Article(id=1240375280892703138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658112023, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658112023, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658112023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658112023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1400, endPage=1405, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375282633339345, articleId=1240375280892703138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Status of vitamin D nutrition and its influencing factors among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou, 2023, columnId=1240375107953161116, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Foold Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the vitamin D nutritional status and influencing factors of primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province, and to provide scientific basis for the development of targeted nutritional improvement measures.

Methods

A total of 2,519 students from 4 primary and 4 middle schools in 9 key monitoring counties (districts) in Guizhou Province, where the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students was implemented in 2023, were selected for questionnaire surveys, physical examinations, and blood biochemistry tests using multistage cluster sampling methods. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyze the current status of vitamin D nutrition and its influencing factors.

Results

The average vitamin D level of primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province was (22.59±6.66)ng/ml, and the rate of low vitamin D was 37.51%. The prevalence of low vitamin D among female students (46.17%) was higher than that of male students (29.11%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=78.213, P<0.001). There was a significant difference in the rate of low vitamin D among students in different regions (χ2=23.454, P<0.001), and the rate of low vitamin D tended to increase with age (χ2=44.905, P<0.001). The results of multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with the corresponding reference group, ethnic minorities (OR=0.706, 95% CI: 0.590-0.844), physical activity ≥60 min/d (OR=0.791, 95% CI: 0.663-0.943), and living in the countryside (OR=0.747, 95% CI: 0.616-0.906) were protective factors for low vitamin D levels; obesity (OR=2.133, 95% CI: 1.390-3.272), female students (OR=2.238, 95% CI: 1.882-2.662), the 11-13 years old group (OR=1.849, 95% CI: 1.521-2.248) and the 14-17 years old group (OR=2.000, 95% CI: 1.576-2.539) were risk factors for low vitamin D levels.

Conclusion

High rates of low vitamin D among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province require the development of personalized nutritional interventions to improve vitamin D nutritional status.

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目的

探讨贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养状况及其影响因素,为制定有针对性的营养改善措施提供科学依据。

方法

采用多阶段整群抽样的方法,在贵州省2023年实施“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”的9个重点监测县(区)抽取小学初中各4所,共2 519名学生进行问卷调查、体格检查和血生化指标检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析维生素D营养现况及影响因素。

结果

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D平均水平为(22.59±6.66) ng/ml,维生素D偏低率为37.51%。女生维生素D偏低率(46.17%)高于男生(29.11%),差异具有统计学意义(χ2值=78.213,P<0.001),不同地区学生维生素D偏低率差异明显(χ2值=23.454,P<0.001),随着年龄的升高维生素D偏低率呈升高趋势(χ2趋势=44.905,P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,与相应参照组相比,少数民族(OR=0.706,95% CI:0.590~0.844)、户外活动≥60min/d(OR=0.791,95% CI:0.663~0.943)、居住在乡村(OR=0.747,95% CI:0.616~0.906)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素;肥胖(OR=2.133,95% CI:1.390~3.272)、女生(OR=2.238,95% CI:1.882~2.662)、11~13岁组(OR=1.849,95% CI:1.521~2.248)和14~17岁组(OR=2.000,95% CI:1.576~2.539)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素。

结论

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D偏低率较高,需制定个性化营养干预措施改善维生素D营养状况。

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刘怡娅,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4pJ2zxKE6eBJyxMXv3FTew==, magXml=y9qnmMCmyOkVr8sWrMCk/Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NqyPW4FzN3UTtVqVF/McPA==, pdfFileSize=696089, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gV8JsDWEC6WXxRKig9aRdw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+tIbleNr5T9CokIYpCJlPw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙燕(1997—),女,硕士,公共卫生医师,研究方向:人群营养与健康

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孙燕(1997—),女,硕士,公共卫生医师,研究方向:人群营养与健康

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Study on the nutritional status of rural left-behind children aged 7~14 years in Yongzhou city and its influencing factors[D]. Jishou:Jishou University, 2019., articleTitle=Study on the nutritional status of rural left-behind children aged 7~14 years in Yongzhou city and its influencing factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240748871245156866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=17, pageStart=2909, pageEnd=2913, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=35, authorNames=陈怡颖, 杨涵, 龙丹丹, journalName=现代医药卫生, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈怡颖,杨涵,龙丹丹,等.云南普洱地区佤族和汉族维生素D受体基因多态性分析[J].现代医药卫生202339(17):2909-2913., articleTitle=云南普洱地区佤族和汉族维生素D受体基因多态性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240748871329042947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=17, pageStart=2909, pageEnd=2913, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Chen YY, Yang H, Long DD, journalName=Journal of Modern Medicine & Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen YY, Yang H, Long DD, et al. 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Journal of Modern Medicine & Health, 2023, 39(17): 2909-2913., articleTitle=Polymorphism analysis of vitamin D receptor gene in Wa and Han nationalities in Pu’er area of Yunnan province, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748868049097051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家财政项目-农村义务教育学生营养健康监测和膳食指导项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748862210626524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748862214820829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, companyId=1240748862210626524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748862223209438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, companyId=1240748862210626524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748866857914649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Age trend of vitamin D suitability rate prevalence in primary and middle school students by region and gender, figureFileSmall=brMIxJL2ZexN40mk8Dv4zQ==, figureFileBig=qPkF9w+nAF1K6xQHIhlbVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748866941800733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分地区分性别中小学生维生素D适宜率年龄变化趋势, figureFileSmall=brMIxJL2ZexN40mk8Dv4zQ==, figureFileBig=qPkF9w+nAF1K6xQHIhlbVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748867067629861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution of vitamin D nutrition among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分组人数维生素D水平(ng/ml)维生素D偏低人数(率, %)χ2P
性别78.213<0.001
1 27823.81±6.79372(29.11)
1 24121.33±6.28573(46.17)
年龄段(岁)44.905<0.001
6~1095424.20±2.77279(29.25)
11~131 06921.72±6.43452(42.28)
14~1749621.36±6.31214(43.15)
居住地23.454<0.001
城区79021.86±6.82348(44.05)
城乡结合部34022.25±6.56130(38.24)
乡村1 38923.09±6.56467(33.62)
合计2 51922.59±6.66945(37.51)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867172487465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养水平分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分组人数维生素D水平(ng/ml)维生素D偏低人数(率, %)χ2P
性别78.213<0.001
1 27823.81±6.79372(29.11)
1 24121.33±6.28573(46.17)
年龄段(岁)44.905<0.001
6~1095424.20±2.77279(29.25)
11~131 06921.72±6.43452(42.28)
14~1749621.36±6.31214(43.15)
居住地23.454<0.001
城区79021.86±6.82348(44.05)
城乡结合部34022.25±6.56130(38.24)
乡村1 38923.09±6.56467(33.62)
合计2 51922.59±6.66945(37.51)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867336065329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Single factor analysis of vitamin D levels among primary and secondary school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分组人数维生素D营养状况[n(%)]χ2P
偏低正常
民族37.498<0.001
汉族1 324571(43.13)753(56.87)
少数民族1 195374(31.30)821(68.70)
营养状况17.6140.001
营养不良23766(27.85)171(71.15)
正常1 839692(37.63)1 147(62.37)
超重263101(38.40)162(61.60)
肥胖18086(47.78)94(52.22)
住校1.1760.278
1 037402(38.77)635(61.23)
1 482543(36.64)939(63.36)
膳食奶类(包/周)
≤41 510547(36.23)963(63.77)2.6750.102
>41 009398(39.44)611(60.56)
膳食肉类(次/周)
≤4582217(37.29)365(62.71)0.0170.896
>41 937728(37.58)1 209(62.42)
膳食蛋类(个/周)
≤41 348507(37.61)841(62.39)0.0110.915
>41 171438(37.40)733(62.60)
户外活动(min/d)
<60906381(42.05)525(57.95)12.431<0.001
≥601 613564(34.97)1 049(65.03)
中高强度身体活动(min/d)
<301 341528(39.37)813(60.63)4.2260.040
≥301 178417(35.40)761(64.60)
经济水平
557208(37.34)349(62.66)90.848<0.001
883230(26.05)653(73.95)
1 079507(46.99)572(53.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867415757112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D水平单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分组人数维生素D营养状况[n(%)]χ2P
偏低正常
民族37.498<0.001
汉族1 324571(43.13)753(56.87)
少数民族1 195374(31.30)821(68.70)
营养状况17.6140.001
营养不良23766(27.85)171(71.15)
正常1 839692(37.63)1 147(62.37)
超重263101(38.40)162(61.60)
肥胖18086(47.78)94(52.22)
住校1.1760.278
1 037402(38.77)635(61.23)
1 482543(36.64)939(63.36)
膳食奶类(包/周)
≤41 510547(36.23)963(63.77)2.6750.102
>41 009398(39.44)611(60.56)
膳食肉类(次/周)
≤4582217(37.29)365(62.71)0.0170.896
>41 937728(37.58)1 209(62.42)
膳食蛋类(个/周)
≤41 348507(37.61)841(62.39)0.0110.915
>41 171438(37.40)733(62.60)
户外活动(min/d)
<60906381(42.05)525(57.95)12.431<0.001
≥601 613564(34.97)1 049(65.03)
中高强度身体活动(min/d)
<301 341528(39.37)813(60.63)4.2260.040
≥301 178417(35.40)761(64.60)
经济水平
557208(37.34)349(62.66)90.848<0.001
883230(26.05)653(73.95)
1 079507(46.99)572(53.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867533197632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis independent variable assignment table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
维生素D营养状况0-正常;1-偏低
性别1-男;2-女
年龄段(岁)1-6~10;2-11~13;3-14~17
民族1-汉族;2-少数民族
营养状况1-营养不良;2-正常;3-超重;4-肥胖
居住地1-城区;2-城乡结合部;3-乡村
住校1-是;2-否
户外活动(min/d)1-<60;2-≥60
经济水平1-低;2-中;3-高
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867612889413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多因素的logistic回归分析赋值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
维生素D营养状况0-正常;1-偏低
性别1-男;2-女
年龄段(岁)1-6~10;2-11~13;3-14~17
民族1-汉族;2-少数民族
营养状况1-营养不良;2-正常;3-超重;4-肥胖
居住地1-城区;2-城乡结合部;3-乡村
住校1-是;2-否
户外活动(min/d)1-<60;2-≥60
经济水平1-低;2-中;3-高
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867772272973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting vitamin D levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素β标准误Wald χ2POR值(95% CI
性别
1.000
0.8060.08883.075<0.0012.238(1.882~2.662)
年龄段(岁)
6~101.000
11~130.6150.10038.140<0.0011.849(1.521~2.248)
14~170.6930.12232.484<0.0012.000(1.576~2.539)
民族
汉族1.000
少数民族-0.3480.09114.564<0.0010.706(0.590~0.844)
营养状况
营养不良1.000
正常0.2930.1603.3650.0671.340(0.980~1.832)
超重0.2820.2021.9390.1641.325(0.892~1.970)
肥胖0.7570.21812.0370.0012.133(1.390~3.272)
居住地
城区1.000
城乡结合部-0.2140.1412.3010.1290.807(0.612~1.065)
乡村-0.2920.0988.8150.0030.747(0.616~0.906)
户外活动(min/d)
<601.000
≥60-0.2340.0906.8000.0090.791(0.663~0.943)
经济水平
1.000
-0.4080.12311.0730.0010.665(0.523~0.846)
0.3550.11210.1240.0011.427(1.146~1.776)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748867872936274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280892703138, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

维生素D水平影响因素的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素β标准误Wald χ2POR值(95% CI
性别
1.000
0.8060.08883.075<0.0012.238(1.882~2.662)
年龄段(岁)
6~101.000
11~130.6150.10038.140<0.0011.849(1.521~2.248)
14~170.6930.12232.484<0.0012.000(1.576~2.539)
民族
汉族1.000
少数民族-0.3480.09114.564<0.0010.706(0.590~0.844)
营养状况
营养不良1.000
正常0.2930.1603.3650.0671.340(0.980~1.832)
超重0.2820.2021.9390.1641.325(0.892~1.970)
肥胖0.7570.21812.0370.0012.133(1.390~3.272)
居住地
城区1.000
城乡结合部-0.2140.1412.3010.1290.807(0.612~1.065)
乡村-0.2920.0988.8150.0030.747(0.616~0.906)
户外活动(min/d)
<601.000
≥60-0.2340.0906.8000.0090.791(0.663~0.943)
经济水平
1.000
-0.4080.12311.0730.0010.665(0.523~0.846)
0.3550.11210.1240.0011.427(1.146~1.776)
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2023年贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养状况及影响因素研究
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孙燕 , 郭华 , 李洪波 , 贺林娟 , 吴胜男 , 黄伊彦文 , 龙泓江 , 石柱 , 刘怡娅
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(8): 1400-1405
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(8): 1400-1405
2023年贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养状况及影响因素研究
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孙燕, 郭华, 李洪波, 贺林娟, 吴胜男, 黄伊彦文, 龙泓江, 石柱, 刘怡娅
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004
  • 孙燕(1997—),女,硕士,公共卫生医师,研究方向:人群营养与健康

通讯作者:

刘怡娅,E-mail:
Status of vitamin D nutrition and its influencing factors among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou, 2023
Yan SUN, Hua GUO, Hong-bo LI, Lin-juan HE, Sheng-nan WU, HUANG Yi-yan-wen, Hong-jiang LONG, Zhu SHI, Yi-ya LIU
Affiliations
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011
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目的

探讨贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养状况及其影响因素,为制定有针对性的营养改善措施提供科学依据。

方法

采用多阶段整群抽样的方法,在贵州省2023年实施“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”的9个重点监测县(区)抽取小学初中各4所,共2 519名学生进行问卷调查、体格检查和血生化指标检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析维生素D营养现况及影响因素。

结果

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D平均水平为(22.59±6.66) ng/ml,维生素D偏低率为37.51%。女生维生素D偏低率(46.17%)高于男生(29.11%),差异具有统计学意义(χ2值=78.213,P<0.001),不同地区学生维生素D偏低率差异明显(χ2值=23.454,P<0.001),随着年龄的升高维生素D偏低率呈升高趋势(χ2趋势=44.905,P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,与相应参照组相比,少数民族(OR=0.706,95% CI:0.590~0.844)、户外活动≥60min/d(OR=0.791,95% CI:0.663~0.943)、居住在乡村(OR=0.747,95% CI:0.616~0.906)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素;肥胖(OR=2.133,95% CI:1.390~3.272)、女生(OR=2.238,95% CI:1.882~2.662)、11~13岁组(OR=1.849,95% CI:1.521~2.248)和14~17岁组(OR=2.000,95% CI:1.576~2.539)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素。

结论

贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D偏低率较高,需制定个性化营养干预措施改善维生素D营养状况。

维生素D  /  中小学生  /  贫困地区  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the vitamin D nutritional status and influencing factors of primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province, and to provide scientific basis for the development of targeted nutritional improvement measures.

Methods

A total of 2,519 students from 4 primary and 4 middle schools in 9 key monitoring counties (districts) in Guizhou Province, where the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students was implemented in 2023, were selected for questionnaire surveys, physical examinations, and blood biochemistry tests using multistage cluster sampling methods. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyze the current status of vitamin D nutrition and its influencing factors.

Results

The average vitamin D level of primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province was (22.59±6.66)ng/ml, and the rate of low vitamin D was 37.51%. The prevalence of low vitamin D among female students (46.17%) was higher than that of male students (29.11%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=78.213, P<0.001). There was a significant difference in the rate of low vitamin D among students in different regions (χ2=23.454, P<0.001), and the rate of low vitamin D tended to increase with age (χ2=44.905, P<0.001). The results of multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with the corresponding reference group, ethnic minorities (OR=0.706, 95% CI: 0.590-0.844), physical activity ≥60 min/d (OR=0.791, 95% CI: 0.663-0.943), and living in the countryside (OR=0.747, 95% CI: 0.616-0.906) were protective factors for low vitamin D levels; obesity (OR=2.133, 95% CI: 1.390-3.272), female students (OR=2.238, 95% CI: 1.882-2.662), the 11-13 years old group (OR=1.849, 95% CI: 1.521-2.248) and the 14-17 years old group (OR=2.000, 95% CI: 1.576-2.539) were risk factors for low vitamin D levels.

Conclusion

High rates of low vitamin D among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou Province require the development of personalized nutritional interventions to improve vitamin D nutritional status.

Vitamin D  /  Primary and middle school students  /  Poverty areas  /  Influencing factors
孙燕, 郭华, 李洪波, 贺林娟, 吴胜男, 黄伊彦文, 龙泓江, 石柱, 刘怡娅. 2023年贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D营养状况及影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1400 -1405 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011
Yan SUN, Hua GUO, Hong-bo LI, Lin-juan HE, Sheng-nan WU, HUANG Yi-yan-wen, Hong-jiang LONG, Zhu SHI, Yi-ya LIU. Status of vitamin D nutrition and its influencing factors among primary and middle school students in poverty areas of Guizhou, 2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1400 -1405 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011
维生素D(Vitamin D,VitD)是人体必需营养素,其主要生理功能是促进小肠粘膜细胞对钙和磷的吸收,维持钙磷平衡,调节骨骼的代谢与生成;此外还有促进皮肤细胞生长、分化及调节免疫功能的作用[1]。人体获取维生素D主要有三种方式[2],其中最主要的是皮肤组织在阳光紫外线照射下直接合成维生素D,占人体VitD来源90%以上。VitD的缺乏是国内外广泛存在的公共卫生问题,全世界约有10亿人缺乏VitD[3],其中儿童青少年是高危人群。儿童时期VitD的缺乏除了影响现阶段的生长发育,对成年后的健康也有深远影响[4]。为改善农村义务教育学生营养状况,我国自2011年起实施“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”项目(以下简称“营养改善计划”)。自项目实施以来,我省学生营养状况得到很大改善,一项2018年的研究显示[5],贵州省2014—2016年贫困地区中小学生VitD的缺乏率分别为50.70%、39.02%和35.56%,呈逐年下降趋势,但依旧存在因个别营养素的缺乏导致的营养不良[6]。为进一步探讨“营养改善计划”项目对我省农村义务教育学生的营养改善状况,本研究分析2023年贵州省实施“营养改善计划”的重点监测县学生的VitD水平及其相关因素,为个性化儿童青少年营养改善措施的制定提供科学依据。
采用多阶段整群抽样,从2023年贵州省实施“营养改善计划”的重点监测县,包括册亨县、德江县、福泉县、金沙县、湄潭县、普定县、三穗县、水城区和云岩区进行抽样调查。每个县在城区和农村各选取小学和初中各1所,共4所,9个县共计36所学校。从小学一年级至初中三年级,每个年级抽取1~2个班,约40人左右,男女各半。共计选取36所学校,2 519名学生。其中册亨县286名、德江县279名、福泉县278名、金沙县272名、湄潭县278名、普定县318名、三穗县279名、水城区280名、云岩区249名。本研究经中国疾病预防控制中心营养健康所伦理委员会批准(批件号:2021-018), 均告知家长和学生研究内容和方案, 并签署了知情同意书。
采用中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所自行设计的“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划营养健康状况监测学生调查表”收集学生的基本信息 (包括姓名、性别、民族、年龄、家庭情况等)及膳食和户外活动情况 ,由培训合格的调查员对研究对象进行现场调查。该问卷经专家研讨会讨论及预调查后修订, 具有良好的信度和效度。
体格检查要求在清晨空腹状态下进行。体重采用电子体重计或杠杆称测定,以公斤(kg)为单位,精确度为0.1 kg。身高采用身高坐高计测定,以厘米(cm)为单位,精确度为0.1 cm。利用上述数据计算体重指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。营养状况评价根据[7]《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》进行筛查。表A.1筛查生长迟缓,除生长迟缓阳性者外,再按表B.1筛查消瘦;生长迟缓、消瘦合计为营养不良。参照《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》筛查超重和肥胖[8]
空腹条件下采取静脉血5ml,室温条件下,离心半径9 cm,3 000 r/min离心10min,分离血清后避光保存,冷链运输至各县中心实验室。维生素D含量由北京和合医学诊断技术有限公司采用液相—串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定。根据《维生素D营养状况评价和专家共识》[9]判定,血清25(OH)D含量<12 μg/L为缺乏,≥12~<20 μg/L为不足,≥20 μg/L为正常(适宜),不足与缺乏合并为偏低。
参考2021年《贵州统计年鉴》中各县人均地区生产总值中的三等分对经济水平进行分组:<36 641元为经济水平低组,>47 781元为经济水平高组,介于两者之间为经济水平中组[10]
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。定量资料以()表示,分类资料以例数(百分率)进行表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。维生素D缺乏的影响因素分析采用多因素logistic回归模型。检验水准α=0.05(双侧检验)。
共收集2 519名学生,其中男生1 278名(50.7%),女生1 241名(49.3%);6~10岁组954名(37.9%),11~13岁组1 069名(42.4%),14~17岁组496名(19.7%);城区790名(31.4%),城乡结合部340名(13.5%),乡村1 389名(55.1%)。中小学生维生素D平均水平为(22.59±6.66) ng/ml,维生素D偏低率为37.51%。女生维生素D偏低率(46.17%)高于男生(29.11%)(χ2=78.213,P<0.001);随着年龄增加维生素D偏低率呈升高趋势(P<0.001);城区(44.05%)、城乡结合部(38.24%)、乡村(33.62%)之间维生素D偏低率差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.454,P<0.001)。见表1
6~8岁年龄组维生素D适宜率达到高峰(87.38%),后随着年龄的上升维生素D适宜率逐渐下降。城乡女生维生素D适宜率均低于男生;11~12岁年龄段,维生素D适宜率乡村男生最高;6~17岁年龄段,乡村男生维生素D适宜率高于城区男生,6~12岁和15~17岁年龄段,乡村女生维生素D适宜率高于城区女生。见图1
不同性别、年龄、民族、营养状况、居住地、户外活动、中高强度身体活动、经济水平学生的维生素D营养状况不同,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。见表2
以维生素D营养状况作为因变量(正常=0,偏低=1),将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量作为自变量纳入logistic回归模型,采用向前推进似然比法筛选变量,进入标准为0.05,剔除标准为0.1。变量赋值表见表3。结果显示,相比汉族,少数民族(OR=0.706,95% CI:0.590~0.844)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素;相比户外活动<60 min/d,户外活动≥60 min/d(OR=0.791,95% CI:0.663~0.943)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素;与居住在城区相比,居住在乡村(OR=0.747,95% CI:0.616~0.906)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素;与经济水平低相比,经济水平中(OR=0.665,95% CI:0.523~0.846)是维生素D水平偏低的保护因素,经济水平高(OR=1.427,95% CI:1.146~1.776)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素。与营养不良相比,肥胖(OR=2.133,95% CI:1.390~3.272)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素;相比男生,女生(OR=2.238,95% CI:1.882~2.662)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素;相比6~10岁组,11~13岁组(OR=1.849,95% CI:1.521~2.248)和14~17岁组(OR=2.000,95% CI:1.576~2.539)是维生素D水平偏低的危险因素。见表4
维生素D是维持人体正常生理功能所必需的营养素,儿童青少年维生素D的缺乏会严重影响儿童的生长发育,甚至引起佝偻病、肥胖、心血管疾病、代谢综合征等多种疾病[11]。研究表明,维生素D缺乏在人群中普遍存在,其中儿童青少年为高发人群[3]。一项2010—2012年14 473名参与者的中国国民营养与健康调查结果显示[12],儿童青少年维生素D缺乏症患病率为53.2%,其中男性为50%,女性为56.5%。美国一项有关于维生素D缺乏的人群研究结果显示,16%的儿童维生素D水平低于20 ng/ml[13]。2020年陈洁关于郑州中原区小学儿童1 000例血清25羟维生素D水平调查及影响因素分析的研究结果显示[14],儿童青少年维生素D不足比例为56.2%,其中女童维生素D不足比例(75.22%)显著高于男童(66.82%)。可见,中小学生维生素D缺乏依旧是普遍存在的。
本调查结果显示,2023年贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D平均水平为(22.59±6.66)ng/ml,偏低率为37.51%(945/2 519),较贵州省2014年、2015年中小学生维生素D不足率47.46%、38.01%[5]有所下降,这可能与近年来贵州省经济水平的提高和国民营养健康素质水平的提升有关,尤其是自贵州省实施“营养改善计划”以来,我国青少年儿童营养水平得到提高,大大减少了微量元素缺乏的风险,降低了维生素D的不足率[15]
本调查发现,女生维生素D偏低率高于男生,这可能是因为女生更喜欢在阴凉处玩耍,阳光照射时间少,影响皮肤合成维生素D,以及家长对女生的防晒观念强和女生自我防晒意识强,会经常涂防晒霜[16]。有研究表明,防晒霜可以阻挡人体内九成以上的维生素D的合成[17]。随着年龄的升高维生素D偏低率呈升高趋势,这可能是由于我国补充维生素D的重点人群为婴幼儿,随着年纪的增长,父母对孩子维生素D的补充不够重视,以及学生学业压力的逐渐增大,户外活动时间减少,暴露在阳光下的频率降低,体内维生素D的合成也随之减少[18],本研究发现,户外活动≥60 min/d有助于降低维生素D偏低的风险,提示维生素D水平偏低的学生应增加户外运动时间;另有研究发现,青春期维生素D水平不足时,骨骼发育也会导致维生素D水平的降低[19]。在不同营养状况中,肥胖儿童的维生素D偏低率最高,这与相关研究结果一致[20],一方面可能是由于肥胖儿童活动受限,户外运动时间短、频率低,日光照射机会少;另一方面,维生素D是一种脂溶性维生素,肥胖儿童体内的维生素D更容易大量储存在脂肪中,导致机体内维生素D的生物利用率降低[21]。相关研究表明,经济水平较高的地区较注重饮食及孩子身体健康[22],与本研究经济水平低会增加维生素D偏低的风险相一致。本调查显示,乡村学生维生素偏低率高可能与我省着重于在农村实施“营养改善计划”有关。在本研究中,少数民族维生素D适宜率高于汉族,这可能与少数民族的特色饮食以及基因多态性有关[23],提示我们接下来可以着力挖掘少数民族饮食特色,发挥贵州特色作用。
本研究为横断面研究,膳食和户外活动的调查方法为定性方法,只能在一定程度上反映其对儿童青少年维生素D水平的影响,不能说明是否存在直接因果关系。
综上所述,2023年贵州省贫困地区中小学生维生素D偏低率仍处于较高水平。因此,应根据我省中小学生维生素D水平偏低的原因制定个性化、有针对性的干预措施,加强食育文化宣传,引导其合理膳食;开展儿童青少年健康教育,呼吁中小学生尤其是女生多进行户外活动和体育锻炼;举办营养健康宣传讲座,提高家长对孩子营养素缺乏与补充的重视。
  • 国家财政项目-农村义务教育学生营养健康监测和膳食指导项目
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
基金
国家财政项目-农村义务教育学生营养健康监测和膳食指导项目
作者信息
    贵州省疾病预防控制中心,贵州 贵阳 550004

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刘怡娅,E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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