Article(id=1240375280469070622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306518, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687968000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658111921, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658111921, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658111921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658111921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1447, endPage=1452, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375280808809273, articleId=1240375280469070622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Current situations and influencing factors of successful aging of the rural elderly in China, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the successful aging of the rural elderly in China and analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

The rural elderly aged 60 and above from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were selected as the research object, it was determined that successful aging is achieved by simultaneously meeting the four dimensions of " no major chronic diseases"," no depression"," good cognitive and physical function" and "active social participation". Then multifactor logistic regression was used to analyze the successful aging of the rural elderly based on the social ecosystem theory.

Results

The successful aging rate of the elderly in rural China was 6.79%. The results of multivariate logistic regression showed, self-rated health status in the hierarchy of personal characteristics (OR=0.426, 95% CI: 0.294-0.615), hearing (OR=0.605, 95% CI: 0.447-0.819), childhood health status (OR=0.635, 95% CI: 0.450-0.897), level of education (OR=7.571, 95% CI: 4.091-14.011), and personal annual income (OR=3.422, 95% CI:1.952-6.001), physical exercise in the individual behavioral hierarchy (OR=0.525, 95% CI: 0.291-0.948), daily duration of sleep (OR=0.615, 95% CI: 0.449-0.843), marriage status in the interpersonal level (OR=0.565, 95% CI: 0.349-0.917), financial support from children (OR=1.427, 95% CI: 1.053-1.934), internet use (OR=0.469, 95% CI:0.271-0.814), life satisfaction at the community level (OR=0.352, 95% CI:0.161-0.769), endowment insurance(OR=0.491, 95% CI: 0.245-0.983) in the policy level both were influencing factors for the successful aging of the elderly people in rural areas.

Conclusion

The degree of successful aging of the rural elderly in China is low, and good cognitive and physical functions and positive social participation dimensions are the main shortcomings for the successful aging of the rural elderly.

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目的

了解我国农村老年人成功老龄化现状,分析其影响因素。

方法

选取2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据中60岁及以上农村老年人作为研究对象,判定同时满足“无重大慢性疾病”、“无抑郁”、“认知和躯体功能良好”、“积极的社会参与”这四个维度为成功老龄化,继而基于社会生态系统理论,采用多因素logistic回归分析农村老年人成功老龄化的影响因素。

结果

我国农村老年人成功老龄化率为6.79%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,个人特征层次中的自评健康状况(OR=0.426,95% CI:0.294~0.615)、听力(OR=0.605,95% CI:0.447~0.819)、儿童期健康状况(OR=0.635,95% CI:0.450~0.897)、文化程度(OR=7.571,95% CI:4.091~14.011)、个人年收入(OR=3.422,95% CI:1.952~6.001),个人行为层次中的体育锻炼(OR=0.525,95% CI:0.291~0.948)、每日睡眠时长(OR=0.615,95% CI:0.449~0.843),人际层次中的婚姻状态(OR=0.565,95% CI:0.349~0.917)、子女经济支持(OR=1.427,95% CI:1.053~1.934)、互联网使用(OR=0.469,95% CI:0.271~0.814),社区层次中的生活满意度(OR=0.352,95% CI:0.161~0.769),政策层次中的养老保险(OR=0.491,95% CI:0.245~0.983)是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素。

结论

我国农村老年人成功老龄化实现程度偏低,认知和躯体功能良好、积极的社会参与维度是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的主要短板。

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孙宏,E-mail:
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翟晏一(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:人口老龄化

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翟晏一(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:人口老龄化

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Social Security Studies, 2021, (6): 10-22., articleTitle=Study on the impact mechanism of the basic pension insurance for urban and rural residents on the health performance of the rural elderly, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748866987938079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, awardId=0202, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省社科联2014年度黑龙江经济社会发展重点研究课题(0202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240748867071824164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2015年黑龙江省高校智库建设, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748860830700370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748860843283285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748860830700370, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748860851671894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748860830700370, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.哈尔滨医科大学卫生管理学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748860952335201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748860956529506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748860952335201, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.淄博市第一医院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748861032026986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748861040415595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748861032026986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.康复大学青岛医院(青岛市市立医院))]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748861149467508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748861157856116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748861149467508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京大学第三医院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748861296268158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748861308851072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748861296268158, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748861459846032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, xref=6., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748861464040337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, companyId=1240748861459846032, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/河北中国医学科学院肿瘤医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748866232963318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable assignment table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类变量名称变量内容和赋值
个体特征性别男=1,女=2
年龄(岁)60~69=1,70~79=2,≥80=3
自评健康状况好=1,一般=2,差=3
有无残疾有=1,无=2
视力好=1,差=2
听力好=1,差=2
儿童期健康状况好=1,不好=2
文化程度文盲=1,小学及以下=2,初中及以上=3
个人年收入(元)≤1 000=1,1 001 ~2 000=2,2 001~3 000=3,>3 000=4
个人行为吸烟是=1,否=2
饮酒是=1,否=2
体育锻炼锻炼=1,不锻炼=2
每日睡眠时长(h)6 ~10 =1,>10或<6 =2
人际层次婚姻状态在婚=1,不在婚(分居/丧偶/离婚)=2
子女经济支持(元)≤2 000=1,2 001~4 000=2,4 001~6 000=3,>6 000=4
子女联系频率每天/每周=1,半个月及以上=2
互联网使用是=1,否=2
社区层次工作情况在业=1,不在业=2
住房类型平房=1,楼房=2
生活满意度满意=1,不满意=2
社区居家养老服务参加=1,不参加=2
家庭医生签约服务参加=1,不参加=2
政策层次医疗保险有=1,无=2
养老保险有=1,无=2
), ArticleFig(id=1240748866333626620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量赋值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类变量名称变量内容和赋值
个体特征性别男=1,女=2
年龄(岁)60~69=1,70~79=2,≥80=3
自评健康状况好=1,一般=2,差=3
有无残疾有=1,无=2
视力好=1,差=2
听力好=1,差=2
儿童期健康状况好=1,不好=2
文化程度文盲=1,小学及以下=2,初中及以上=3
个人年收入(元)≤1 000=1,1 001 ~2 000=2,2 001~3 000=3,>3 000=4
个人行为吸烟是=1,否=2
饮酒是=1,否=2
体育锻炼锻炼=1,不锻炼=2
每日睡眠时长(h)6 ~10 =1,>10或<6 =2
人际层次婚姻状态在婚=1,不在婚(分居/丧偶/离婚)=2
子女经济支持(元)≤2 000=1,2 001~4 000=2,4 001~6 000=3,>6 000=4
子女联系频率每天/每周=1,半个月及以上=2
互联网使用是=1,否=2
社区层次工作情况在业=1,不在业=2
住房类型平房=1,楼房=2
生活满意度满意=1,不满意=2
社区居家养老服务参加=1,不参加=2
家庭医生签约服务参加=1,不参加=2
政策层次医疗保险有=1,无=2
养老保险有=1,无=2
), ArticleFig(id=1240748866425901317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate Analysis of Successful Aging of Rural Elderly (n=3 430)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别成功老龄化总数
n(%)
χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
个体特征
性别25.753<0.001
1 508(90.95)150(9.05)1 658(48.34)
1 689(95.32)83(4.68)1 772(51.66)
年龄(岁)3.6560.161
60~692 071(92.62)165(7.38)2 236(65.19)
70~79972(94.19)60(5.81)1 032(30.09)
≥80154(95.06)8(4.94)162(4.72)
自评健康状况41.832<0.001
625(90.58)65(9.42)690(20.12)
一般1 382(91.40)130(8.60)1 512(44.08)
1 190(96.91)38(3.09)1 228(35.80)
有无残疾17.884<0.001
1 625(95.03)85(4.97)1 710(49.85)
1 572(91.40)148(8.60)1 720(50.15)
视力8.6990.003
563(90.51)59(9.49)622(18.13)
2 634(93.80)174(6.20)2 808(81.87)
听力25.836<0.001
725(89.29)87(10.71)812(23.67)
2 472(94.42)146(5.58)2 618(76.33)
儿童期健康状况10.457<0.001
2 217(92.30)185(7.70)2 402(70.03)
不好980(95.33)48(4.67)1 028(29.97)
个人行为
文化程度90.507<0.001
文盲1 001(98.72)13(1.28)1 014(29.56)
小学及以下1 653(92.29)138(7.71)1 791(52.22)
初中及以上543 (86.88)82(13.12)625(18.22)
个人年收入(元)68.588<0.001
≤1 0001 440(96.06)59(3.94)1 499(43.70)
1 001~2 000964(94.14)60(5.86)1 024(29.85)
2 001~3 000145 (87.88)20(12.12)165(4.81)
>3 000648(87.33)94(12.67)742(21.63)
吸烟4.7390.029
847(91.67)77(8.33)924(26.94)
2 350(93.77)156(6.23)2 506(73.06)
饮酒19.169<0.001
936(90.35)100(9.65)1 036(30.20)
2 261(94.44)133(5.56)2 394(69.80)
体育锻炼7.1690.007
锻炼2 838(92.81)220(7.19)3 058(89.15)
不锻炼359(96.51)13(3.49)372(10.85)
每日睡眠时长(h)25.538<0.001
6~101 819(91.36)172(8.64)1 991(58.05)
>10或<61 378(95.76)61(4.24)1 439(41.95)
人际层次
婚姻状态14.472<0.001
在婚2 607(92.45)213(7.55)2 820(82.22)
不在婚590(96.72)20(3.28)610(17.78)
子女经济支持(元)9.7010.021
≤2 0001 515(94.10)95(5.90)1 610(46.94)
2 001~4 000569(94.21)35(5.79)604(17.61)
4 001~6 000358(92.75)28(7.25)386(11.25)
>6 000755(90.96)75(9.04)830(24.20)
子女联系频率1.4930.222
每天/每周2 794(93.01)210(6.99)3 004(87.58)
半个月及以上403(94.60)23(5.40)426(12.42)
互联网使用46.373<0.001
67(75.28)22(24.72)89(2.59)
3 130(93.68)211(6.32)3 341(97.41)
社区层次
工作情况1.7630.184
在业2 228(92.83)172(7.17)2 400(69.97)
不在业969(94.08)61(5.92)1 030(30.03)
住房类型0.6370.425
平房1 937(93.48)135(6.52)2 072(60.41)
楼房1 260(92.78)98(7.22)1 358(39.59)
生活满意度18.603<0.001
满意2 799(92.53)226(7.47)3 025(88.19)
不满意398(98.27)7(1.73)405(11.81)
社区居家养老服务2.24410.134
参加689(91.99)60(8.01)749(21.84)
不参加2 508(93.55)173(6.45)2 681(78.16)
家庭医生签约服务0.6740.412
166(91.71)15(8.29)181(5.28)
3 031(93.29)218(6.71)3 249(94.72)
政策层次
医疗保险3.8070.051
参加3 098(93.06)231(6.94)3 329(97.06)
不参加99(98.02)2(1.98)101(2.94)
养老保险7.6700.006
2 903(92.84)224(7.16)3 127(91.17)
294(97.03)9(2.97)303(8.83)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748866505593096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农村老年人成功老龄化单因素分析(n=3 430)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别成功老龄化总数
n(%)
χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
个体特征
性别25.753<0.001
1 508(90.95)150(9.05)1 658(48.34)
1 689(95.32)83(4.68)1 772(51.66)
年龄(岁)3.6560.161
60~692 071(92.62)165(7.38)2 236(65.19)
70~79972(94.19)60(5.81)1 032(30.09)
≥80154(95.06)8(4.94)162(4.72)
自评健康状况41.832<0.001
625(90.58)65(9.42)690(20.12)
一般1 382(91.40)130(8.60)1 512(44.08)
1 190(96.91)38(3.09)1 228(35.80)
有无残疾17.884<0.001
1 625(95.03)85(4.97)1 710(49.85)
1 572(91.40)148(8.60)1 720(50.15)
视力8.6990.003
563(90.51)59(9.49)622(18.13)
2 634(93.80)174(6.20)2 808(81.87)
听力25.836<0.001
725(89.29)87(10.71)812(23.67)
2 472(94.42)146(5.58)2 618(76.33)
儿童期健康状况10.457<0.001
2 217(92.30)185(7.70)2 402(70.03)
不好980(95.33)48(4.67)1 028(29.97)
个人行为
文化程度90.507<0.001
文盲1 001(98.72)13(1.28)1 014(29.56)
小学及以下1 653(92.29)138(7.71)1 791(52.22)
初中及以上543 (86.88)82(13.12)625(18.22)
个人年收入(元)68.588<0.001
≤1 0001 440(96.06)59(3.94)1 499(43.70)
1 001~2 000964(94.14)60(5.86)1 024(29.85)
2 001~3 000145 (87.88)20(12.12)165(4.81)
>3 000648(87.33)94(12.67)742(21.63)
吸烟4.7390.029
847(91.67)77(8.33)924(26.94)
2 350(93.77)156(6.23)2 506(73.06)
饮酒19.169<0.001
936(90.35)100(9.65)1 036(30.20)
2 261(94.44)133(5.56)2 394(69.80)
体育锻炼7.1690.007
锻炼2 838(92.81)220(7.19)3 058(89.15)
不锻炼359(96.51)13(3.49)372(10.85)
每日睡眠时长(h)25.538<0.001
6~101 819(91.36)172(8.64)1 991(58.05)
>10或<61 378(95.76)61(4.24)1 439(41.95)
人际层次
婚姻状态14.472<0.001
在婚2 607(92.45)213(7.55)2 820(82.22)
不在婚590(96.72)20(3.28)610(17.78)
子女经济支持(元)9.7010.021
≤2 0001 515(94.10)95(5.90)1 610(46.94)
2 001~4 000569(94.21)35(5.79)604(17.61)
4 001~6 000358(92.75)28(7.25)386(11.25)
>6 000755(90.96)75(9.04)830(24.20)
子女联系频率1.4930.222
每天/每周2 794(93.01)210(6.99)3 004(87.58)
半个月及以上403(94.60)23(5.40)426(12.42)
互联网使用46.373<0.001
67(75.28)22(24.72)89(2.59)
3 130(93.68)211(6.32)3 341(97.41)
社区层次
工作情况1.7630.184
在业2 228(92.83)172(7.17)2 400(69.97)
不在业969(94.08)61(5.92)1 030(30.03)
住房类型0.6370.425
平房1 937(93.48)135(6.52)2 072(60.41)
楼房1 260(92.78)98(7.22)1 358(39.59)
生活满意度18.603<0.001
满意2 799(92.53)226(7.47)3 025(88.19)
不满意398(98.27)7(1.73)405(11.81)
社区居家养老服务2.24410.134
参加689(91.99)60(8.01)749(21.84)
不参加2 508(93.55)173(6.45)2 681(78.16)
家庭医生签约服务0.6740.412
166(91.71)15(8.29)181(5.28)
3 031(93.29)218(6.71)3 249(94.72)
政策层次
医疗保险3.8070.051
参加3 098(93.06)231(6.94)3 329(97.06)
不参加99(98.02)2(1.98)101(2.94)
养老保险7.6700.006
2 903(92.84)224(7.16)3 127(91.17)
294(97.03)9(2.97)303(8.83)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748866664976655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of successful aging of the elderly in rural areas (n=3 430)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征因素类别参照组SEZPOR(95% CI
个体特征自评健康状况0.080-4.544<0.0010.426(0.294~0.615)
听力0.093-3.2660.0010.605(0.447~0.819)
儿童期健康状况0.112-2.5820.0100.635(0.450~0.897)
文化程度小学文盲1.6785.823<0.0015.646(3.153~10.110)
初中及以上2.3786.459<0.0017.571(4.091~14.011)
个人年收入(元)1 001~2 000≤1 0000.2841.9730.0491.465(1.002~2.141)
2 001~3 0000.9814.294<0.0013.422(1.952~6.001)
>3 0000.3874.161<0.0012.130(1.491~3.042)
个人行为体育锻炼0.158-2.1440.0330.525(0.291~0.948)
每日睡眠时长(h)>10或<66~100.099-3.0220.0030.615(0.449~0.843)
人际层次婚姻状态不在婚在婚0.139-2.3150.0210.565(0.349~0.917)
子女经济支持(元)>6 000≤2 0000.2212.2980.0221.427(1.053~1.934)
互联网使用0.132-2.6910.0070.469(0.271~0.814)
社区层次生活满意度不满意满意0.140-2.6220.0090.352(0.161~0.769)
政策层次养老保险0.174-2.0120.0450.491(0.245~0.983)
常数项0.025-6.654<0.0010.057(0.025~0.133)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748866757251349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375280469070622, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

农村老年人成功老龄化多因素 logistic 回归分析(n=3 430)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征因素类别参照组SEZPOR(95% CI
个体特征自评健康状况0.080-4.544<0.0010.426(0.294~0.615)
听力0.093-3.2660.0010.605(0.447~0.819)
儿童期健康状况0.112-2.5820.0100.635(0.450~0.897)
文化程度小学文盲1.6785.823<0.0015.646(3.153~10.110)
初中及以上2.3786.459<0.0017.571(4.091~14.011)
个人年收入(元)1 001~2 000≤1 0000.2841.9730.0491.465(1.002~2.141)
2 001~3 0000.9814.294<0.0013.422(1.952~6.001)
>3 0000.3874.161<0.0012.130(1.491~3.042)
个人行为体育锻炼0.158-2.1440.0330.525(0.291~0.948)
每日睡眠时长(h)>10或<66~100.099-3.0220.0030.615(0.449~0.843)
人际层次婚姻状态不在婚在婚0.139-2.3150.0210.565(0.349~0.917)
子女经济支持(元)>6 000≤2 0000.2212.2980.0221.427(1.053~1.934)
互联网使用0.132-2.6910.0070.469(0.271~0.814)
社区层次生活满意度不满意满意0.140-2.6220.0090.352(0.161~0.769)
政策层次养老保险0.174-2.0120.0450.491(0.245~0.983)
常数项0.025-6.654<0.0010.057(0.025~0.133)
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我国农村老年人成功老龄化现状及影响因素分析
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翟晏一 1 , 李润楠 2 , 翟文婷 3 , 李熹 4 , 郝卓亚 1 , 徐蕊 1 , 邴婧莹 5 , 李桐瑶 6 , 孙宏 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(8): 1447-1452
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(8): 1447-1452
我国农村老年人成功老龄化现状及影响因素分析
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翟晏一1, 李润楠2, 翟文婷3, 李熹4, 郝卓亚1, 徐蕊1, 邴婧莹5, 李桐瑶6, 孙宏1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨医科大学卫生管理学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
  • 2.淄博市第一医院
  • 3.康复大学青岛医院(青岛市市立医院)
  • 4.北京大学第三医院
  • 5.哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 6.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/河北中国医学科学院肿瘤医院
  • 翟晏一(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:人口老龄化

通讯作者:

孙宏,E-mail:
Current situations and influencing factors of successful aging of the rural elderly in China
Yan-yi ZHAI1, Run-nan LI2, Wen-ting ZHAI3, Xi LI4, Zhuo-ya HAO1, Rui XU1, Jing-ying BING5, Tong-yao LI6, Hong SUN1
Affiliations
  • School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306518
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目的

了解我国农村老年人成功老龄化现状,分析其影响因素。

方法

选取2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据中60岁及以上农村老年人作为研究对象,判定同时满足“无重大慢性疾病”、“无抑郁”、“认知和躯体功能良好”、“积极的社会参与”这四个维度为成功老龄化,继而基于社会生态系统理论,采用多因素logistic回归分析农村老年人成功老龄化的影响因素。

结果

我国农村老年人成功老龄化率为6.79%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,个人特征层次中的自评健康状况(OR=0.426,95% CI:0.294~0.615)、听力(OR=0.605,95% CI:0.447~0.819)、儿童期健康状况(OR=0.635,95% CI:0.450~0.897)、文化程度(OR=7.571,95% CI:4.091~14.011)、个人年收入(OR=3.422,95% CI:1.952~6.001),个人行为层次中的体育锻炼(OR=0.525,95% CI:0.291~0.948)、每日睡眠时长(OR=0.615,95% CI:0.449~0.843),人际层次中的婚姻状态(OR=0.565,95% CI:0.349~0.917)、子女经济支持(OR=1.427,95% CI:1.053~1.934)、互联网使用(OR=0.469,95% CI:0.271~0.814),社区层次中的生活满意度(OR=0.352,95% CI:0.161~0.769),政策层次中的养老保险(OR=0.491,95% CI:0.245~0.983)是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素。

结论

我国农村老年人成功老龄化实现程度偏低,认知和躯体功能良好、积极的社会参与维度是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的主要短板。

农村  /  老年人  /  社会生态系统理论  /  成功老龄化  /  影响因素
Objective

To understand the successful aging of the rural elderly in China and analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

The rural elderly aged 60 and above from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were selected as the research object, it was determined that successful aging is achieved by simultaneously meeting the four dimensions of " no major chronic diseases"," no depression"," good cognitive and physical function" and "active social participation". Then multifactor logistic regression was used to analyze the successful aging of the rural elderly based on the social ecosystem theory.

Results

The successful aging rate of the elderly in rural China was 6.79%. The results of multivariate logistic regression showed, self-rated health status in the hierarchy of personal characteristics (OR=0.426, 95% CI: 0.294-0.615), hearing (OR=0.605, 95% CI: 0.447-0.819), childhood health status (OR=0.635, 95% CI: 0.450-0.897), level of education (OR=7.571, 95% CI: 4.091-14.011), and personal annual income (OR=3.422, 95% CI:1.952-6.001), physical exercise in the individual behavioral hierarchy (OR=0.525, 95% CI: 0.291-0.948), daily duration of sleep (OR=0.615, 95% CI: 0.449-0.843), marriage status in the interpersonal level (OR=0.565, 95% CI: 0.349-0.917), financial support from children (OR=1.427, 95% CI: 1.053-1.934), internet use (OR=0.469, 95% CI:0.271-0.814), life satisfaction at the community level (OR=0.352, 95% CI:0.161-0.769), endowment insurance(OR=0.491, 95% CI: 0.245-0.983) in the policy level both were influencing factors for the successful aging of the elderly people in rural areas.

Conclusion

The degree of successful aging of the rural elderly in China is low, and good cognitive and physical functions and positive social participation dimensions are the main shortcomings for the successful aging of the rural elderly.

Rural area  /  Older adults  /  Society Ecosystems Theory  /  Successful aging  /  Influencing factor
翟晏一, 李润楠, 翟文婷, 李熹, 郝卓亚, 徐蕊, 邴婧莹, 李桐瑶, 孙宏. 我国农村老年人成功老龄化现状及影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1447 -1452 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306518
Yan-yi ZHAI, Run-nan LI, Wen-ting ZHAI, Xi LI, Zhuo-ya HAO, Rui XU, Jing-ying BING, Tong-yao LI, Hong SUN. Current situations and influencing factors of successful aging of the rural elderly in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1447 -1452 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306518
党的二十大报告指出,中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化,要优化人口发展战略,实施积极应对人口老龄化的国家战略。21世纪初我国已步入老龄化社会,老年人口数量多,增速快,近年来老龄化程度持续加深。截至2023年末,全国60岁及以上人口为29 697万人,占总人数的21.1%[1]。我国“未富先老”、“未备先老”的形势严峻。与城市相比,农村经济发展水平较低、医疗资源较少,绝大多数农村老年人健康状况不容乐观。成功老龄化是以一种积极的心态看待老龄化,提倡制定积极的策略和措施,最大限度提高老年人的躯体功能及社会参与能力,使老年人能够成为一种社会资源为家庭和社会创造价值[2]。目前国内研究多集中于心理健康、社会环境等因素与成功老龄化的关系,关注群体多为城市老年人,缺乏对农村老年人成功老龄化的现状研究。因此,本研究将利用社会生态系统理论,通过实证数据判定影响我国农村老年人成功老龄化的因素,为制定干预措施、改善农村老年人的健康状况提供现实依据。
资料来源于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查( China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS ) 数据。本研究选取60岁及以上农村老年人作为研究对象,剔除缺失及极端异常变量后最终纳入3 430例样本。
以农村老年人是否实现成功老龄化为因变量(是=1,否=0)。将成功老龄化定义为“没有疾病和残疾”、“良好的认知和躯体功能”、“积极的社会参与”三个维度[3]。考虑到“没有疾病和残疾”对老年人过于严苛,残疾老人也能根据他们的能力保持身体活动实现成功老龄化[4-5]。因此,本研究将成功老龄化模型调整为:“无重大慢性疾病”、“无抑郁”、“认知和躯体功能良好”、“积极的社会参与”四个维度,同时满足以上四个维度为成功老龄化。
本研究基于Bronfenbrenner生态系统理论,参考 Mcleroy 等[6]提出的五层次社会生态模型和其他研究人员的应用与完善[7-8],从个体特征层次(性别、年龄、自评健康状况、有无残疾、视力、听力、儿童期健康状况、文化程度、个人年收入)、个人行为层次(吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼、每日睡眠时长)、人际层次(婚姻状态、子女经济支持、子女联系频率、互联网使用)、社区层次(工作情况、住房类型、生活满意度、社区居家养老服务、家庭医生签约服务)、政策层次(医疗保险、养老保险)分析。其中,子女经济支持为过去一年老人从子女那里收到的财物支持。此外,健康中国行动(2019—2030年)提倡成人每日平均睡眠时间为7~8 h;美国国家睡眠基金会 (NSF) 也建议65岁以上的成人夜间睡眠时间应为 7~8 h,参考“老年人睡眠时间较短(<6 h)或较长(>10 h)都与成功老龄化的发生率较低有关”[9]这一研究成果,本研究综合考虑后设置“每日睡眠时长”这一变量,具体见表1
“无重大慢性疾病”:调查老年人患病情况,若没有患癌症、慢性肺病、糖尿病、心脏病、中风这五种慢性病,则认为其符合“无重大慢性疾病”维度[10-11]。“无抑郁”:CHARLS问卷中抑郁量表(CESD-10)得分<10分则判定符合“无抑郁”维度[12]。“认知和躯体功能良好”:CHARLS问卷中对老年人认知功能的调查包括时间定向、计算能力、画图能力和情景记忆四个方面,共21个问题,得分范围0~21分,若老年人得分高于或等于总体均值,则判定为认知功能良好[13-14];躯体功能用躯体性自理能力量表(PSMS)测定,包含进食、洗澡、穿衣、如厕、上下床、控制大小便6项指标。这6项中若有1项有困难则判定为失能,若6项指标均没有困难判定为躯体功能良好[15]。“积极的社会参与”:Rowe和Kahn认为,积极的社会参与包括人际关系和有意义的活动两方面,若被调查对象一个月内参加过“串门、跟朋友交往”、“向不住在一起的亲人、朋友或邻居提供帮助”、“参加志愿者活动或慈善活动”、“参加社团组织活动”任意一项活动,则认为其符合“积极的社会参与”。
采用Stata 17统计软件进行一般描述性分析,采用卡方检验对成功老龄化影响因素进行单因素分析。将单因素分析中有意义的变量逐步纳入多因素logistic回归模型进行分析,检验水准α=0.05。
在3 430名农村老年人中,实现成功老龄化233人,占总数的6.79%。符合“无重大慢性病”2 792人,占总数72.26%;符合“无抑郁”1 803人,占总数52.57%;符合“认知和躯体功能良好”1 133人,占总数33.03%;符合“积极参与社会”1 276人,占总人数37.02%。
单因素结果显示,性别、自评健康状况、视力、听力、有无残疾、儿童期健康状况、文化程度、个人年收入、吸烟、饮酒、每日睡眠时长、体育锻炼、婚姻状态、子女经济支持、互联网使用、生活满意度、有无养老保险等因素的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2
以农村老年人是否实现成功老龄化作为因变量(是=“1”,否=“0”),将表2中有统计学意义的变量逐步纳入多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果显示:自评健康状况、听力、儿童期健康状况、文化程度、个人年收入、体育锻炼、每日睡眠时长、婚姻状态、子女经济支持、互联网使用、生活满意度、养老保险是实现成功老龄化的影响因素。见表3
研究结果显示,我国农村老年人成功老龄化率为6.79%,成功老龄化实现程度整体偏低,认知和躯体功能良好(33.03%)、积极的社会参与(37.02%)维度符合率较低,是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的主要短板。多因素logistic回归结果显示,个体特征层次中,自评健康状况、听力、儿童期健康状况、文化程度及个人年收入是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素。自评健康状况差的老年人实现成功老龄化的可能性较低,这与童佩等人[16]的研究结果一致。自评健康状况是老年人对自己健康状况的主观评价,也是客观死亡率的有力预测指标[17]。良好的健康状况会促进老年人身体、心理及社会各方面积极发展,形成良好循环,因此更容易实现成功老龄化。儿童期健康状况差的农村老年人更不容易实现成功老龄化。这可能是由于儿童期健康状况会对成年后的社会经济地位及健康轨迹产生负面影响,阻碍老年人实现成功老龄化。与个人年收入在1 000元及以下老年人相比,个人年收入在1 001 ~2 000元、2 001~3 000元和3 000元以上的农村老年人实现成功老龄化可能性更大。年收入较高的农村老年人往往具有较高的社会经济地位,他们对患病风险的感知和干预能力较强,对健康产品的支付能力更强,因此会获得的相对更多的健康资源。文化程度在小学、初中及以上的农村老年人随着文化程度的升高,实现成功老龄化的概率也会增加,这与王雪辉等人[18]的研究结果一致。一般文化程度高的农村老年人经济条件相对较好,获取健康资源的途径和机会更多,因此抵抗疾病风险与维持健康资本的能力较强,实现成功老龄化几率更大。
在个人行为层次中,体育锻炼、每日睡眠时长是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素。与进行体育锻炼的人相比,不进行体育锻炼的农村老年人实现成功老龄化的概率较低,这与Bosnes[19]和Piccardi[20]等人的研究结果一致。体育活动对缓解应激反应、调节情绪具有积极作用,经常运动可以改善老年人的身体机能,有利于农村老年人实现成功老龄化。与每日睡眠时间在6~10 h的农村老年人相比,老年人每日睡眠时间过长(>10 h)或过短(<6 h)都会降低成功老龄化的几率,这与Liu等人[9]的研究结果一致。充足的睡眠可以休养生息,有利于保持最佳认知能力[21];睡眠质量差、睡眠不足及过度睡眠都可能导致精力和动力不足,可能会通过影响老年人的精神及身体状况而影响成功老龄化的实现[22]
在人际层次中,婚姻状态、子女经济支持、互联网使用是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素。与在婚和子女经济支持在2 000元及以下老年人相比,不在婚的农村老年人成功老龄化几率较低,子女经济支持在6 000元以上的农村老年人成功老龄化几率更大。与城市相比,农村经济、医疗等资源较少,老年人在经济及情感方面对伴侣和子女的依赖性更强。情感支持和经济支持会增加老年人的社会参与频率[23],更有证据证明老年人的社会支持水平与成功老龄化呈正相关[24],因此婚姻状态及子女经济支持会对农村老年人实现成功老龄化产生影响。不使用互联网的农村老年人成功老龄化几率更低,可能是因为网络可以增加农村老年人的社会联系和社会支持,促进老年人社会参与[25],提高中老年人的生活满意度和幸福感[26],从而对健康具有正向促进作用。此外,互联网的使用也会促进老年群体的医疗保健消费支出[27],这有利于维持健康存量,提高成功老龄化水平。
在社区层次中,生活满意度是影响农村老年人实现成功老龄化的因素,对生活感到不满意的农村老年人成功老龄化几率较低。生活满意度是老年人对自己生活质量的主观评价,提高老年人生活满意度有利于提升其生活质量,预防心理疾病。
在政策层次中,养老保险是农村老年人实现成功老龄化的影响因素,没有养老保险的农村老年人实现成功老龄化的几率低于有养老保险的老年人。养老保险可以为老人提供基本生活保障,有利于老人保持心理健康实现成功老龄化[28]。此外,养老保险的保障作用可能存在群体差异,对于相对贫困的老人,养老保险的效果更为明显[29]
我国老龄化进程逐步加快,为实现成功老龄化与健康老龄化的社会目标,农村老年人这一特殊的健康弱势群体应得到更多关注。未来应针对农村老年人群,从政策、社区、社会网络、个人行为等多层次制定全方位策略。继续大力扶持发展老年教育事业,构建农村老年人健康服务网络;鼓励老年人以积极心态面对衰老,引导老年人养成健康的行为及生活方式;持续推动老年人社会参与,增进老年人的社会活动能力。稳步推进老年友好型社会环境建设,使老年人优待和权益保障落到实处,有利于缩小“健康鸿沟”,提高农村老年人成功老龄化率。
  • 黑龙江省社科联2014年度黑龙江经济社会发展重点研究课题(0202)
  • 2015年黑龙江省高校智库建设
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306518
  • 接收时间:2023-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-29
基金
黑龙江省社科联2014年度黑龙江经济社会发展重点研究课题(0202)
2015年黑龙江省高校智库建设
作者信息
    1.哈尔滨医科大学卫生管理学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
    2.淄博市第一医院
    3.康复大学青岛医院(青岛市市立医院)
    4.北京大学第三医院
    5.哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院
    6.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/河北中国医学科学院肿瘤医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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