Article(id=1240375275599483384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311510, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658110760, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658110760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658110760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658110760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1358, endPage=1363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375275909861906, articleId=1240375275599483384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effects of depressive symptoms on self-efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes: the mediating role of diabetes distress, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the effects of diabetes distress (DD) and depressive symptoms (DS) on self-efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore the mediating effect of DD on DS and self-efficacy.

Methods

A total of 648 community patients with T2DM in Nanjing were selected by convenience sampling method and investigated with the general information questionnaire, Diabetes Distress Scale, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and Diabetes self-efficacy Scale. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of self-efficacy, and mediating effect analysis was used to explore the mediating role of DD.

Results

The prevalence of DD and DS was 27.5% and 40.4%, respectively, and the self-efficacy score was 3.82±0.60. DD and DS were significantly positively correlated (r=0.56, P<0.01), and both were negatively correlated with self-efficacy. DD (β=-0.34, P<0.01) and DS (β=-0.16, P<0.01) were the influencing factors of self-efficacy, and DD had a partial mediating effect between DS and self-efficacy, Bootstrap 95%confidence interval was -0.28--0.16 (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Community health workers need to conduct early screening and treatment of DD and DS in T2DM patients, which can help improve patients’ self-efficacy inmanaging the disease.

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目的

分析社区2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖尿病痛苦(DD)和抑郁症状(DS)对自我效能的影响,并探讨DD在DS与自我效能间的中介效应。

方法

采用便利抽样的方法对南京市648名社区T2DM患者进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括一般资料调查问卷、糖尿病痛苦量表、九条目患者健康问卷和糖尿病自我效能量表,采用多元线性回归模型分析自我效能的影响因素,使用中介效应分析探索DD的中介作用。

结果

DD和DS的患病率分别为27.5%和40.4%,自我效能得分为3.82±0.60分。DD和DS显著正相关(r=0.56, P<0.01),并且均与自我效能呈负相关关系。DD (β=-0.34, P<0.01)和DS (β=-0.16, P<0.01)是自我效能的影响因素,DD在DS与自我效能间存在部分中介效应,Bootstrap 95%可信区间为-0.28~-0.16 (P<0.01)。

结论

社区医疗工作者需要对T2DM患者的DD和DS进行早期筛查和治疗,这有助于提高患者管理疾病的自我效能。

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刘思浚,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UJx8UxbPpTIISzJ46d4f0Q==, magXml=SS7JvER49lOMOlnj8rExAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gTafFJ7g59Y9I87VLE5HHA==, pdfFileSize=662097, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=o+zFLp3MGiThVBj0V1ReAg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9B/6SPPHxTZ3OXhsdarc2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

袁磊(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学和社会医学

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袁磊(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学和社会医学

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袁磊(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学和社会医学

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Mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between diabetes related distress and self management in empty nest elderly patients with Type 2 Diabetes[J]. Chinese Nursing Management, 2019, 19(11): 1621-1625., articleTitle=Mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between diabetes related distress and self management in empty nest elderly patients with Type 2 Diabetes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748864752373915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, awardId=71974101, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(71974101), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240748864844648611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, awardId=202210312129Y, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省高等学校大学生创新创业训练计划(202210312129Y), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748858918097607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748858922291912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, companyId=1240748858918097607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748858934874826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, companyId=1240748858918097607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748859027149520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748859035538129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, companyId=1240748859027149520, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京医科大学第一临床医学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748863464722493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The mediating role of diabetes distress between depressive symptoms and self-efficacy, figureFileSmall=sFLhpNw8vbkKLvJCpuGfOA==, figureFileBig=2hwy0OIX41+JJ6ba9d6yxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863540219973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=CN, label=图1, caption=糖尿病痛苦在抑郁症状和自我效能间的中介效应

注:d为P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=sFLhpNw8vbkKLvJCpuGfOA==, figureFileBig=2hwy0OIX41+JJ6ba9d6yxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863674437709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of self-efficacy scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n(%)自我效能得分t/FP
性别-0.1820.856
男性277(42.7)3.81±0.62
女性371(57.3)3.82±0.58
年龄(岁)0.2960.768
≤65168(25.9)3.83±0.64
>65480(74.1)3.82±0.58
婚姻状态1.6260.104
在婚560(86.4)3.83±0.59
非在婚(未婚、离异、丧偶)88(13.6)3.71±0.65
居住状态0.6340.526
非独居566(87.3)3.83±0.60
独居82(12.7)3.78±0.60
文化程度0.9600.411
小学及以下202(31.2)3.76±0.65
初中223(34.4)3.83±0.57
高中/中专154(23.8)3.87±0.58
大学及以上69(10.6)3.84±0.56
治疗方式3.5410.014
仅饮食运动控制65(10.0)3.97±0.71
口服药物473(73.0)3.83±0.58
注射胰岛素38(5.9)3.75±0.53
胰岛素联合药物治疗72(11.1)3.65±0.57
BMI(kg/m2)0.7850.433
<24309(47.7)3.84±0.55
≥24339(52.3)3.80±0.63
病程(年)2.2770.023
≤10394(60.8)3.86±0.61
>10254(39.2)3.75±0.57
并发症3.839<0.001
470(72.5)3.87±0.59
178(27.5)3.67±0.60
糖尿病痛苦9.322<0.001
470(72.5)3.95±0.57
178(27.5)3.49±0.54
抑郁症状7.996<0.001
386(59.6)3.97±0.55
262(40.4)3.60±0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1240748863766712408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社区T2DM患者不同特征自我效能得分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n(%)自我效能得分t/FP
性别-0.1820.856
男性277(42.7)3.81±0.62
女性371(57.3)3.82±0.58
年龄(岁)0.2960.768
≤65168(25.9)3.83±0.64
>65480(74.1)3.82±0.58
婚姻状态1.6260.104
在婚560(86.4)3.83±0.59
非在婚(未婚、离异、丧偶)88(13.6)3.71±0.65
居住状态0.6340.526
非独居566(87.3)3.83±0.60
独居82(12.7)3.78±0.60
文化程度0.9600.411
小学及以下202(31.2)3.76±0.65
初中223(34.4)3.83±0.57
高中/中专154(23.8)3.87±0.58
大学及以上69(10.6)3.84±0.56
治疗方式3.5410.014
仅饮食运动控制65(10.0)3.97±0.71
口服药物473(73.0)3.83±0.58
注射胰岛素38(5.9)3.75±0.53
胰岛素联合药物治疗72(11.1)3.65±0.57
BMI(kg/m2)0.7850.433
<24309(47.7)3.84±0.55
≥24339(52.3)3.80±0.63
病程(年)2.2770.023
≤10394(60.8)3.86±0.61
>10254(39.2)3.75±0.57
并发症3.839<0.001
470(72.5)3.87±0.59
178(27.5)3.67±0.60
糖尿病痛苦9.322<0.001
470(72.5)3.95±0.57
178(27.5)3.49±0.54
抑郁症状7.996<0.001
386(59.6)3.97±0.55
262(40.4)3.60±0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1240748863850598495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation between DD, DS and self-efficacy in patients with T2DM in community

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量EBRDPDIDPHQ-9SED
DDS0.81a0.75a0.85a0.66a0.56a-0.43a
EB-0.58a0.75a0.35a0.63a-0.33a
RD-0.45a0.56a0.44a-0.42a
PD-0.38a0.31a-0.27a
ID-0.31a-0.29a
PHQ-9--0.36a
SED-
), ArticleFig(id=1240748863968039018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

社区T2DM患者DD、DS和自我效能间的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量EBRDPDIDPHQ-9SED
DDS0.81a0.75a0.85a0.66a0.56a-0.43a
EB-0.58a0.75a0.35a0.63a-0.33a
RD-0.45a0.56a0.44a-0.42a
PD-0.38a0.31a-0.27a
ID-0.31a-0.29a
PHQ-9--0.36a
SED-
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864098062455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multiple linear regression analysis of self-efficacy in community patients with T2DM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量BSEβ值(95% CI)tP
性别(参考:男性)0.440.400.04(-0.34~1.21)1.110.272
年龄(参考:≤65岁)0.010.030.02(-0.04~0.06)0.440.657
文化程度(参考:小学及以下)
初中0.690.240.12(0.22~1.17)2.86<0.001
高中/中专0.490.180.11(0.14~0.84)2.75<0.001
大学及以上0.370.170.09(0.03~0.71)2.140.033
治疗方式(仅饮食运动控制)
口服药物-0.330.32-0.06(-0.97~0.30)-1.030.307
注射胰岛素-0.320.34-0.04(-0.98~0.35)-0.940.346
胰岛素联合药物治疗-0.380.23-0.09(-0.82~0.07)-1.680.091
病程(参考:≤10年)0.020.030.03(-0.04~0.08)0.640.532
并发症(参考:无)-0.690.45-0.06(-1.56~0.18)-1.550.124
糖尿病痛苦-0.210.03-0.34(-0.26~-0.15)-7.78<0.001
抑郁症状-0.180.05-0.16(-0.28~-0.08)-3.60<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864240668799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

社区T2DM患者自我效能的多元线性回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量BSEβ值(95% CI)tP
性别(参考:男性)0.440.400.04(-0.34~1.21)1.110.272
年龄(参考:≤65岁)0.010.030.02(-0.04~0.06)0.440.657
文化程度(参考:小学及以下)
初中0.690.240.12(0.22~1.17)2.86<0.001
高中/中专0.490.180.11(0.14~0.84)2.75<0.001
大学及以上0.370.170.09(0.03~0.71)2.140.033
治疗方式(仅饮食运动控制)
口服药物-0.330.32-0.06(-0.97~0.30)-1.030.307
注射胰岛素-0.320.34-0.04(-0.98~0.35)-0.940.346
胰岛素联合药物治疗-0.380.23-0.09(-0.82~0.07)-1.680.091
病程(参考:≤10年)0.020.030.03(-0.04~0.08)0.640.532
并发症(参考:无)-0.690.45-0.06(-1.56~0.18)-1.550.124
糖尿病痛苦-0.210.03-0.34(-0.26~-0.15)-7.78<0.001
抑郁症状-0.180.05-0.16(-0.28~-0.08)-3.60<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864341332099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of the mediating effect of DD between DS and self-efficacy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目直接效应(95% CI)(c’)间接效应(95% CI)(a×b)中介效应占比(%)(a×b/c)
模型1-0.20(-0.29~-0.10)-0.21(-0.28~-0.15)51.2
模型2-0.18(-0.28~-0.08)-0.21(-0.28~-0.16)53.8
EB-0.28(-0.38~-0.17)-0.11(-0.18~-0.05)28.2
RD-0.22(-0.31~-0.13)-0.17(-0.22~-0.12)43.6
PD-0.33(-0.42~-0.24)-0.06(-0.10~-0.03)15.4
ID-0.32(-0.41~-0.23)-0.07(-0.12~-0.04)17.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864492327050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275599483384, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

DD在DS与自我效能间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目直接效应(95% CI)(c’)间接效应(95% CI)(a×b)中介效应占比(%)(a×b/c)
模型1-0.20(-0.29~-0.10)-0.21(-0.28~-0.15)51.2
模型2-0.18(-0.28~-0.08)-0.21(-0.28~-0.16)53.8
EB-0.28(-0.38~-0.17)-0.11(-0.18~-0.05)28.2
RD-0.22(-0.31~-0.13)-0.17(-0.22~-0.12)43.6
PD-0.33(-0.42~-0.24)-0.06(-0.10~-0.03)15.4
ID-0.32(-0.41~-0.23)-0.07(-0.12~-0.04)17.9
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抑郁症状对社区2型糖尿病患者自我效能的影响:糖尿病痛苦的中介作用
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袁磊 1 , 陆丽君 1 , 赵锦航 1 , 杨颖 2 , 李殿江 1 , 陈佳萍 1 , 李晓娜 1 , 刘思浚 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(8): 1358-1363
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(8): 1358-1363
抑郁症状对社区2型糖尿病患者自我效能的影响:糖尿病痛苦的中介作用
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袁磊1, 陆丽君1, 赵锦航1, 杨颖2, 李殿江1, 陈佳萍1, 李晓娜1, 刘思浚1
作者信息
  • 1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166
  • 2.南京医科大学第一临床医学院
  • 袁磊(1997—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学和社会医学

通讯作者:

刘思浚,E-mail:
Effects of depressive symptoms on self-efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes: the mediating role of diabetes distress
Lei YUAN1, Li-jun LU1, Jin-hang ZHAO1, Ying YANG2, Dian-jiang LI1, Jia-ping CHEN1, Xiao-na LI1, Si-jun LIU1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311510
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目的

分析社区2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖尿病痛苦(DD)和抑郁症状(DS)对自我效能的影响,并探讨DD在DS与自我效能间的中介效应。

方法

采用便利抽样的方法对南京市648名社区T2DM患者进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括一般资料调查问卷、糖尿病痛苦量表、九条目患者健康问卷和糖尿病自我效能量表,采用多元线性回归模型分析自我效能的影响因素,使用中介效应分析探索DD的中介作用。

结果

DD和DS的患病率分别为27.5%和40.4%,自我效能得分为3.82±0.60分。DD和DS显著正相关(r=0.56, P<0.01),并且均与自我效能呈负相关关系。DD (β=-0.34, P<0.01)和DS (β=-0.16, P<0.01)是自我效能的影响因素,DD在DS与自我效能间存在部分中介效应,Bootstrap 95%可信区间为-0.28~-0.16 (P<0.01)。

结论

社区医疗工作者需要对T2DM患者的DD和DS进行早期筛查和治疗,这有助于提高患者管理疾病的自我效能。

2型糖尿病  /  糖尿病痛苦  /  抑郁症状  /  自我效能  /  中介效应
Objective

To analyze the effects of diabetes distress (DD) and depressive symptoms (DS) on self-efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore the mediating effect of DD on DS and self-efficacy.

Methods

A total of 648 community patients with T2DM in Nanjing were selected by convenience sampling method and investigated with the general information questionnaire, Diabetes Distress Scale, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and Diabetes self-efficacy Scale. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of self-efficacy, and mediating effect analysis was used to explore the mediating role of DD.

Results

The prevalence of DD and DS was 27.5% and 40.4%, respectively, and the self-efficacy score was 3.82±0.60. DD and DS were significantly positively correlated (r=0.56, P<0.01), and both were negatively correlated with self-efficacy. DD (β=-0.34, P<0.01) and DS (β=-0.16, P<0.01) were the influencing factors of self-efficacy, and DD had a partial mediating effect between DS and self-efficacy, Bootstrap 95%confidence interval was -0.28--0.16 (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Community health workers need to conduct early screening and treatment of DD and DS in T2DM patients, which can help improve patients’ self-efficacy inmanaging the disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  Diabetes distress  /  Depressive symptoms  /  Self-efficacy  /  Mediating effect
袁磊, 陆丽君, 赵锦航, 杨颖, 李殿江, 陈佳萍, 李晓娜, 刘思浚. 抑郁症状对社区2型糖尿病患者自我效能的影响:糖尿病痛苦的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1358 -1363 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311510
Lei YUAN, Li-jun LU, Jin-hang ZHAO, Ying YANG, Dian-jiang LI, Jia-ping CHEN, Xiao-na LI, Si-jun LIU. Effects of depressive symptoms on self-efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes: the mediating role of diabetes distress[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1358 -1363 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311510
糖尿病是一种病因复杂、负担沉重的慢性疾病,已经成为了全球重大的公共卫生问题,据统计,中国成人糖尿病患病率已达12.4%[1]。由于疾病及其管理负担,糖尿病患者经常面临负性心理情绪的困扰,如抑郁症状(DS)和糖尿病痛苦(DD),两者均与不佳的糖尿病结局有关[2]。研究表明,成人2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生DS的风险是一般人群的1.6倍[3],我国的一项meta分析也指出了T2DM患者DD的检出率为50.0%[4]。自我效能概念最初由心理学家Bandura提出,指的是一个人对成功完成某项任务或克服某种困难的信念和信心[5],自我效能作为一种动机因素,已被证实对糖尿病患者的血糖控制[6]、自我管理行为[7]和生命质量[8]都有积极作用。在糖尿病复杂的护理环境中,患者的自我效能会受到多种因素的影响,国内外研究一致表明了DD和DS都会降低自我效能,并且可能会进一步影响自我管理行为[9-10]。然而,在中国社区T2DM患者人群中,很少有研究报道DS和DD与自我效能的关系及其内在作用机制。因此,本研究基于648名社区T2DM患者分析DD和DS对自我效能的影响,并探讨DD在DS与自我效能间的中介效应,为改善T2DM患者的心理状况和自我效能水平提供参考依据。
采用便利抽样的方法,于2023年6—8月选取南京市2个辖区作为调查地点,后在2个辖区内选取11家社区卫生服务中心作为研究现场,通过电话邀请方式招募已经建档的T2DM患者自愿参加问卷调查。纳入标准:(1)符合WHO推荐的糖尿病诊断标准;(2)糖尿病病程≥1年;(3)年龄≥35岁;(4)能进行有效沟通。排除标准:(1)1型糖尿病患者;(2)严重的并发症或精神障碍;(3)恶性肿瘤或妊娠。
本研究是一项基于横断面设计的问卷调查,由经过统一培训的调查人员严格按照纳入排除标准对符合要求的对象进行现场调查,使用自主设计的调查问卷收集研究所需的信息,调查内容包括一般人口学特征、疾病相关信息、抑郁症状、糖尿病痛苦和自我效能,若患者对量表条目理解存在问题,由调查人员负责解释。研究正式开始前已获得所有调查对象的知情同意。共发放问卷682份,回收有效问卷648份,有效回收率为95.0%。本研究已获得南京医科大学伦理委员会批准,批准号:FWA00001501。
包括性别、年龄、婚姻状态、居住状态、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、身高、体重、糖尿病家族史、病程、并发症和治疗方式等。
该问卷询问调查对象过去两个星期内的真实心理问题体验,以评价抑郁症状,共包含9个条目,采用Likert四级评分法,得分范围为0~27分,评价标准为:得分总和<5分为无抑郁,5~9分为轻度抑郁,10~14分为中度抑郁,≥15分为中度以上抑郁。该量表广泛应用于评价糖尿病患者的抑郁症状,具有良好的信效度[3],本研究中该量表的Cronbach α系数为0.819。
该量表由Polonsky等研制,由我国学者杨青等引进翻译[11] 总共有17个条目。量表包括4个维度:情感负担(EB)、生活规律相关痛苦(RD)、医生相关痛苦(PD)和人际关系相关痛苦(ID),采用Likert六级评分法,总得分范围为17~102分。评价标准为:以各条目得分总和除以条目数作为量表均分,<2.0分为“没有或轻度痛苦”,2.0~3.0分为“中度痛苦”,≥3.0分为“重度痛苦”,各维度评价标准相同。在本研究中该量表的Cronbach α系数为0.874。
本研究采用的是学者魏洁在国内外研究基础上调试修订的9条目汉化版SED[12],用于评价糖尿病患者在管理饮食、运动、血糖和病情控制方面的信心程度。该量表采用Likert五级评分法,从“1~5”代表着“完全没有信心~完全有信心”,以量表总分除以条目数9代表量表得分情况,则得分范围为1~5分,<2.0、2.1~4.0和4.1~5.0分别代表着“较弱”、“一般”和“较强”的自我效能水平。本研究中该量表的Cronbach α系数为0.822。
使用EpiData 3.1软件录入数据,所有分析均在SPSS 25.0软件上完成。经检验,数据服从近似正态分布,定量资料用均值±标准差()表示,定性资料用频数和百分比(n,%)表示,t检验或方差分析用于单因素分析。使用自我报告的问卷收集信息时可能会存在共同方法偏差(CMB)的问题,本研究使用Harman单因素法进行检验,最大因子解释的变异为25.65%,低于40%,可认为不存在严重的CMB[13]。双变量相关性采用Pearson相关性分析,多元线性回归模型用于探索自我效能的影响因素。运用SPSS软件中PROCESS插件的Model 4进行中介效应分析和检验,其基本思想是分层回归:分别检验自变量对因变量的系数(c’)、自变量对中介变量的系数(a)、中介变量对因变量的系数(b),如果a、b、c’均显著,则表明存在部分中介效应;若a、b显著,c’不显著,则表示存在完全中介效应。采用Bootstrap法(重复抽样1 000次)估算95%置信区间,若不包含0,则说明中介效应显著。检验水准α=0.05。
648例社区T2DM患者的年龄为69.37±7.55岁,最小值为36岁,最大年龄为92岁,其中男性277人(42.7%),女性371人(57.3%),65岁以上人群占比74.1%。平均BMI为24.17±3.04 kg/m2,病程为10.66±7.62年。DD得分为1.67±0.51分,其中RD (1.82±0.65)和EB (1.75±0.66)维度得分较高,有178人(27.5%)存在中度及以上痛苦。在DS方面,得分为4.77±3.72分,T2DM患者合并DS的患病率为40.4%。自我效能平均得分为3.82±0.60分,在不同治疗方式(F=3.541)、病程(t=2.277)、并发症 (t=3.839)、DD (t=9.322)和DS (t=7.996)间差异有统计学意义(均有P<0.05),其余方面均无显著性的差异。详见表1
DD和DS呈正相关(r=0.56, P<0.01),DD和DS与自我效能均呈显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.43和-0.36。另外,糖尿病痛苦量表的四个维度也均显示了与自我效能的负相关关系(均有P<0.01)。见表2
以自我效能为因变量,以性别、年龄、文化程度、治疗方式、病程、并发症、DD和DS为自变量进行多元线性回归分析,经检验,自变量间不存在严重的多重共线性问题。模型校正R2=0.210,F=15.290,P<0.01,表明模型拟合较好且具有统计学意义。结果显示,文化程度、DD和DS是社区T2DM患者自我效能的影响因素。见表3
表4所示,在未校正模型中,DS对自我效能的总效应系数为-0.41,95% CI为-0.49~-0.33,当引入中介变量DD后,DS对自我效能的直接效应显著,DD的间接效应也显著,表明DD在DS与自我效能间存在部分中介效应。模型二校正混杂因素后,也得到了相同的结论,DD的间接效应为-0.21,Bootstrap 95% CI为-0.28~-0.16,中介效应占比53.8%。见图1。基于校正模型对糖尿病痛苦量表的四个维度也进行了中介效应分析,以此探索不同来源的痛苦情绪在DS和自我效能中的作用,结果显示,四个维度的痛苦来源均存在部分中介效应。
DD是糖尿病患者特有的负性情绪体验,指的是患者在面对糖尿病时产生的一系列消极情绪反应,如懊恼、恐惧、担忧和不知所措等,是与管理糖尿病所需的复杂且苛刻的自我护理方案相关的心理困扰[4]。本研究报告了27.5%的患者存在中度及以上的DD,与国内其他研究比较,低于谢欣欣等报道的52%[14],但高于陆樱珠等报道的8%[15]。有研究指出DD的患病率在不同糖尿病人群中差异较大,并且会受到多种因素的影响[14,16]。在量表得分方面,RD维度和EB维度得分较高,与之前的研究一致[15],表明这两个维度是社区T2DM患者DD的主要来源。糖尿病患者可能会因为未来并发症的威胁表现出过度恐惧和担忧,并且病人需要在糖尿病的日常管理上做出大量抉择,繁重的管理负担很容易给患者带来痛苦情绪。因此,社区医疗人员需要定期评估DD,并为存在心理问题的患者提供情感上的支持和日常管理上的指导帮助。
在本研究中,DS的患病率为40.4%,与另一项调查的结果相近[17]。糖尿病和DS之间可能存在双向关联,糖尿病患者存在DS的可能性是非糖尿病患者的2倍,而DS同样会增加糖尿病的风险[18]。糖尿病患者合并DS会影响日常护理和血糖控制,因此,包括DD和DS在内的心理健康评估应当作为糖尿病管理的一部分,国家指南也建议使用DDS和PHQ-9等工具进行定期规范筛查[19]。此外,本研究表明了社区T2DM患者自我效能处于中等水平,与魏洁的报告结果一致[12]。单因素分析显示自我效能得分在不同治疗方式间有显著性差异,事后多重比较得出采用饮食运动控制和口服药物治疗方式的自我效能得分显著高于联合治疗,其它两两比较未见显著差异,可能的原因是饮食运动控制和口服药物相较于联合治疗方式所需的费用低且易实现。
国内外研究在评价三者之间的相关性时均得到了显著性的结论[3,9-10],与此一致,本研究结果显示了DS与DD显著正相关,并且都与自我效能存在负相关关系。DS和DD的中度相关性(r=0.56)提示了在社区T2DM患者中这两种负性情绪可能同时存在,因此,卫生保健专业人员需要对患者进行全面的心理评估。此外,DD和DS程度越高,自我效能就越低,多元线性回归分析也表明了DD和DS是自我效能的负向预测因素,DD和DS会给患者带来生理和心理上的双重影响,这些都会降低病人的自我效能感。一方面,负性情绪导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴失调和更高的血糖[18],这加重了患者的身体负担,影响病人执行日常管理活动的能力;另一方面,消极心理会降低患者的主观能动性,不利于个体解决问题的能力和信心。与之前研究得出的结果不同[9,20],本研究并未观察到性别、年龄是自我效能的影响因素,但均显示文化程度显著影响自我效能。关于年龄对自我效能的影响目前仍存在争议,受教育程度高的个体面对糖尿病具有更正确的认知,并且更容易掌握糖尿病管理的知识和技能,对自身能力也更有信心[20]
中介效应分析结果表明了DD在DS与自我效能间存在部分中介效应,与之前的研究结果一致[9-10]。李莎莎等人发现在社区老年T2DM患者中,DD是DS与自我效能间的中介效应因子[9],我们的研究进一步证实了在更为广泛的社区T2DM人群中,这种中介效应依然显著。DS可以通过DD间接影响自我效能说明了DS水平越高的患者,DD程度也越高,而自我效能感则越低。研究表明DS是DD的一个预测因子[21],当同时评估两者关系时,它们通常密切相关,并且至少有5%~15%的糖尿病患者同时存在高度的DD和DS[19]。高程度DD的病人对未来表现出担忧、害怕和恐惧的情绪,我们也很难在这部分人身上看到对糖尿病日常处理能力方面的效能感。高水平DS的病人可能也正经历着严重的DD,他们在面对疾病及其管理负担时,会因为复杂且苛刻的要求而感到不知所措,不太可能保持足够的积极性和自信。与之相反,心理痛苦程度低的患者对于自身和疾病具有正确的认知水平,并对管理糖尿病的执行能力充满信心[22]。此外,进一步的中介效应分析显示DDS的四个维度也均存在不同程度的中介效应,表明了DS可以通过不同来源的DD间接影响自我效能,DS患者会感到情绪低沉,没有精力坚持治疗方案,同时也缺乏与家人和医生之间的沟通,这些都会导致心理痛苦的产生,并进一步降低自我效能感。因此,社区卫生服务工作者可以通过增强与患者的沟通和积极的心理暗示等方式缓解病人的心理问题,注重疾病相关健康知识的传授以提高患者的健康素养,并鼓励病人从家人和医生处寻求帮助和情感支持。
首先,本研究是一项横断面调查,无法确定DD、DS和自我效能间的因果关系;其次,采用便利抽样获得的样本缺乏代表性,并且调查对象全都来自社区,这可能限制了研究结论的推广;最后,自我报告的问卷调查方式可能导致回忆偏倚和报告偏倚。
综上所述,自我效能作为社会认知理论的关键部分,在塑造良好的自我管理行为和保持理想的血糖控制方面具有重大意义。我们的研究强调了早期筛查和治疗社区T2DM患者DD和DS的必要性,这对于提高病人的自我效能非常重要。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71974101)
  • 江苏省高等学校大学生创新创业训练计划(202210312129Y)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311510
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(71974101)
江苏省高等学校大学生创新创业训练计划(202210312129Y)
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    1.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 211166
    2.南京医科大学第一临床医学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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