDs率高于低年龄组。ARIMA模型预测结果显示,2022—2040年总体标化YLDs率将持续上升。作为全球制造业大国,我国面临严峻的职业性噪声危害,亟需实施强有力的干预措施。
2021年男性ONIHL的标化YLDs率高于女性,性别比达1.26,对比GBD2019研究中的性别比1.20[10],呈现进一步升高趋势。性别疾病负担差异存在双重驱动因素:①职业暴露层面:第四次经济普查显示男性在采矿业、制造业从业比例为82.25%、60.50%[12];②生理层面:雌激素通过多重机制参与听力损失过程[13]。有研究表明,噪声暴露可导致去卵巢大鼠出现听阈显著升高、听性脑干反应波I潜伏期延长及耳蜗外毛细胞缺失等病理改变,雌激素补充治疗可改善上述听觉功能障碍[14]。同时,男性更多见的不良生活习惯如吸烟、饮酒,与噪声暴露存在协同效应,可加剧听力损伤发生风险[15-16]。故男性可作为ONIHL防控重点人群,职业健康监护预警关口应针对性前移。
APC模型分析显示,在调整时期效应和出生队列因素后,ONIHL负担随年龄增长显著上升,60~64岁组YLDs率是15~19岁组3.57倍,与既往研究结论一致[10,17]。由于工龄的累积效应,听力损伤风险呈渐进式增加[18]。随着年龄增长,内耳毛细胞退化、听神经传导功能衰退及氧化应激反应等生理机制相互作用,将加速听觉系统的退行性变化[19]。有研究发现糖尿病与新发听力损失存在显著关联[20],高血压与高频听力损失存在显著相关性[21-22], 考虑老年人群高血压与糖尿病的高共病率,存在“代谢—听力”交互危害模式。
预测疾病负担变化趋势对公共卫生政策制定和医疗资源优化配置具有重要指导意义。本研究表明ONIHL长期健康影响仍在增加,需加强关注与干预。智能化监测系统结合机器学习算法可弥补中小微型企业噪声监测覆盖率低、技术滞后等不足,有助于精准识别高风险岗位,优化动态监测与防护策略[23-24]。加强职业病防治知识宣传有助于显著提升用工单位和劳动者的防护意识,推动多级防护措施的落实[25]。建议实施三级预防策略:①从源头控制噪声,通过选用低噪设备、优化工艺流程和合理规划生产布局,减少噪声产生与传播;②早发现早干预,定期开展听力筛查、建立职业健康监护档案,及时发现并妥善处理听力异常劳动者;③加强临床支撑,提供包含共病在内的精准医疗康复服务、心理支持,合理调整岗位并保障劳动者权益。
本研究存在以下局限性:一是GBD2021数据基于模型估算方法,可能存在系统误差,且未对中国省级数据进行独立验证;二是由于劳动人群职业健康检查覆盖率和数据报告率偏低,可能导致ONIHL疾病负担的低估;三是GBD2021数据库对听力损失的病因细化分类存在局限;四是数据更新和统计方法的改进可能对研究结果的未来验证产生影响。未来研究应进一步优化数据来源,细化听力损失病因学分类及职业暴露的行业特异性评估,纳入个体易感因素,以提高研究的准确性和应用价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2509300)
  • 四川省医学会医学科研项目(S2024014)
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503176
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2509300)
四川省医学会医学科研项目(S2024014)
作者信息
    1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041
    2.南华大学附属第一医院肿瘤科
    3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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