Article(id=1240375277340127421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312226, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658111176, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658111176, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658111176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658111176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1460, endPage=1466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375278153822410, articleId=1240375277340127421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Medical care-seeking behaviors and their associations with multimorbidity based on the ecology of the medical care model, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study applied the ecology of the medical care model to describe healthcare-seeking behaviors among community-based individuals and to examine the association between multimorbidity and various types of healthcare-seeking behaviors.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Fangshan District, Beijing and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province from July to September 2023. Community residents aged 20 years old and above were sampled by using a multistage stratified sampling approach and recruited to participate in the study. The number of individuals who had symptoms or had relevant healthcare-seeking behaviors was calculated per thousand people per month and relevant indicators were demonstrated by using the ecology of the healthcare model. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the association between self-reported multimorbidity and each level of healthcare-seeking behaviors, with key socio-demographic characteristics adjusted in the model.

Results

A total of 6 004 records with completed surveys were included in the analysis (56.4% of participants were females, mean age: 50.4±14.7). On a thousand-person per month basis, about 382 participants self-report having symptoms, 162 had visited to healthcare facilities (including 61 visited to primary healthcare facilities, 47 visited to tertiary hospitals), 62 were self-medicated, 10 were hospitalized, 5 visited to emergency department, 4 had operations and 1 received tele-medicine. A higher proportion of healthcare seeking behaviors were observed among individuals with multimorbidity than those self-reported with no or one chronic condition. The results of multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that compared with individuals without chronic condition, individuals with one chronic condition or multimorbidity had higher likelihood of healthcare facility visits [(OR:1.67, 95% CI:1.38-2.02) and (OR:3.40, 95% CI:2.83-4.08)], and hospitalization [(OR:2.60, 95% CI:2.04-3.32) and (OR:5.17, 95% CI:4.10-6.51)].

Conclusion

Among all individuals with potential healthcare needs, less than half had healthcare seeking behaviors, and the proportion is higher among individuals with multimorbidity. Future research should further investigate the implication of findings on population medicine from the ecology of medical care model. Actions are also needed to further strengthen the healthcare system and optimize its integration and effectiveness in addressing the emerging challenge of multimorbidity and to reduce the unmet health needs.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng-yan ZHANG, Ji ZHANG, Yu-qian CHEN, Xue-jun YIN, Yi-hao ZHAO, Zhen-zhong WANG, Jie WANG, Fang-qin TAN, En-ying GONG, Rui-tai SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240375278975906054, articleId=1240375277340127421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于医疗保健生态学模型的人群医疗照护行为及慢性病共病状况研究, columnId=1228016568014139551, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=卫生政策与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

应用医疗保健生态学模型描述人群医疗照护行为情况,分析共病与各类型医疗照护行为的关联,为合理配置医疗保健资源提供理论证据。

方法

2023年7—9月间,采用多阶段分层抽样,纳入来自北京市房山区和江西省婺源县20岁及以上的居民开展横断面调查。基于医疗保健生态模型开展描述性分析,计算以每千人月为单位医疗照护行为情况,绘制医疗保健生态图。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨共病与医疗照护行为的关系。

结果

研究回收了来自6 004名调查对象的有效问卷(女性:56.4%,平均年龄50.4±14.7岁)。平均每月每千人,约有382人报告有不适症状或外伤、162人有医疗机构门诊就诊行为(61人在基层医疗机构就诊、47人在三级医院门诊就诊)、62人自行用药、10人住院、5人急诊就诊、4人接受手术治疗、1人接受远程诊疗。约31.9%的调查对象自报患有共病,其寻求医疗照护的比例相较于未患病和患单病人群更高。多因素logistic 回归分析结果显示,与无慢性病的个体相比,患有一种慢性病或多种疾病的患者就诊的可能性更高[(OR=1.67,95% CI:1.38~2.02)和(OR=3.40,95% CI:2.83~4.08)],其住院可能性也相应更高[(OR=2.60,95% CI:2.04~3.32)和(OR=5.17,95% CI:4.10~6.51)]。

结论

在有潜在健康照护需求的人群中,仅有不到一半的人群有就诊行为,其中患有慢性病共病人群寻求医疗照护的比例更高。需开展群医学领域研究,加强各层级机构对共病人群的协同及有效健康照护,从而减少未满足的健康需求。

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邵瑞太,E-mail:
宫恩莹,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=h198LlbssIWCUq/eK0Z6hg==, magXml=TS7A49xK4iMOGOtW2dgM4g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DyAH2WCL5P1KxEHwkKs5MQ==, pdfFileSize=900206, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=kB3UZnAQbDSpo1p3P9ucxg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xIoKmWWjQOcohbvw4oNa5Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张峥岩(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病卫生服务利用

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张峥岩(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病卫生服务利用

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Strengthening population medicine to promote public health[J].Chinese Medical Journal, 2022, 135(10): 1135-1137., articleTitle=Strengthening population medicine to promote public health, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748862965608549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, awardId=2022-GJ-01, language=CN, fundingSource=中国工程院国际合作战略研究与咨询项目(2022-GJ-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240748863078854762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, awardId=WH10022022010, language=CN, fundingSource=北京协和医学院慢性病群医学基地建设项目(WH10022022010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748856925811432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748856930005738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, companyId=1240748856925811432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748856942588651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, companyId=1240748856925811432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748857072612087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748857081000697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, companyId=1240748857072612087, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海政法学院经济管理学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748857190052610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748857202635525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, companyId=1240748857190052610, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.上海市卫生和健康发展研究中心(上海市医学科学技术情报研究所)卫生政策研究部)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748861912838214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The ecology of health care per 1 000 participants permonth, figureFileSmall=jDGvYLXeYaReVs9FPte7bw==, figureFileBig=IM0CGjrgwPMev6hoyirUzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748862030278729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=CN, label=图1, caption=每月每1 000人医疗保健生态图

注:该框架以千人月为计算单位,每个框架间无明确包含关系。

, figureFileSmall=jDGvYLXeYaReVs9FPte7bw==, figureFileBig=IM0CGjrgwPMev6hoyirUzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748862193856592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Health-seeking behaviour by number of chronic diseases, figureFileSmall=TeAx92xeyMeiPUI4RsqqlQ==, figureFileBig=C9wSXOAGWg4fHN6sUXJLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748862349045843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=CN, label=图2, caption=按慢性病数量分列的寻求就医行为情况, figureFileSmall=TeAx92xeyMeiPUI4RsqqlQ==, figureFileBig=C9wSXOAGWg4fHN6sUXJLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748862487457880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of participants aged 20 and older

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征人数构成比(%)基本特征人数构成比(%)
性别户籍类型
男性2 61743.6农业户口4 21570.2
女性3 38756.4非农业户口1 78929.8
年龄(岁)工作类型
20~341 07017.8农业生产及辅助人员84114.0
35~491 70828.4社会生产或服务人员1 80130.0
50~642 11835.3公职或者专业技术人员1 17119.5
≥651 10818.5非劳动力人员2 19136.5
婚姻状况医疗保障
未婚4457.4城乡居民医保4 22270.3
已婚5 01883.6城镇职工医保1 60426.7
离婚或丧偶5419.0公费医疗470.8
受教育程度其他保险450.7
小学及以下1 75729.3没有保险861.4
初中1 76529.4慢性病数量
高中或中专1 13418.902 29938.3
大学或以上学历1 34822.411 79029.8
≥21 91531.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240748862588121179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20岁及以上的调查人群的基本情况(n=6 004)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特征人数构成比(%)基本特征人数构成比(%)
性别户籍类型
男性2 61743.6农业户口4 21570.2
女性3 38756.4非农业户口1 78929.8
年龄(岁)工作类型
20~341 07017.8农业生产及辅助人员84114.0
35~491 70828.4社会生产或服务人员1 80130.0
50~642 11835.3公职或者专业技术人员1 17119.5
≥651 10818.5非劳动力人员2 19136.5
婚姻状况医疗保障
未婚4457.4城乡居民医保4 22270.3
已婚5 01883.6城镇职工医保1 60426.7
离婚或丧偶5419.0公费医疗470.8
受教育程度其他保险450.7
小学及以下1 75729.3没有保险861.4
初中1 76529.4慢性病数量
高中或中专1 13418.902 29938.3
大学或以上学历1 34822.411 79029.8
≥21 91531.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240748862697173084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between number of chronic diseases and health symptom and health care seeking behaviors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特性调整OR(95% CI
报告症状有就诊行为基层医疗机构就诊三级医院门诊就诊
慢性病数量
01111
11.26b(1.10~1.45)1.67a(1.38~2.02)1.31(0.97~1.76)1.42c(1.01~2.01)
≥22.48a(2.16~2.86)3.40a(2.83~4.08)2.39a(1.80~3.17)3.24a(2.37~4.45)
协变量
年龄(岁)
20~341111
35~490.78b(0.65~0.92)0.86(0.70~1.06)0.52a(0.36~0.77)0.74(0.52~1.05)
50~640.65a(0.54~0.78)1.00(0.82~1.21)0.62c(0.41~0.93)0.79(0.57~1.09)
≥650.78c(0.62~0.98)1.06(0.85~1.32)0.68(0.43~1.09)0.85(0.58~1.24)
性别
男性1111
女性1.34a(1.20~1.50)1.26b(1.09~1.46)0.99(0.80~1.23)1.60a(1.23~2.07)
婚姻状况
未婚1111
已婚0.87(0.71~1.06)1.31(0.98~1.74)1.73(0.99~3.00)0.89(0.57~1.38)
离婚或丧偶1.16(0.90~1.50)1.35(0.95~1.93)1.68(0.87~3.22)1.04(0.59~1.82)
受教育程度
小学及以下1111
初中0.95(0.82~1.10)1.22c(1.01~1.49)1.07(0.81~1.42)1.76b(1.17~2.64)
高中或中专1.08(0.91~1.28)1.27c(1.01~1.60)1.02(0.73~1.42)1.95b(1.25~3.03)
大学或以上学历1.40c(1.08~1.83)1.54b(1.19~2.00)0.72(0.47~1.11)2.65a(1.64~4.28)
户籍类型
农业账户1111
非农业账户1.07(0.95~1.20)1.11(0.93~1.33)0.90(0.70~1.14)1.79a(1.33~2.41)
工作类型
农业生产和辅助人员1111
社会生产或服务人员0.86(0.71~1.04)1.07(0.83~1.37)0.87(0.60~1.27)0.79(0.47~1.33)
公职或专业技术人员0.85(0.67~1.08)1.12(0.82~1.53)1.42(0.92~2.19)0.90(0.50~1.61)
非劳动力人员0.88(0.73~1.07)1.15(0.91~1.46)1.03(0.75~1.42)1.16(0.69~1.94)
医疗保障
城乡居民医保1111
城市员工医保1.07(0.93~1.24)1.41a(1.16~1.71)0.88(0.69~1.12)2.45a(1.78~3.34)
免费医疗服务0.90(0.49~1.67)1.46(0.70~3.03)0.99(0.31~3.22)1.54(0.46~5.21)
其他保险0.40c(0.19~0.84)1.08(0.47~2.48)0.33(0.05~2.41)3.48c(1.30~9.34)
未保险的1.19(0.76~1.86)1.06(0.55~2.04)0.35(0.09~1.42)2.21(0.86~5.71)
特性调整OR(95% CI
自行用药有住院行为手术治疗
慢性病数量
0111
11.30 (0.97~1.72)2.60a(2.04~3.32)2.61a(1.78~3.84)
≥21.81b(1.38~2.39)5.17a(4.10~6.51)4.49a(3.13~6.46)
协变量
年龄(岁)
20~34111
35~491.56c(1.01~2.42)0.80(0.58~1.10)0.95(0.65~1.40)
50~642.11b(1.32~3.38)0.75(0.54~1.04)1.10(0.76~1.58)
≥653.01a(1.77~5.13)0.82(0.56~1.19)1.29(0.86~1.92)
性别
男性111
女性1.12(0.91~1.38)1.07(0.91~1.25)1.09(0.85~1.39)
婚姻状况
未婚111
已婚0.79(0.46~1.37)1.42(0.89~2.25)1.55(0.88~2.74)
离婚或丧偶1.10(0.59~2.06)1.37(0.81~2.34)1.75(0.89~3.43)
受教育程度
小学及以下111
初中1.75a(1.30~2.36)0.74b(0.60~0.92)1.06(0.78~1.45)
高中或中专1.52c(1.06~2.19)0.76c(0.58~0.98)0.90(0.66~1.24)
大学或以上学历2.14a(1.38~3.32)0.67(0.42~1.06)0.62(0.36~1.08)
户籍类型
农业账户111
非农业账户1.21(0.92~1.58)0.89(0.75~1.06)1.15(0.88~1.49)
工作类型
农业生产和辅助人员111
社会生产或服务人员0.71(0.49~1.01)1.01(0.77~1.32)0.97(0.66~1.41)
公职或专业技术人员0.54b(0.35~0.85)1.09(0.75~1.58)0.78(0.49~1.22)
非劳动力人员0.72c(0.52~0.99)1.07(0.85~1.35)0.87(0.61~1.25)
医疗保障
城乡居民医保111
城市员工医保1.94a(1.47~2.58)0.84(0.67~1.05)0.91(0.68~1.21)
免费医疗服务0.79(0.19~3.34)1.39(0.59~3.26)1.44(0.44~4.68)
其他保险1.22(0.37~4.05)1.70(0.76~3.80)2.06(0.73~5.81)
未保险的1.31(0.52~3.31)0.60(0.24~1.53)0.25(0.03~1.79)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748862793642081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375277340127421, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各类慢性病患病数与自报症状和寻求医疗照护行为的多因素二元logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特性调整OR(95% CI
报告症状有就诊行为基层医疗机构就诊三级医院门诊就诊
慢性病数量
01111
11.26b(1.10~1.45)1.67a(1.38~2.02)1.31(0.97~1.76)1.42c(1.01~2.01)
≥22.48a(2.16~2.86)3.40a(2.83~4.08)2.39a(1.80~3.17)3.24a(2.37~4.45)
协变量
年龄(岁)
20~341111
35~490.78b(0.65~0.92)0.86(0.70~1.06)0.52a(0.36~0.77)0.74(0.52~1.05)
50~640.65a(0.54~0.78)1.00(0.82~1.21)0.62c(0.41~0.93)0.79(0.57~1.09)
≥650.78c(0.62~0.98)1.06(0.85~1.32)0.68(0.43~1.09)0.85(0.58~1.24)
性别
男性1111
女性1.34a(1.20~1.50)1.26b(1.09~1.46)0.99(0.80~1.23)1.60a(1.23~2.07)
婚姻状况
未婚1111
已婚0.87(0.71~1.06)1.31(0.98~1.74)1.73(0.99~3.00)0.89(0.57~1.38)
离婚或丧偶1.16(0.90~1.50)1.35(0.95~1.93)1.68(0.87~3.22)1.04(0.59~1.82)
受教育程度
小学及以下1111
初中0.95(0.82~1.10)1.22c(1.01~1.49)1.07(0.81~1.42)1.76b(1.17~2.64)
高中或中专1.08(0.91~1.28)1.27c(1.01~1.60)1.02(0.73~1.42)1.95b(1.25~3.03)
大学或以上学历1.40c(1.08~1.83)1.54b(1.19~2.00)0.72(0.47~1.11)2.65a(1.64~4.28)
户籍类型
农业账户1111
非农业账户1.07(0.95~1.20)1.11(0.93~1.33)0.90(0.70~1.14)1.79a(1.33~2.41)
工作类型
农业生产和辅助人员1111
社会生产或服务人员0.86(0.71~1.04)1.07(0.83~1.37)0.87(0.60~1.27)0.79(0.47~1.33)
公职或专业技术人员0.85(0.67~1.08)1.12(0.82~1.53)1.42(0.92~2.19)0.90(0.50~1.61)
非劳动力人员0.88(0.73~1.07)1.15(0.91~1.46)1.03(0.75~1.42)1.16(0.69~1.94)
医疗保障
城乡居民医保1111
城市员工医保1.07(0.93~1.24)1.41a(1.16~1.71)0.88(0.69~1.12)2.45a(1.78~3.34)
免费医疗服务0.90(0.49~1.67)1.46(0.70~3.03)0.99(0.31~3.22)1.54(0.46~5.21)
其他保险0.40c(0.19~0.84)1.08(0.47~2.48)0.33(0.05~2.41)3.48c(1.30~9.34)
未保险的1.19(0.76~1.86)1.06(0.55~2.04)0.35(0.09~1.42)2.21(0.86~5.71)
特性调整OR(95% CI
自行用药有住院行为手术治疗
慢性病数量
0111
11.30 (0.97~1.72)2.60a(2.04~3.32)2.61a(1.78~3.84)
≥21.81b(1.38~2.39)5.17a(4.10~6.51)4.49a(3.13~6.46)
协变量
年龄(岁)
20~34111
35~491.56c(1.01~2.42)0.80(0.58~1.10)0.95(0.65~1.40)
50~642.11b(1.32~3.38)0.75(0.54~1.04)1.10(0.76~1.58)
≥653.01a(1.77~5.13)0.82(0.56~1.19)1.29(0.86~1.92)
性别
男性111
女性1.12(0.91~1.38)1.07(0.91~1.25)1.09(0.85~1.39)
婚姻状况
未婚111
已婚0.79(0.46~1.37)1.42(0.89~2.25)1.55(0.88~2.74)
离婚或丧偶1.10(0.59~2.06)1.37(0.81~2.34)1.75(0.89~3.43)
受教育程度
小学及以下111
初中1.75a(1.30~2.36)0.74b(0.60~0.92)1.06(0.78~1.45)
高中或中专1.52c(1.06~2.19)0.76c(0.58~0.98)0.90(0.66~1.24)
大学或以上学历2.14a(1.38~3.32)0.67(0.42~1.06)0.62(0.36~1.08)
户籍类型
农业账户111
非农业账户1.21(0.92~1.58)0.89(0.75~1.06)1.15(0.88~1.49)
工作类型
农业生产和辅助人员111
社会生产或服务人员0.71(0.49~1.01)1.01(0.77~1.32)0.97(0.66~1.41)
公职或专业技术人员0.54b(0.35~0.85)1.09(0.75~1.58)0.78(0.49~1.22)
非劳动力人员0.72c(0.52~0.99)1.07(0.85~1.35)0.87(0.61~1.25)
医疗保障
城乡居民医保111
城市员工医保1.94a(1.47~2.58)0.84(0.67~1.05)0.91(0.68~1.21)
免费医疗服务0.79(0.19~3.34)1.39(0.59~3.26)1.44(0.44~4.68)
其他保险1.22(0.37~4.05)1.70(0.76~3.80)2.06(0.73~5.81)
未保险的1.31(0.52~3.31)0.60(0.24~1.53)0.25(0.03~1.79)
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基于医疗保健生态学模型的人群医疗照护行为及慢性病共病状况研究
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张峥岩 1 , 张伋 1 , 陈玉倩 2, 3 , 尹学珺 1 , 赵艺皓 1 , 王振中 1 , 王捷 1 , 谭方琴 1 , 宫恩莹 1 , 邵瑞太 1
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024,51(8): 1460-1466
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024, 51(8): 1460-1466
基于医疗保健生态学模型的人群医疗照护行为及慢性病共病状况研究
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张峥岩1, 张伋1, 陈玉倩2, 3, 尹学珺1, 赵艺皓1, 王振中1, 王捷1, 谭方琴1, 宫恩莹1 , 邵瑞太1
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100005
  • 2.上海政法学院经济管理学院
  • 3.上海市卫生和健康发展研究中心(上海市医学科学技术情报研究所)卫生政策研究部
  • 张峥岩(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病卫生服务利用

通讯作者:

邵瑞太,E-mail:
宫恩莹,E-mail:
Medical care-seeking behaviors and their associations with multimorbidity based on the ecology of the medical care model
Zheng-yan ZHANG1, Ji ZHANG1, Yu-qian CHEN2, 3, Xue-jun YIN1, Yi-hao ZHAO1, Zhen-zhong WANG1, Jie WANG1, Fang-qin TAN1, En-ying GONG1 , Rui-tai SHAO1
Affiliations
  • School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312226
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目的

应用医疗保健生态学模型描述人群医疗照护行为情况,分析共病与各类型医疗照护行为的关联,为合理配置医疗保健资源提供理论证据。

方法

2023年7—9月间,采用多阶段分层抽样,纳入来自北京市房山区和江西省婺源县20岁及以上的居民开展横断面调查。基于医疗保健生态模型开展描述性分析,计算以每千人月为单位医疗照护行为情况,绘制医疗保健生态图。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨共病与医疗照护行为的关系。

结果

研究回收了来自6 004名调查对象的有效问卷(女性:56.4%,平均年龄50.4±14.7岁)。平均每月每千人,约有382人报告有不适症状或外伤、162人有医疗机构门诊就诊行为(61人在基层医疗机构就诊、47人在三级医院门诊就诊)、62人自行用药、10人住院、5人急诊就诊、4人接受手术治疗、1人接受远程诊疗。约31.9%的调查对象自报患有共病,其寻求医疗照护的比例相较于未患病和患单病人群更高。多因素logistic 回归分析结果显示,与无慢性病的个体相比,患有一种慢性病或多种疾病的患者就诊的可能性更高[(OR=1.67,95% CI:1.38~2.02)和(OR=3.40,95% CI:2.83~4.08)],其住院可能性也相应更高[(OR=2.60,95% CI:2.04~3.32)和(OR=5.17,95% CI:4.10~6.51)]。

结论

在有潜在健康照护需求的人群中,仅有不到一半的人群有就诊行为,其中患有慢性病共病人群寻求医疗照护的比例更高。需开展群医学领域研究,加强各层级机构对共病人群的协同及有效健康照护,从而减少未满足的健康需求。

医疗保健生态学模型  /  慢性病共病  /  群医学  /  就医行为  /  初级卫生保健
Objective

This study applied the ecology of the medical care model to describe healthcare-seeking behaviors among community-based individuals and to examine the association between multimorbidity and various types of healthcare-seeking behaviors.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Fangshan District, Beijing and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province from July to September 2023. Community residents aged 20 years old and above were sampled by using a multistage stratified sampling approach and recruited to participate in the study. The number of individuals who had symptoms or had relevant healthcare-seeking behaviors was calculated per thousand people per month and relevant indicators were demonstrated by using the ecology of the healthcare model. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the association between self-reported multimorbidity and each level of healthcare-seeking behaviors, with key socio-demographic characteristics adjusted in the model.

Results

A total of 6 004 records with completed surveys were included in the analysis (56.4% of participants were females, mean age: 50.4±14.7). On a thousand-person per month basis, about 382 participants self-report having symptoms, 162 had visited to healthcare facilities (including 61 visited to primary healthcare facilities, 47 visited to tertiary hospitals), 62 were self-medicated, 10 were hospitalized, 5 visited to emergency department, 4 had operations and 1 received tele-medicine. A higher proportion of healthcare seeking behaviors were observed among individuals with multimorbidity than those self-reported with no or one chronic condition. The results of multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that compared with individuals without chronic condition, individuals with one chronic condition or multimorbidity had higher likelihood of healthcare facility visits [(OR:1.67, 95% CI:1.38-2.02) and (OR:3.40, 95% CI:2.83-4.08)], and hospitalization [(OR:2.60, 95% CI:2.04-3.32) and (OR:5.17, 95% CI:4.10-6.51)].

Conclusion

Among all individuals with potential healthcare needs, less than half had healthcare seeking behaviors, and the proportion is higher among individuals with multimorbidity. Future research should further investigate the implication of findings on population medicine from the ecology of medical care model. Actions are also needed to further strengthen the healthcare system and optimize its integration and effectiveness in addressing the emerging challenge of multimorbidity and to reduce the unmet health needs.

Ecology of medical care model  /  Multimorbidity  /  Population medicine  /  Seeking medical behavior  /  Primary health care
张峥岩, 张伋, 陈玉倩, 尹学珺, 赵艺皓, 王振中, 王捷, 谭方琴, 宫恩莹, 邵瑞太. 基于医疗保健生态学模型的人群医疗照护行为及慢性病共病状况研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1460 -1466 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312226
Zheng-yan ZHANG, Ji ZHANG, Yu-qian CHEN, Xue-jun YIN, Yi-hao ZHAO, Zhen-zhong WANG, Jie WANG, Fang-qin TAN, En-ying GONG, Rui-tai SHAO. Medical care-seeking behaviors and their associations with multimorbidity based on the ecology of the medical care model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1460 -1466 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312226
随着人口老龄化,疾病谱的变化,多种疾病共存现象已愈发常见。世界卫生组织将共病定义为同一个体同时存在两种或两种以上的需要长期照护的慢性健康问题[1],共病对个体健康和卫生体系都带来了巨大挑战。已有系统综述表明,共病带来更高的医疗花费,并与初级保健资源利用、急诊就诊和住院时长增加有关[2]。在中国大陆地区,不同行政区域的经济发展水平和不同类型的医疗保障措施存在差异,导致慢性病共病患者在获得住院和门诊医疗服务方面存在不可忽视的不平等现象 [3-4]。当前,医疗照护主要以单病为主,尚未形成针对共病的照护模式,有限的卫生资源存在重复利用的现象,从而导致低效甚至无效的医疗照护。
1961年,怀特首次系统地提出了“医疗保健生态学”,这一模型描述了一个社区中人们的健康状况、卫生服务利用和医疗资源之间的关联[5]。医疗生态学提供了一个创新的视角,将基于人群的分析与以个人为中心的方法相结合,来研究卫生服务的需求和供给。该模型还提供了一种计算方法和可视化工具,通过描述在特定时期内使用不同级别医疗服务的个人比例并以此绘制多个方格来反映卫生服务获取和使用的逐级递减情况,在未来作为践行群医学理念的重要研究工具,帮助研究者、政策制定者理解人群未满足的健康需求。在过去的十年间,韩国[6]、加拿大[7]、日本[8-9]等国家的研究团队利用这一模型描述当地医疗资源分布情况,探索不同人群、不同环境下医疗服务利用的多样性,并说明了卫生服务利用随时间的动态变化。该模型也应用于不同人群,如成年孕妇[10]、飞行员[11]和老年人[12]等描述特定人群的卫生资源利用情况。
当前,虽然已有部分研究探索了共病人群的卫生资源利用情况,但尚未有研究利用医疗保健生态学模型全面地评估共病人群寻求就医行为情况。本研究旨在应用医疗生态学模型来描述两个研究地区(北京市房山区和江西省婺源县)慢性病共病人群寻求健康照护行为的情况,比较单病与共病人群在使用各层级医疗卫生资源的差异。研究发现将有助于了解我国慢性病共病的医疗照护管理和防控上的差距,为提高医疗保健资源合理分配提供证据基础。
本研究是一项横断面调查,于2023 年 7 月至 9 月期间在北京市房山区(城镇地区现场)和江西省婺源县(农村地区现场)开展。研究采用多阶段分层抽样法,第一阶段根据人口规模和村庄数量在每个研究地点随机选择约 4~6 个乡镇或街道。第二阶段综合考虑地域、经济水平、人口规模等因素在选择的乡镇或街道随机选择约 3~6 个农村村庄或城市社区,第三阶段从每个社区或村庄抽取120名参与者。纳入研究的调查对象需符合以下条件:(1) 年龄在 20岁及以上的中国公民;(2) 每年在所选社区或村庄居住至少 6 个月;(3) 愿意参加调查并提供知情同意书。排除条件包括:有严重残疾和认知障碍导致无法参与研究。研究项目通过当地社区人员借助村镇海报、邀请函、社交媒体群组等形式告知居民,鼓励居民参与调查,同时开展的两个现场共计6 300名居民参与调查,最终纳入6 004名调查对象。
该研究已获得中国医学科学院北京协和医学院生物医学研究项目伦理委员会的批准(批件号:CAMS&PUMC-IEC-2022-076)。所有参与者在参与研究前都提供了书面知情同意书。
本研究采取面对面调查方法,经过培训的调查员利用平板电脑辅助开展调查,问卷包含人口基本信息、生活方式、慢性病疾病史、医疗服务利用等主要模块。
本研究在多个国外的医疗保健生态层级的基础上,参考《国家卫生服务调查》和社区居民医疗卫生习惯调查[13]等研究,对医疗保健生态层级进行调整,共包含6大类和11层,包括(1)报告症状:过去1个月,是否出现身体或心理不适或外伤;(2)有就诊行为:过去1个月有医疗机构就诊行为及就诊医疗机构类型(所有就诊行为、基层医疗机构就诊、三级医院门诊就诊、中医院门诊、各类医疗机构急诊就诊);(3)自行用药:过去1个月,自行用药行为;(4)远程诊疗:过去1个月,使用远程医疗照护的行为;(5)各类医疗机构住院:过去12个月住院行为(所有类型医疗机构或三级医疗中心);(6)手术治疗:过去12个月是否有手术。
调查员向调查对象询问“是否有区县级及以上医院的医生告诉过您有以下慢性病?”。慢性病种类包括冠心病、卒中、癌症、慢阻肺病等主要影响我国人群健康的39种慢性病和其他疾病(开放式问题),并询问各类疾病确诊时间。采纳世界卫生组织定义,将患有2种或以上慢性病的人群定义为慢性病共病人群。
性别(赋值:男=1,女=2)、年龄(赋值:20~34岁=1,35~49岁=2,50~64岁=3,≥65岁=4)、婚姻状况(赋值:未婚=1,已婚=2,离婚或丧偶=3)、受教育程度(赋值:小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中或中专=3,大学或以上学历=4)、户籍类型(赋值:农业户口=1,非农业户口=2)、工作类型(赋值:农业生产及辅助人员=1,社会生产或服务人员=2,公职或者专业技术人员=3,非劳动力人员=4)、医疗保障类型(赋值:城乡居民医保=1,城镇职工医保=2,公费医疗=3,其他保险=4,没有保险=5)。
本调查采用多种质量控制方式,包括(1)所有调查员均参与了为期两天的问卷内容及访问技巧培训;(2)数据收集使用自主研发的电子问卷系统,设置有判定逻辑,内嵌实时逻辑检错功能;(3)在调查后对部分访谈内容听取录音进行质量评估。
采用IBM SPSS for Windows(V 27.0)进行统计学分析,针对本研究调整后的医疗保健生态学模型的各层级定义开展描述性分析,以千人月为分析单位计算一个月内符合医疗保健生态模型各层级行为的人数。针对医疗保健生态学模型的各层级,计算符合该层级医疗照护行为的个体比例,将结果乘以 1 000 作为每千人每月的医疗照护人数估计值。由于住院与手术内容为过去12个月内的经历,因此假定年住院率和年手术率在一年中均匀分布,并将住院率和手术率指标以月为单位进行换算。同样按照上述医疗保健生态模型的计算方法,获得非共病人群和共病人群每千人月的对应各层级数目,对比分析共病与非共病人群在基于医疗保健生态学各层级的医疗照护行为的差异。以报告症状、医疗机构就诊、自行用药、住院、手术治疗为主要结局,采用多因素logistic 回归分析患病情况(自变量:未患病、一种慢性病、共病)与各层级医疗照护行为(二分类结局变量,有相关行为为1,无为0)的关系,以年龄、性别、民族、婚姻状况、受教育程度、户籍类型、工作类型、医疗保障类型为控制变量。
该研究共招募了 6 300 名参与者,仅纳入了研究变量中核心变量完整的6 004位受访者信息进入分析,有效回收率为95.3%。调查对象平均年龄为50.4(±14.7)岁,35.3%的受访者年龄分布在50~64岁之间,56.4%为女性,68.7%的受访者的受教育程度为初中及以下,36.5%为非劳动力人员(包含退休、学生、家务劳动者、职业过渡人群)。调查人群医疗保障覆盖率为98.6%,其中70.3%为城乡居民保险。慢性病数量方面,38.3%的受访者自报健康(未患有慢性病),29.8%患有 1 种慢性病,31.9%为共病人群(患有 2 种及以上慢性病,详见表1
在所有调查对象中,平均每月每1 000人中约有382人报告症状(至少有一次不适、疾病或外伤),162人有医疗机构就诊行为(其中有61人基层医疗机构就诊),62人自行用药,47人前往三级医院门诊就诊,25人前往中医院就诊,10人住院(其中3人在三级医院住院),5人急诊就诊,4人接受手术治疗,1人接受了远程诊疗。图1展示了调查人群的医疗生态图。
图2显示了按慢性病共病与非共病组人群分列的医疗照护行为情况。研究发现,与非共病人群相比,共病人群在就诊行为(基层医疗机构、三级医院、中医院就诊)、自行用药、急诊就诊、住院、手术治疗等行为比例更高,特别是在医疗机构就诊、三级医院门诊及住院、手术治疗等方面,两者比例达到双倍利用线之上。
多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在校正其他人口社会因素后,相较于未患病及患有一种疾病人群,患共病人群寻求医疗照护行为的可能性更高。患有一种疾病和共病人群报告症状的可能性是未诊断有慢性病者的1.26倍(95% CI:1.10~1.45)、2.48倍(95% CI:2.16~2.86);医疗机构就诊行为是未患慢性病者的1.67倍(95% CI:1.38~2.02)和3.40倍(95% CI:2.83~4.08),对应住院行为的可能性是2.60倍(95% CI:2.04~3.32)、5.17倍(95% CI:4.10~6.51)。单病患者与未患慢性病者相比在基层医疗机构就诊和自行用药上无显著差异,但共病患者的就诊及自行用药可能性显著增加(P<0.01)。详见表2
本文基于医疗保健生态模型,分析了调查人群中每千人月报告症状及寻求医疗照护的情况。本研究发现每千人月中报告症状的人数为382人,反映了潜在的健康需求。相较于前期研究,该比例略低于前期基于发展中国家研究(506人)的综述分析 [14],远低于在日本(794人)[9]、韩国(763人)[6]、比利时(763人)[15]等发达国家开展的研究。本研究纳入城镇和农村地区,自报症状也低于在我国上海城市地区[16]开展的研究。研究也发现,每千人月中有基层医疗机构就诊行为的比例为6.1%,仅略高于三级医院门诊就诊行为的比例(4.7%),这一比例与前期综述研究[14]所描绘的发达国家及发展中国家的情况略有差异,这也一定程度地反映了我国卫生生态体系仍呈现出初级卫生保健相对薄弱、三级医院急诊住院负担较重的态势。前期研究也发现,由于当前基层医疗机构体系滞后,患者对健康的高需求不能满足,对中国基层医疗机构的信任度较低[17]等问题。本研究创新性的纳入了远程诊疗等新型医疗照护类型,但每千人月中仅有1人有远程诊疗行为,反映出在疫情之后远程诊疗等模式的实践和利用方式仍有待探索。
本研究调查人群中,有超过三成(31.9%)20岁及以上人群为慢性病共病患者。尽管本研究纳入了39种疾病的自报情况,相较于其他研究纳入分析的疾病数量已较多,但本研究发现的共病患病率略低于中国大陆地区基于社区居民的慢性病共病患病率(36.3%)[18]及中低收入国家慢性病共病率的平均水平(36%)[19],低于高收入国家调查得出成年人自报慢性病共病患病(44.3%)[20]。较低的自报患病率可能与相对弱势地区的疾病知晓程度和健康意识有关。
本研究发现,慢性病共病人群与非共病人群相比在医疗保健生态模型中各层级医疗照护行为方面有显著差异,特别是在基层医疗机构就诊、三级医院门诊、住院等方面的可能性显著提高。这一结果与前期研究类似[8,21],反映了慢性病共病患者有更多的健康需求,需要多层级、多类型的健康照护,共病与门诊、住院等医疗服务利用增加密切相关。前期研究也发现,共病可能带来灾难性的卫生支出,造成多重用药、反复就诊等问题[22],给卫生体系带来重大挑战。随着人口期待寿命的提升,共病率的预期上升,需要更广泛的卫生资源和更完善的三级医疗服务体系,为共病患者提供可及、高效、整合的医疗照护,满足其健康需求。
本研究具有一定的创新性。本研究在前期医疗保健生态学研究的基础上,考虑我国医疗体系的特色,对多层级及新兴的医疗照护模式[23]进行了分层级的评估,覆盖了更多更全面的医疗保健环境,更切实的反映了我国医疗保健生态的现实情形。同时,本研究在前期研究多为描述性分析的基础上,进一步探索慢性病共病与各层级医疗照护行为的关系,有利于系统化了解健康人群-慢性病共病人群和得到医疗照护人群的情况和比例,反映有限的医疗资源应如何更好地满足大量的健康需求,为评估卫生政策目标提供理论证据。
研究也有一些潜在不足。首先,调查问卷中设定了过去一个月与过去12个月不同的回忆周期来帮助调查对象更好的回忆寻求医疗照护的情况,但该研究结果仍可能受回忆偏差的影响,且数据主要是在7至9月收集,较短的回忆周期未能充分反映医疗照护行为的季节性差异。此外,本研究采用横截面设计,影响就医行为的因素有很多,虽控制了部分协变量,无法排除所有潜在因素,仅能探索相关关系。同时,共病患者与非共病患者在各层级诊疗行为模式差异的原因无法完全揭示,需进一步开展研究,探索背后的原因,为形成政策建议提供支持。
本研究的结果充分反映了具有健康照护需求的患者并不总在医疗机构这一事实,这也反映了群医学视角所凸显的就诊人群以外潜在未满足的健康需求[24]。随着人口老龄化及疾病谱的变化,共病问题也将带来更多的健康需求和卫生服务利用,政府及有关部门需要进一步完善医疗保健生态,强化基层医疗机构的能力,形成各层级医疗机构的整合照护模式,有效及积极应对共病对卫生体系带来新需求和新挑战。
  • 中国工程院国际合作战略研究与咨询项目(2022-GJ-01)
  • 北京协和医学院慢性病群医学基地建设项目(WH10022022010)
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312226
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
基金
中国工程院国际合作战略研究与咨询项目(2022-GJ-01)
北京协和医学院慢性病群医学基地建设项目(WH10022022010)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100005
    2.上海政法学院经济管理学院
    3.上海市卫生和健康发展研究中心(上海市医学科学技术情报研究所)卫生政策研究部

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邵瑞太,E-mail:
宫恩莹,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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