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Article(id=1240375279454048969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658111680, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658111680, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658111680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658111680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1425, endPage=1430, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375279777010408, articleId=1240375279454048969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and internet gaming addiction in students based on latent profile analyses, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To identify potential subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among middle school students and further explore the association between these subtypes and internet gaming addiction.

Methods

A stratified random sampling method was used to select 2 100 students from six middle schools in Bijie City, Guizhou Province. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) and the Barkley Current Symptom Scale (BCSS) were administered for assessment. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was employed to determine the latent classifications of ADHD symptoms, followed by the application of a robust three-step approach to analyze the relationship between these classifications and internet gaming addiction. To assess the relationship between ADHD symptom classifications and the risk of internet gaming addiction, binary Logistic regression analysis was conducted, controlling for demographic variables such as gender and age, to clarify the predictive effect of ADHD symptoms on the risk of internet gaming addiction.

Results

The prevalence rate of internet gaming addiction among middle school students was found to be 4.57% (n=96). Latent profile analysis identified three potential subtypes of ADHD symptoms: low symptom subtype (n=1 058, 50.4%), moderate symptom subtype (n=829, 39.5%), and high symptom subtype (n=213, 10.1%). Further analysis indicated statistically significant differences in internet gaming addiction scores among the ADHD symptom subtypes (χ2=547.438, P<0.001), with the high symptom subtype scoring the highest, followed by the moderate symptom subtype, and the low symptom subtype(scores were 26.79±0.54, 19.47±0.26, 14.75±0.19, respectively). After adjusting for demographic variables such as gender and ethnicity and conducting multiple comparisons, the association between moderate and high levels of ADHD symptoms and the risk of internet gaming addiction remained significant (OR values respectively were (1.25, 95% CI:1.58-1.35) and (1.14, 95% CI:1.08-1.20)), while the impact of the low symptom level was not significant.

Conclusion

There is significant heterogeneity in ADHD symptoms among middle school students and different latent subtypes of ADHD symptoms are significantly associated with internet gaming addiction. Students with higher levels of ADHD symptoms are more likely to have higher internet gaming addiction scores. Schools and families should pay more attention to middle school students exhibiting more severe ADHD symptoms to promote mental health development.

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目的

识别中学生注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）症状的潜在类别，并进一步分析不同潜类别与网络游戏成瘾的关联。

方法

采用分层随机抽样从贵州省毕节市6所中学抽取2 100名学生，应用自评式网络游戏成瘾量表（IGDS）和Barkley当前症状量表（BCSS）进行评估。通过潜在剖面分析（LPA）确定ADHD症状的潜在分类，随后利用稳健三步法分析这些分类与网络游戏成瘾之间的联系。为了评估ADHD症状分类与网络游戏成瘾风险之间的关系，进一步采用二元logistic回归分析，控制性别、年龄等人口统计学变量，明确ADHD症状对网络游戏成瘾风险的预测作用。

结果

中学生网络游戏成瘾的检出率为4.57%（共96人）。潜在剖面分析识别出ADHD症状的三个潜在类别：低症状型（1 058名，占50.4%）、中症状型（829名，占39.5%）、高症状型（213名，占10.1%）。进一步分析显示，ADHD症状潜在类别在网络游戏成瘾评分上的差异具有统计学意义（χ2=547.438，P<0.001），其中高症状型的网络游戏成瘾得分最高，其次是中症状型，低症状型得分最低（得分分别为26.79±0.54、19.47±0.26、14.75±0.19）。调整性别、民族等人口统计学变量、多重比较后发现中、高程度ADHD症状与网络游戏成瘾风险之间的关联性保持显著（OR值分别为（1.25,95% CI:1.58~1.35）、（1.14,95% CI:1.08~1.20）），而低症状程度的影响不显著。

结论

中学生的ADHD症状存在异质性，ADHD症状的不同潜在类别与网络游戏成瘾之间存在显著的关联性。ADHD症状程度较高的学生更可能有较高的网络游戏成瘾得分，学校和家庭应对表现出较严重ADHD症状的中学生给予更多关注，促进心理健康的发展。

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庹安写，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yEhyaxe9N2aVh2216hp8mQ==, magXml=TlDitkZFKMCIJqrMuQOxlw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=J17xrcW9jT2oSvN6r+ip1g==, pdfFileSize=740631, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1cE8veU8iYrUX16aTQHDCQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8TFmBQKc+163w7VcyhTckA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孔维森(1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生学

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孔维森(1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生学

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孔维森(1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生学

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Potential profile fitting index of ADHD in middle school students(n=2 100)

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模型AIC值BIC值aBIc值Entropy值PLMR值PBLRT值
198 635.1598 838.5498 724.17---
289 619.6589 930.3989 755.650.940.000.00
386 312.3286 730.3986 495.290.890.000.00
485 432.1785 957.5985 662.120.870.550.00
584 755.9085 388.6685 032.830.880.170.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857198441221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中学生ADHD的潜在剖面拟合指数(n=2 100)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AIC值BIC值aBIc值Entropy值PLMR值PBLRT值
198 635.1598 838.5498 724.17---
289 619.6589 930.3989 755.650.940.000.00
386 312.3286 730.3986 495.290.890.000.00
485 432.1785 957.5985 662.120.870.550.00
584 755.9085 388.6685 032.830.880.170.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857349436183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution comparison of potential categories of ADHD among middle school students with different demographic variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学统计指标选项人数低症状型中症状型高症状型χ2 值P值
性别5.5230.063
男1 059553(52.21)392(37.02)114(10.77)
女1 041505(48.49)437(41.89)99(9.62)
学段33.644<0.001
初中1 020475(46.58)403(39.45)142(13.97)
高中1 080583(53.88)426(39.37)71(6.75)
民族25.398<0.001
汉族1 419716(50.49)590(41.48)113(8.03)
少数民族681342(50.16)239(35.08)100(14.76)
留守经历47.440<0.001
是350155(44.27)124(35.38)71(20.35)
否1 750903(51.56)705(40.28)142(8.16)
学习负担76.999<0.001
较重691291(42.10)313(45.30)87(12.60)
一般1 26370(55.58)472 (37.40)89(7.02)
较轻14665(44.49)44(30.20)37(25.31)
户籍类型1.5940.451
城市340181(53.20)124(36.49)35(10.31)
农村1 760877(49.77)705(40.09)178(10.14)
独生子女19.182<0.001
是297133(44.80)113(38.10)51(17.10)
否1 803925(51.30)716(39.69)162(9.01)
家庭类型121.578<0.001
完整1 557843(54.10)608(39.10)106(6.80)
重组220100(45.49)91(41.37)29(13.14)
单亲23898(41.10)92(38.69)48((20.21)
其他8517(20.00)38(44.69)30(35.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857445905184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同人口学变量中学生ADHD潜在类别分布比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学统计指标选项人数低症状型中症状型高症状型χ2 值P值
性别5.5230.063
男1 059553(52.21)392(37.02)114(10.77)
女1 041505(48.49)437(41.89)99(9.62)
学段33.644<0.001
初中1 020475(46.58)403(39.45)142(13.97)
高中1 080583(53.88)426(39.37)71(6.75)
民族25.398<0.001
汉族1 419716(50.49)590(41.48)113(8.03)
少数民族681342(50.16)239(35.08)100(14.76)
留守经历47.440<0.001
是350155(44.27)124(35.38)71(20.35)
否1 750903(51.56)705(40.28)142(8.16)
学习负担76.999<0.001
较重691291(42.10)313(45.30)87(12.60)
一般1 26370(55.58)472 (37.40)89(7.02)
较轻14665(44.49)44(30.20)37(25.31)
户籍类型1.5940.451
城市340181(53.20)124(36.49)35(10.31)
农村1 760877(49.77)705(40.09)178(10.14)
独生子女19.182<0.001
是297133(44.80)113(38.10)51(17.10)
否1 803925(51.30)716(39.69)162(9.01)
家庭类型121.578<0.001
完整1 557843(54.10)608(39.10)106(6.80)
重组220100(45.49)91(41.37)29(13.14)
单亲23898(41.10)92(38.69)48((20.21)
其他8517(20.00)38(44.69)30(35.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857546568493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing potential categories of ADHD symptoms in middle school students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素选项中症状型高症状型
OR值
(95% CI)		偏回归系数P值OR值
(95% CI)		偏回归系数P值
民族少数民族0.90(0.80~1.00)-0.090.5781.37(1.16~1.58)0.31<0.001
学段高中0.85(0.67~1.02)-0.160.6420.39(0.26~0.52)-0.73<0.001
独生子女非独生子0.90(0.63~1.18)-0.090.5240.44(0.28~0.61)-0.80<0.001
留守经历无0.98(0.70~1.26)-0.010.5650.33(0.22~0.44)-1.09<0.001
学习负担较轻1.01(0.79~1.27)0.010.6440.21(0.14~0.35)-1.53<0.001
较重1.70(0.91~2.49)0.530.4230.52(0.27~0.78)-0.64<0.001
家庭类型重组1.28(1.05~1.57)0.250.5451.85(1.09~3.15)0.87<0.001
单亲1.32(1.07~1.63)0.280.5584.80(2.96~7.79)1.40<0.001
其他3.51(1.40~8.80)1.250.45616.16(5.77~45.50)2.78<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857626260279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中学生ADHD症状潜在类别影响因素的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素选项中症状型高症状型
OR值
(95% CI)		偏回归系数P值OR值
(95% CI)		偏回归系数P值
民族少数民族0.90(0.80~1.00)-0.090.5781.37(1.16~1.58)0.31<0.001
学段高中0.85(0.67~1.02)-0.160.6420.39(0.26~0.52)-0.73<0.001
独生子女非独生子0.90(0.63~1.18)-0.090.5240.44(0.28~0.61)-0.80<0.001
留守经历无0.98(0.70~1.26)-0.010.5650.33(0.22~0.44)-1.09<0.001
学习负担较轻1.01(0.79~1.27)0.010.6440.21(0.14~0.35)-1.53<0.001
较重1.70(0.91~2.49)0.530.4230.52(0.27~0.78)-0.64<0.001
家庭类型重组1.28(1.05~1.57)0.250.5451.85(1.09~3.15)0.87<0.001
单亲1.32(1.07~1.63)0.280.5584.80(2.96~7.79)1.40<0.001
其他3.51(1.40~8.80)1.250.45616.16(5.77~45.50)2.78<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857731117883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Differences in potential categories of ADHD symptoms among middle school students with respect to internet gaming addiction were tested using analysis of variance (Score，)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量ADHD类型χ2值1vs21vs32vs3P值
1.低症状型2.中症状型3.高症状型
网络游戏成瘾得分14.75±0.1919.47±0.2626.79±0.54547.438198.028438.759144.187<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857840169796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中学生ADHD症状潜在类别在网络游戏成瘾评分上的差异检验(分，)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量ADHD类型χ2值1vs21vs32vs3P值
1.低症状型2.中症状型3.高症状型
网络游戏成瘾得分14.75±0.1919.47±0.2626.79±0.54547.438198.028438.759144.187<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748857970193231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for the Association Between Latent Classes of ADHD Symptoms and Internet Gaming Addiction in Adolescents from Binary logistic Analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型一模型二
低症状型中症状型高症状型低症状型中症状型高症状型
网络游戏成瘾1.04（0.89~1.20）1.23（1.14~1.32）1.13（1.08~1.19）1.07（0.92~1.23）1.25（1.58~1.35）1.14（1.08~1.20）
P值0.643<0.001<0.0010.612<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748858070856534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375279454048969, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

二元logistic分析中学生ADHD症状潜在类别对网络游戏成瘾OR值及95% CI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型一模型二
低症状型中症状型高症状型低症状型中症状型高症状型
网络游戏成瘾1.04（0.89~1.20）1.23（1.14~1.32）1.13（1.08~1.19）1.07（0.92~1.23）1.25（1.58~1.35）1.14（1.08~1.20）
P值0.643<0.001<0.0010.612<0.001<0.001
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基于潜在剖面分析中学生注意缺陷多动障碍症状与网络游戏成瘾的关系
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孔维森 1 , 韩杨 1 , 王凯伦 2 , 李兵 3 , 庹安写 2
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(8): 1425-1430
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(8): 1425-1430
基于潜在剖面分析中学生注意缺陷多动障碍症状与网络游戏成瘾的关系
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孔维森1, 韩杨1, 王凯伦2, 李兵3, 庹安写2
作者信息
  • 1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 561113
  • 2.贵州医科大学医学人文学院
  • 3.贵州大学

    • 孔维森(1998—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生学

通讯作者:

庹安写，E-mail：
Relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and internet gaming addiction in students based on latent profile analyses
Wei-sen KONG1, Yang HAN1, Kai-lun WANG2, Bin LI3, An-xie TUO2
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Surveillance, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health and Wellness, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312075
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摘要
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目的

识别中学生注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）症状的潜在类别，并进一步分析不同潜类别与网络游戏成瘾的关联。

方法

采用分层随机抽样从贵州省毕节市6所中学抽取2 100名学生，应用自评式网络游戏成瘾量表（IGDS）和Barkley当前症状量表（BCSS）进行评估。通过潜在剖面分析（LPA）确定ADHD症状的潜在分类，随后利用稳健三步法分析这些分类与网络游戏成瘾之间的联系。为了评估ADHD症状分类与网络游戏成瘾风险之间的关系，进一步采用二元logistic回归分析，控制性别、年龄等人口统计学变量，明确ADHD症状对网络游戏成瘾风险的预测作用。

结果

中学生网络游戏成瘾的检出率为4.57%（共96人）。潜在剖面分析识别出ADHD症状的三个潜在类别：低症状型（1 058名，占50.4%）、中症状型（829名，占39.5%）、高症状型（213名，占10.1%）。进一步分析显示，ADHD症状潜在类别在网络游戏成瘾评分上的差异具有统计学意义（χ2=547.438，P<0.001），其中高症状型的网络游戏成瘾得分最高，其次是中症状型，低症状型得分最低（得分分别为26.79±0.54、19.47±0.26、14.75±0.19）。调整性别、民族等人口统计学变量、多重比较后发现中、高程度ADHD症状与网络游戏成瘾风险之间的关联性保持显著（OR值分别为（1.25,95% CI:1.58~1.35）、（1.14,95% CI:1.08~1.20）），而低症状程度的影响不显著。

结论

中学生的ADHD症状存在异质性，ADHD症状的不同潜在类别与网络游戏成瘾之间存在显著的关联性。ADHD症状程度较高的学生更可能有较高的网络游戏成瘾得分，学校和家庭应对表现出较严重ADHD症状的中学生给予更多关注，促进心理健康的发展。

ADHD症状  /  网络游戏成瘾  /  中学生  /  潜在剖面分析
Objective

To identify potential subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among middle school students and further explore the association between these subtypes and internet gaming addiction.

Methods

A stratified random sampling method was used to select 2 100 students from six middle schools in Bijie City, Guizhou Province. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) and the Barkley Current Symptom Scale (BCSS) were administered for assessment. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was employed to determine the latent classifications of ADHD symptoms, followed by the application of a robust three-step approach to analyze the relationship between these classifications and internet gaming addiction. To assess the relationship between ADHD symptom classifications and the risk of internet gaming addiction, binary Logistic regression analysis was conducted, controlling for demographic variables such as gender and age, to clarify the predictive effect of ADHD symptoms on the risk of internet gaming addiction.

Results

The prevalence rate of internet gaming addiction among middle school students was found to be 4.57% (n=96). Latent profile analysis identified three potential subtypes of ADHD symptoms: low symptom subtype (n=1 058, 50.4%), moderate symptom subtype (n=829, 39.5%), and high symptom subtype (n=213, 10.1%). Further analysis indicated statistically significant differences in internet gaming addiction scores among the ADHD symptom subtypes (χ2=547.438, P<0.001), with the high symptom subtype scoring the highest, followed by the moderate symptom subtype, and the low symptom subtype(scores were 26.79±0.54, 19.47±0.26, 14.75±0.19, respectively). After adjusting for demographic variables such as gender and ethnicity and conducting multiple comparisons, the association between moderate and high levels of ADHD symptoms and the risk of internet gaming addiction remained significant (OR values respectively were (1.25, 95% CI:1.58-1.35) and (1.14, 95% CI:1.08-1.20)), while the impact of the low symptom level was not significant.

Conclusion

There is significant heterogeneity in ADHD symptoms among middle school students and different latent subtypes of ADHD symptoms are significantly associated with internet gaming addiction. Students with higher levels of ADHD symptoms are more likely to have higher internet gaming addiction scores. Schools and families should pay more attention to middle school students exhibiting more severe ADHD symptoms to promote mental health development.

ADHD symptoms  /  Internet gaming addiction  /  Middle school students  /  Latent profile analysis
孔维森, 韩杨, 王凯伦, 李兵, 庹安写. 基于潜在剖面分析中学生注意缺陷多动障碍症状与网络游戏成瘾的关系. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1425 -1430 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312075
Wei-sen KONG, Yang HAN, Kai-lun WANG, Bin LI, An-xie TUO. Relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and internet gaming addiction in students based on latent profile analyses[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1425 -1430 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312075
正文
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随着互联网和数字技术的迅猛发展，互联网已成为中学生日常生活的重要组成部分，根据2022年的《全国未成年人互联网使用情况研究报告》，我国未成年人的互联网普及率达到了96.8%，大约有20%的未成年网民表现出对网络的依赖和沉迷的心理倾向[1]；中国青少年网络游戏成瘾的患病率在2.2%~21.5%之间，并且有逐年增加的态势[2]。网络游戏成瘾是指对网络游戏的过度使用，并对个人的生活功能和心理健康产生明显的负面影响[3]。研究发现，网络游戏成瘾可能导致学业问题、社交问题、情绪问题等不良后果[4-5]。研究显示网络游戏成瘾与注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）症状有关[6]。
ADHD症状呈连续分布，ADHD确诊个体和阈下ADHD症状个体具有临床相关性[7]。虽然阈下ADHD个体未完全满足ADHD诊断标准，但他们的行为和认知功能表现却不如健康人群，在注意力集中、冲动控制方面仍显著受损[8]。ADHD核心症状包括注意力缺陷以及冲动多动，这些症状通常在儿童期就开始出现，并在青少年期持续存在。这些症状对个体的学习、工作、社交和日常生活产生了显著影响。根据自我控制双系统模型，感觉寻求和冲动控制障碍是个体行为维持的主要影响因素，冲动控制功能的异常是成瘾障碍的核心特征[9]。ADHD 症状的特征之一就是冲动控制障碍，即ADHD症状越严重，网络游戏成瘾可能越严重[10]。网络游戏成瘾与 ADHD 的相互影响可能会导致更严重的个体损害。与一般网络玩家相比，同时患网络游戏成瘾与ADHD 的患者自杀行为和自残行为的风险更高[11]。通过潜在剖面分析方法对ADHD症状进行细致分类，不仅可以帮助揭示ADHD在不同个体中的表现差异，还能为理解其如何影响网络游戏成瘾提供新的视角。此外，人口学变量如年龄、性别和家庭结构在ADHD的发生、发展及其对行为影响中起着至关重要的作用。
因此，本研究以贵州省毕节市的中学生为对象，旨在通过潜在剖面分析方法对ADHD症状进行分类，并考察不同人口学变量如性别、年龄和家庭背景对ADHD症状潜类别的影响。进一步应用二元logistic回归分析，评估不同ADHD潜类别与网络游戏成瘾风险之间的关系,为制定针对性预防措施提供科学依据。
1 对象与方法
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1.1 对象
采用分层随机抽样方法，根据贵州省毕节市及其周边地区黔西市和金沙县的经济发展水平进行层次划分。在每个地区，随机选取一所初中和一所高中，。共计六所学校。在每所学校内，随机选择2个年级中的3至5个教学班级，最终共抽取45个教学班级进行研究。在获得参与者知情同意后，于2023年1—3月进行了集体调查，共发放了2 248份问卷。在排除掉多选、漏选问卷后，最终获得了2 100份有效问卷，有效率为93.41%。其中，男生1 059名(50.4%)，女生1 041名(49.6%)；初一学生346名(16.5%)，初二学生281名(13.4%)，初三学生393名(18.7%)，高一学生391名(18.6%)，高二学生334名(15.9%)，高三学生355名(16.9%)。本研究伦理已获得贵州医科大学伦理委员会批准(20230181)。
1.2 调查工具
1.2.1 人口学信息问卷
收集参与者的基本信息，包括但不限于性别、年龄、民族、家庭经济状况、家庭结构（如是否单亲、重组家庭等）、学习负担和留守儿童经历等
1.2.2 简式网络游戏障碍量表（nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form, IGDS9-SF）[12]
采用IGDS9-SF汉化版，该量表包含9个条目，使用李克特5级评分法，从1（从不）到5（几乎总是），得分范围为9~45分。2019年此量表被译制为中文，并验证了其信效度良好，在中国背景下32分为最佳阳性截断为32分[13]（诊断准确率96.1%，敏感性98.0%，特异性91.9%，阴性预测值91.9%，阳性预测值100%）。
1.2.3 Barkley当前症状量表(The Barkley Current Symptoms Scale，BCSS)[14]
采用该量表汉化版，共有18个条目，包括注意缺陷和多动冲动两个因子。采用李克特4级计分：1=从不或很少，2=有时，3=经常，4=非常频繁。得分越高表明个体的注意缺陷与多动及冲动程度越高。研究显示汉化后有较高的信效度[15]，本研究中该量表的Conbach α系数为0.914。
1.3 质量控制
调查人员接受专业培训，使用统一的指导语填写问卷，调查人员详细说明问卷填写注意事项，并确保调查内容保密仅用作研究使用。现场解答疑问，确保被调查者理解清楚。调查员对收集的问卷及时核查，对问卷进行筛选和录入。
1.4 统计学方法
采用EpiData 3.0建立数据库。进一步采用Mplus 8.0软件进行潜在类别分析(LPA)，探索中学生ADHD的潜在类别。AIC、BIC、aBIC值越低，表示模型拟合的越好；Entropy值越接近1 表示分类准确率越可接受；LMRT和BLRT值显著，表明当前模型与少一个类别模型的差异具有统计学意义[16]。使用SPSS 26.0进行统计描述，采用χ2检验探究不同潜类别人群在人口学上的差异；采用logistic回归分析ADHD潜类别对网络游戏成瘾的影响，检验水准α=0.05。
2 结果
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2.1 中学生ADHD类型潜在剖面
以BCSS量表的18个题目为指标，拟合出了中学生ADHD1-5个类别的LPA模型，模型拟合参数见表1，中学生ADHD潜在剖面分析的AIC、BIC、aBIC值从模型1开始逐渐降低，模型3的PLMR、PBLRT值达到显著水平，且Entropy值为0.893，提示3分类模型为最优模型。
2.2 ADHD类型分类
通过LPA分析，每位参与者根据其ADHD症状得分概率被分为3个类别，各类别在各维度间无交点，形态变化趋于一致。类别1有1 058(50.4%)的个体ADHD症状表现低于其他类别，命名为“低ADHD症状型”，类别2有829(39.5%)的个体ADHD症状处于中间水平，命名为“中ADHD症状型”，类别3有213(10.1%)的个体ADHD症状表现高于其他组，命名为“高ADHD症状型”。详见图1。
2.3 ADHD症状潜在类别分布特征
中学生ADHD潜类别在年级、民族、是否走读，是否留守、独生子女、学习负担、家庭类型上的分布差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)，而在性别、户籍类型上差异无统计学意义。见表2。
2.4 人口学变量对中学生ADHA症状潜在类别的影响
为探究人口学变量对ADHD当前症状的影响，采用稳健三步法的R3STEP命令进行分析。以LPA分析结果为因变量，以民族、学段、独生子女、留守经历、学习负担和家庭类型为自变量进行多项式logistic回归分析。以“低症状组”作为回归模型的参考组，结果如表3。
2.5 中学生ADHD潜在类别对网络游戏成瘾的影响
本研究中中学生网络游戏成瘾的检出率为4.57%。通过稳健三步法分析ADHD症状类别与网络游戏成瘾评分之间的关系，并用二元logistic回归进一步评估这些症状类别对成瘾风险的影响，以精确探讨ADHD与网络游戏成瘾间的联系、明确ADHD症状多样性对成瘾倾向的具体作用。结果如表4和表5所示，ADHD症状类别与中学生网络游戏成瘾得分显著相关，得分从低症状型到高症状型逐渐增加。二元logistic分析显示，中、高症状型学生相比低症状型在网络游戏成瘾风险上显著更高，说明ADHD症状严重程度与成瘾风险正相关。
3 讨论
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本研究通过对中学生ADHD当前症状进行潜在剖面分析，发现中学生群体有明显分类特征，根据量表平均得分特征分为“低ADHD症状型”、“中ADHD症状型”、“高ADHD症状型”，3个类别得分差异有统计学意义，表明中学生ADHD症状存在异质性。其中10%的个体表现为“高ADHD症状”，提示具有阈下ADHD症状，与既往研究一致[17]。本研究中显示有超过50%的中学生处在中、高症状组，提示中学生ADHD症状问题不容忽视，学校应尽早识别并干预。
在对不同人口学特征差异对比中发现，男女阈下ADHD症状并无差异，与既往研究一致[18]。相比于ADHD确诊患儿，ADHD阈下症状男女无差异的原因可能是诊断标准和方法的不同，ADHD男性更可能表现出过动和冲动行为，而女性则可能更多地表现为注意力不集中，传统ADHD的诊断侧重于过动和冲动行为，这可能导致更多的男性被诊断为ADHD，如果采用包括注意力不集中在内的更广泛的诊断标准，可能会发现更多的女性有ADHD症状[19]。
本研究进一步发现少数民族、学习负担较轻和较重的、以及来自非完整家庭的学生更可能表现出ADHD的"高症状型"；高中学段、非独生子女以及无留守经历的学生相比于各自的对照组，更可能表现为ADHD的"低症状型"。ADHD对学习成绩有着强烈的负面影响[20]，较差的学习成绩可能让学生感到更重的学习负担，导致学生承受着较大的压力和焦虑，这些心理负担可能加剧了他们的ADHD症状。与既往研究一致，独生子女和非完整家庭的学生表现出更严重的ADHD症状[21-22]，两者都有可能面临家庭动荡、家庭冲突、亲子关系不稳定等家庭凝聚力问题、更少的社会支持等影响ADHD症状的因素[23]。一项调查显示在生理和心理两方面，有留守经历的儿童或青少年的生命质量得分均明显低于同龄儿童或青少年[24]。留守儿童面临着家庭分离、亲子关系疏离、缺乏家庭支持等特殊的心理、社会和环境因素，这些因素可能对留守儿童的发展和心理健康产生负面影响，增加他们出现ADHD症状的风险。相比于初中生，高中生ADHD症状有明显的改善。一项18年的随访研究显示，ADHD学龄儿童进入青春期后症状随时间的推移而减少[25]，高中生相较于初中生可能有更多的经验和应对策略面对压力和管理自己的行为，因此他们的ADHD症状可能不会那么严重。
本探究中学生群体中网络游戏成瘾检出率为4.57%。稳健三步法结果显示随着ADHD症状严重程度的增加，网络游戏成瘾的程度也随之增加。具体来说，ADHD症状轻度的学生在网络游戏成瘾方面的得分显著低于症状中度的学生，而症状中度的学生又显著低于症状严重的学生。二元logistic分析显示在未调整任何协变量的情况下，中症状型和高症状型与网络游戏成瘾之间存在显著的正相关。调整协变量后，中症状型和高症状型的显著性保持不变，表明ADHD症状的中、高程度是网络游戏成瘾的一个风险因素。低症状型在两个模型中都没有显示出统计显著性，表明与中、高症状型相比，低症状型与网络游戏成瘾之间的关联较弱。在考虑了其他重要人口统计学因素后，ADHD症状仍与网络游戏成瘾之间存在显著关联。与前人研究结果一致，意大利的一项病例对照研究结果显示ADHD 患者相比于对照组有更高的风险患网络游戏成瘾[26]。虽然本研究未直接探讨ADHD与网络游戏成瘾之间的双向关系，但现有文献支持这种可能性。瑞典的一项研究显示网络游戏成瘾与ADHD有双向关联[27]，原因可能是网络游戏会激活大脑的多巴胺奖励系统，游戏过程中多巴胺释放，进一步吸引ADHD个体参与网络游戏，从而创造一个负循环[28]。网络游戏的快节奏和即时反馈可能满足了ADHD个体的需求，因此更容易吸引他们投入更多的时间。中学生处于学习成长的关键时期，中学生的心理健康及行为问题可能影响至成年时期甚至一生，本研究显示有ADHD症状的学生可能更容易网络游戏成瘾。因此，针对ADHD风险的中学生预防措施对于早期干预网络游戏成瘾至关重要，能够有效减少因ADHD症状导致的过度游戏行为。通过识别ADHD症状，可以更早地发现中学生潜在的网络游戏成瘾问题，及时采取干预措施。
基金
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  • 贵州省2022年省级大学生创新创业项目(S202210660063)
  • 贵州省卫健委2023年科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2023-476)
文献
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312075
  • 接收时间：2023-12-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-16
  • 出版时间：2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-05
基金
贵州省2022年省级大学生创新创业项目(S202210660063)
贵州省卫健委2023年科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2023-476)
作者信息
    1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 561113
    2.贵州医科大学医学人文学院
    3.贵州大学

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