Article(id=1240375275251356120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704124800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658110677, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658110677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658110677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658110677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1345, endPage=1351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375277235262023, articleId=1240375275251356120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends of disease burden of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China, 1990-2019, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the changes in lung cancer mortality and DALY attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019, providing scientific basis for formulating lung cancer prevention and control strategies attributed to tobacco.

Methods

Extract lung cancer mortality and DALY rates attributed to tobacco in China from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database from 1990 to 2019, use Joinpoint software to analyze the trends in mortality and DALY rates, and use an age period cohort (APC) model to analyze age, period, and cohort effects.

Results

The number of lung cancer deaths attributed to tobacco in China increased from 16 500 in 1990 to 51 800 in 2019, and the standardized mortality rate increased from 20.22/100 000 in 1990 to 26.27/100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 0.92% (95% CI: 0.72%-1.11%). The DALY caused by lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China increased from 42.40 million person-years in 1990 to 113.90 million person-years in 2019. The standardized DALY rate increased from 474.81/100 000 in 1990 to 547.54/100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 0.51% (95% CI: 0.27%-0.74%). Compared with the global and different SDI regions, China’s lung cancer standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate attributed to tobacco showed the largest increase from 1990 to 2019, reaching 29.93% and 15.32% respectively. The lung cancer mortality rate attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019 showed an increasing trend with age, with a period effect showing a first decreasing, then increasing, and then decreasing trend. The cohort effect showed a first increasing, then decreasing trend. The prediction model shows that from 2020 to 2030, the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate caused by lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China are both showing a slow upward trend, and may reach 26.96/100 000 and 554.20/100 000 respectively by 2030.

Conclusion

The burden of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China remained on the rise from 1990 to 2019. Further attention should be paid to the elderly male population, health education, popularization of cancer core knowledge, and early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer.

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目的

分析1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY的变化情况,为制定归因于烟草的肺癌防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

从2019年全球疾病负担数据库提取1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY数据,使用Joinpoint软件分析其死亡率和DALY率的变化趋势,并利用年龄-时期-队列模型(age-period-cohort,APC)分析年龄、时期和队列效应。

结果

中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡人数从1990年的1.65万增至2019年的5.18万,标化死亡率从1990年20.22/10万上升至2019年的26.27/10万,平均每年上升了0.92个百分点(95% CI:0.72%~1.11%);中国归因于烟草的肺癌导致的DALY从1990年的42.40万人年增至2019年的113.90万人年,标化DALY率从1990年的474.81/10万上升至2019年的547.54/10万,平均每年上升了0.51个百分点(95% CI:0.27%~0.74%)。与全球和不同SDI地区相比,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率上升幅度均为最大,分别达29.93%和15.32%。1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,时期效应呈现先下降后上升再下降趋势,队列效应呈现先上升后下降趋势。预测模型显示,2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌造成的标化死亡率和标化DALY率均呈缓慢上升趋势,2030年可能分别达到26.96/10万和554.20/10万。

结论

1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担仍呈上升趋势,应进一步重视老年男性人群,加强健康教育、癌症核心知识普及和肺癌早筛、早诊、早治工作。

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陈宏,E-mail:
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马运(1990—),女,主治医师,本科,研究方向:公共卫生

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China Cancer, 2023, 32 (12): 887-890., articleTitle=Healthy China Action - Cancer prevention and control action implementation plan (2023-2030), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748865297633478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, awardId=GTCZ-2022-GS-62-0002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重大公共卫生服务项目(农村癌症早诊早治)内部科研项目(GTCZ-2022-GS-62-0002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748860558070577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748860566459186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, companyId=1240748860558070577, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xinyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748860579042100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, companyId=1240748860558070577, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=信阳市疾病预防控制中心,河南 信阳 464000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748863527637059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in lung cancer mortality and DALY attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=IGtmpfA/h7+DjDHYRFdaHQ==, figureFileBig=32vDxMJqG4Hp4MeRCSFZxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863640883273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY变化情况, figureFileSmall=IGtmpfA/h7+DjDHYRFdaHQ==, figureFileBig=32vDxMJqG4Hp4MeRCSFZxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863762518104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in lung cancer standardized mortality and DALY rates attributed to tobacco in China, the world, and different SDI regions from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=CUNURFx9CEZcj5sExMNoJw==, figureFileBig=EdGEjvwV7NiZjeZVp6Ja6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863850598492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2019年中国与全球及不同SDI地区归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率变化情况

注:SDI表示社会人口学指数;A表示标化死亡率,B表示标化DALY率。

, figureFileSmall=CUNURFx9CEZcj5sExMNoJw==, figureFileBig=EdGEjvwV7NiZjeZVp6Ja6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748863963844712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Trends in mortality and DALY rates of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in different age groups in China from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=MPhZYVyt+KrtIGk1cjsx7g==, figureFileBig=E0cVvTWR/vZfWfHOzoTGrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864093868150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌不同年龄组死亡率和DALY率变化趋势

注:年龄组中1表示<30岁,2表示30~34岁,3表示35~39岁,…,11表示75~79岁,12表示80~84岁,13表示80岁及以上;A:死亡率,B:DALY率。

, figureFileSmall=MPhZYVyt+KrtIGk1cjsx7g==, figureFileBig=E0cVvTWR/vZfWfHOzoTGrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864240668797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Age period cohort model effect diagram of lung cancer mortality attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=KmvnD7XmVwqM7isdwZA/Qg==, figureFileBig=Ege1C3AM0W/lXeFtRZC1IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864328749186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率年龄-时期-队列模型效应图

注:A 表示净偏移值,B 表示年龄效应,C 表示时期效应,D 表示队列效应。

, figureFileSmall=KmvnD7XmVwqM7isdwZA/Qg==, figureFileBig=Ege1C3AM0W/lXeFtRZC1IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864500715660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Prediction of the trend of standardized mortality and DALY rates of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China from 2020 to 2030, figureFileSmall=9p+Hlx2ydzA8SiVPN/1KGA==, figureFileBig=O5hl8ZVaw8+GuHkDpe9yaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864592990358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率变化趋势预测

注:A表示标化死亡率,B表示标化DALY率。

, figureFileSmall=9p+Hlx2ydzA8SiVPN/1KGA==, figureFileBig=O5hl8ZVaw8+GuHkDpe9yaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748864760762529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in lung cancer mortality and DALY attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别病例数/人年数(105)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性1.42(1.17~1.95)4.36(3.44~5.41)-
女性0.22(0.17~0.28)0.82(0.63~1.12)-
合计1.65(1.38~1.95)5.18(4.14~6.21)-
DALY
男性37.06(30.13~44.92)97.51(76.28~122.01)-
女性5.35(3.96~6.98)16.40(12.56~20.78)-
合计42.40(35.30~50.74)113.90(92.58~138.23)-
组别粗率(1/10万)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性23.32(19.12~28.07)60.16(47.48~74.62)3.31a(3.11~3.51)
女性3.89(2.95~4.97)11.71(9.09~14.62)3.86a(3.62~4.11)
合计13.91(11.68~16.50)36.40(29.81~43.66)3.33(3.04~3.63)
DALY
男性607.38 (493.77~736.20)1 345.25(1052.37~1683.36)2.77a(2.58~2.97)
女性93.25(69.09~121.68)235.05 (180.00~297.85)3.23a(3.03~3.43)
合计358.28(298.23~428.66)800.81(650.90~971.84)2.78a(2.51~3.05)
组别标化率(1/10万)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性37.80 (31.57~44.94)48.29(38.40~59.03)0.85a(0.67~1.03)
女性5.52(4.23~6.97)8.04(6.27~10.03)1.29a(1.12~1.47)
合计20.22(17.14~23.76)26.27(21.64~31.32)0.92a(0.72~1.11)
DALY
男性851.00(699.38~1023.52)975.35(767.19~1211.82)0.46a(0.27~0.66)
女性120.85(90.41~156.19)155.77(119.40~197.41)0.86a(0.63~1.09)
合计474.81(397.77~565.24)547.54(446.74~662.31)0.51a(0.27~0.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864848842915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2019年中国归因烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别病例数/人年数(105)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性1.42(1.17~1.95)4.36(3.44~5.41)-
女性0.22(0.17~0.28)0.82(0.63~1.12)-
合计1.65(1.38~1.95)5.18(4.14~6.21)-
DALY
男性37.06(30.13~44.92)97.51(76.28~122.01)-
女性5.35(3.96~6.98)16.40(12.56~20.78)-
合计42.40(35.30~50.74)113.90(92.58~138.23)-
组别粗率(1/10万)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性23.32(19.12~28.07)60.16(47.48~74.62)3.31a(3.11~3.51)
女性3.89(2.95~4.97)11.71(9.09~14.62)3.86a(3.62~4.11)
合计13.91(11.68~16.50)36.40(29.81~43.66)3.33(3.04~3.63)
DALY
男性607.38 (493.77~736.20)1 345.25(1052.37~1683.36)2.77a(2.58~2.97)
女性93.25(69.09~121.68)235.05 (180.00~297.85)3.23a(3.03~3.43)
合计358.28(298.23~428.66)800.81(650.90~971.84)2.78a(2.51~3.05)
组别标化率(1/10万)
1990年(95% UI2019年(95% UIAAPC
死亡
男性37.80 (31.57~44.94)48.29(38.40~59.03)0.85a(0.67~1.03)
女性5.52(4.23~6.97)8.04(6.27~10.03)1.29a(1.12~1.47)
合计20.22(17.14~23.76)26.27(21.64~31.32)0.92a(0.72~1.11)
DALY
男性851.00(699.38~1023.52)975.35(767.19~1211.82)0.46a(0.27~0.66)
女性120.85(90.41~156.19)155.77(119.40~197.41)0.86a(0.63~1.09)
合计474.81(397.77~565.24)547.54(446.74~662.31)0.51a(0.27~0.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748864966283436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting of lung cancer disease burden prediction model attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别MSERMSEMAEMAPE(%)
标化死亡率
男性0.195 50.442 20.333 20.007 1
女性0.009 70.098 30.083 00.011 0
合计0.062 10.249 20.180 30.007 0
标化DALY率
男性91.127 49.546 17.208 40.007 3
女性3.031 81.741 21.408 60.009 4
合计26.360 25.134 23.985 00.007 2
), ArticleFig(id=1240748865071141042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375275251356120, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担预测模型拟合情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别MSERMSEMAEMAPE(%)
标化死亡率
男性0.195 50.442 20.333 20.007 1
女性0.009 70.098 30.083 00.011 0
合计0.062 10.249 20.180 30.007 0
标化DALY率
男性91.127 49.546 17.208 40.007 3
女性3.031 81.741 21.408 60.009 4
合计26.360 25.134 23.985 00.007 2
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1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势分析
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马运 , 袁浩冉 , 胡昊 , 陆彬 , 陈宏
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(8): 1345-1351
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(8): 1345-1351
1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势分析
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马运, 袁浩冉, 胡昊, 陆彬, 陈宏
作者信息
  • 信阳市疾病预防控制中心,河南 信阳 464000
  • 马运(1990—),女,主治医师,本科,研究方向:公共卫生

通讯作者:

陈宏,E-mail:
Trends of disease burden of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China, 1990-2019
Yun MA, Hao-ran YUAN, Hao HU, Bin LU, Hong CHEN
Affiliations
  • Xinyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401015
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目的

分析1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY的变化情况,为制定归因于烟草的肺癌防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

从2019年全球疾病负担数据库提取1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY数据,使用Joinpoint软件分析其死亡率和DALY率的变化趋势,并利用年龄-时期-队列模型(age-period-cohort,APC)分析年龄、时期和队列效应。

结果

中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡人数从1990年的1.65万增至2019年的5.18万,标化死亡率从1990年20.22/10万上升至2019年的26.27/10万,平均每年上升了0.92个百分点(95% CI:0.72%~1.11%);中国归因于烟草的肺癌导致的DALY从1990年的42.40万人年增至2019年的113.90万人年,标化DALY率从1990年的474.81/10万上升至2019年的547.54/10万,平均每年上升了0.51个百分点(95% CI:0.27%~0.74%)。与全球和不同SDI地区相比,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率上升幅度均为最大,分别达29.93%和15.32%。1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,时期效应呈现先下降后上升再下降趋势,队列效应呈现先上升后下降趋势。预测模型显示,2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌造成的标化死亡率和标化DALY率均呈缓慢上升趋势,2030年可能分别达到26.96/10万和554.20/10万。

结论

1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担仍呈上升趋势,应进一步重视老年男性人群,加强健康教育、癌症核心知识普及和肺癌早筛、早诊、早治工作。

烟草  /  肺癌  /  疾病负担  /  中国
Objective

To analyze the changes in lung cancer mortality and DALY attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019, providing scientific basis for formulating lung cancer prevention and control strategies attributed to tobacco.

Methods

Extract lung cancer mortality and DALY rates attributed to tobacco in China from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database from 1990 to 2019, use Joinpoint software to analyze the trends in mortality and DALY rates, and use an age period cohort (APC) model to analyze age, period, and cohort effects.

Results

The number of lung cancer deaths attributed to tobacco in China increased from 16 500 in 1990 to 51 800 in 2019, and the standardized mortality rate increased from 20.22/100 000 in 1990 to 26.27/100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 0.92% (95% CI: 0.72%-1.11%). The DALY caused by lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China increased from 42.40 million person-years in 1990 to 113.90 million person-years in 2019. The standardized DALY rate increased from 474.81/100 000 in 1990 to 547.54/100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 0.51% (95% CI: 0.27%-0.74%). Compared with the global and different SDI regions, China’s lung cancer standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate attributed to tobacco showed the largest increase from 1990 to 2019, reaching 29.93% and 15.32% respectively. The lung cancer mortality rate attributed to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019 showed an increasing trend with age, with a period effect showing a first decreasing, then increasing, and then decreasing trend. The cohort effect showed a first increasing, then decreasing trend. The prediction model shows that from 2020 to 2030, the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate caused by lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China are both showing a slow upward trend, and may reach 26.96/100 000 and 554.20/100 000 respectively by 2030.

Conclusion

The burden of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China remained on the rise from 1990 to 2019. Further attention should be paid to the elderly male population, health education, popularization of cancer core knowledge, and early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer.

Tobacco  /  Lung cancer  /  Disease burden  /  China
马运, 袁浩冉, 胡昊, 陆彬, 陈宏. 1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1345 -1351 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401015
Yun MA, Hao-ran YUAN, Hao HU, Bin LU, Hong CHEN. Trends of disease burden of lung cancer attributed to tobacco in China, 1990-2019[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1345 -1351 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401015
肺癌是全球及中国高发恶性肿瘤之一。据统计[1-2],2020年全球肺癌新发病例数达220.7万,死亡病例数达179.6万,分别占全球恶性肿瘤新发病例数和死亡病例数的11.4%和18.0%。我国肿瘤登记数据显示[3],2016年中国肺癌发病和死亡均位居首位,新发病例数和死亡病例数分别为82.81万和65.60万,分别占全国恶性肿瘤新发病例数和死亡病例数的20.38%和27.22%,疾病负担沉重。烟草被认为是肺癌最重要的危险因素[4],目前中国关于归因于烟草对肺癌所造成的疾病负担研究较少,因此本研究利用GBD 2019中国部分结果,对中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担情况进行分析,为归因于烟草的肺癌防控提供基础数据资料。
全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2019)数据库提供包括特定疾病或风险因素的流行程度,也包括其造成的相对伤害的全球范围的数据[5-6]。本研究选择“Lung cancer”作为所研究疾病,选择“Tobacco”作为危险因素,提取1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌分性别、年龄的死亡数、死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(Disability adjusted life year,DALY)和DALY率及其95% CI等疾病负担指标,以及全球和不同社会人口学指数(SDI)地区年龄标准化死亡率和DALY率。
Joinpoint回归模型是由Joinpoint软件根据数据特征建立起的对数线性回归模型,主要用于分析率及其标化率随时间变化的趋势特征[7-8]。以平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)及其95%置信区间(95% CI)分析我国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化情况。
年龄-时期-队列模型可以估算年龄、时期和队列对疾病所产生的影响[9-12]。本研究按5年为一时间段,且数据资料显示30岁以下人群归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率和DALY率均为0,以及80岁及以上老年人群占比较少且基础疾病较多,干预效果较弱,因此研究未纳入30岁以下人群的归因于烟草的肺癌数据资料,并将80岁及以上人群归因于烟草的肺癌数据进行整理合并。
基于1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担结果,采用R 4.2.9软件BAPC包预测2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化情况。用2010-2019年的中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担数据作为测试集评价BAPC预测模型的准确性,评价模型预测效果的指标有均方误差(Mean square error, MSE)、均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)、平均绝对误差(Mean absolute error, MAE)和平均绝对百分误差(Mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)。
采用Excel 2022软件对1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡和DALY数据进行提取和整理,应用Joinpoint 4.7.0.0软件分析归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担变化趋势,采用IARC网站提供的网页分析工具对年龄-时期-队列模型进行拟合。
中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡人数从1990年的1.65万增至2019年的5.18万,粗死亡率和标化死亡率从1990年的13.91/10万和20.22/10万分别上升至2019年的36.40/10万和26.27/10万,平均每年分别上升3.33%(95% CI:3.04%~3.63%)和0.92%(95% CI:0.72%~1.11%)。中国归因于烟草的肺癌导致的DALY从1990年的42.40万人年增至2019年的113.90万人年,粗DALY率和标化DALY率从1990年的358.28/10万和474.81/10万分别上升至2019年的800.81/10万和547.54/10万,平均每年分别上升2.78%(95% CI:2.51%~3.05%)和0.51%(95% CI:0.27%~0.74%),见表1图1
与全球和不同SDI地区相比,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率上升幅度均为最大,分别达29.93%和15.32%,其次为中SDI地区,上升幅度分别为20.54%和8.68%,全球和其他SDI地区归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率均在下降。2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率均高于同时期全球和不同SDI地区水平,见图2
1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率和DALY率均自30岁人群开始升高,分别在80岁及以上和75~79岁年龄组达到高峰,见图3
1990—2019年中国总体、男性和女性人群归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率的全局变化(Net Drift)和95%置信区间分别为-0.12%(95% CI:-0.30%~-0.06%)、-0.04%(95% CI:-0.29%~0.21%)和-0.20%(95% CI:-0.42%~0.03%)。总体和女性人群在25~59岁年龄组局部偏移值均<0,男性人群在25~54年龄组局部偏移值均小于0,总体、男性和女性人群局部偏移值均在80岁及以上年龄组达到最大值,分别为2.65%(95% CI:2.45%~2.85%)、2.38%(95% CI:2.15%~2.61%)和2.59%(95% CI:2.33%~2.85%)。男性人群局部漂移值在25~39岁年龄组大于女性,40岁及以上年龄组小于女性,见图4A
年龄效应:在调整年龄和时期效应后,中国总体、男性和女性人群归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率均随年龄增长呈上升趋势,40岁开始快速上升,均在80岁及以上年龄组达到高峰,死亡率分别为351.01/10万、711.19/10万和130.08/10万,其中男性人群归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率均高于女性,见图4B
时期效应:在调整年龄和队列效应后,以2000—2004年时期组为对照组(RR=1),中国总体和男性归因于烟草的肺癌死亡风险的时期效应在1990—2004年呈先下降后上升趋势,在2005—2019年均呈下降趋势,在2015—2019年总体和男性死亡风险均达到最低值(总体RR=0.93%,95% CI:0.90%~0.96%;男性RR=0.95%,95% CI:0.91%~0.99%);女性死亡风险的时期效应在1990—2004年呈上升趋势,在2005—2019年呈下降趋势,在2015—2019年女性死亡风险达到最低值(RR=0.86%,95% CI:0.83%~0.90%),见图4C
队列效应:在调整年龄和时期效应后,以1950—1954年出生队列组为对照组(RR=1),中国总体、男性和女性归因于烟草的肺癌死亡风险的队列效应随出生队列的推移均呈先上升后下降趋势,峰值均出现在1950—1954年,RR值分别由1910年的0.50%(95% CI:0.47%~0.54%)、0.52%(95% CI:0.48%~0.56%)和0.53%(95% CI:0.48%~4.60%)下降至1990年的0.61%(95% CI:0.28%~1.30%)、0.76%(95% CI:0.22%~2.61%)和0.54%(95% CI:0.28%~1.01%),见图4D
预测模型结果显示,标化死亡率的MSE=0.0621,RMSE=0.2492,MAE=0.1803,MAPE=0.0070%;标化DALY率的MSE=26.3602,RMSE=5.1342,MAE=3.9850,MAPE=0.0072%,表明模型预测效果较好。预测得到2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌造成的标化死亡率和标化DALY率均呈缓慢上升趋势,2030年可能分别达到26.96/10万和554.20/10万,见表2图5
本研究显示,1990—2019年我国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率均呈缓慢上升趋势,其死亡例数仍持续在上升,表明我国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担较为沉重。烟草是肺癌发生的头号诱因[13-14],直接吸烟和二手烟均会大大增加罹患肺癌,烟草中的NNK(尼古丁亚硝基化或微量烟碱亚硝基化形成的)和多环芳烃均是烟草中重要的肺致癌物,直接参与吸烟导致肺癌的起始过程,因此对于吸烟者来说,降低吸烟危害的唯一方法就是尽早戒烟。既往研究显示[15-16],2019年较1990年中国肺癌死亡率上升了141.25%,DALY率上升了104.75%,本研究显示,2019年中国归因烟草的肺癌的死亡率较1990年上升了161.68%,DALY率上升了123.51%,与整个肺癌的疾病负担相比,归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率和DALY率上升幅度更大,疾病负担更为沉重。提示仍需加大对烟草的控制。同时本研究结果表明,与全球和不同SDI地区水平相比,2019年中国归因烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率均高于同时期全球和不同SDI地区水平,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率较全球和不同SDI地区增幅均达到最高,表明中国是全球中归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担最为沉重的地区,应尽快采取有力的控烟措施,开展无烟环境建设,推动控烟立法进程。
研究结果表明,中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率和DALY率均存在明显的性别差异,女性死亡率和DALY率均低于男性,可能与男性吸烟率明显高于女性有关[17],我国15岁及以上人群现在吸烟率为26.6%,其中男性为50.5%,女性为2.1%。烟草是肺癌可干预的危险因素,烟草对健康的危害是一种慢性的滞后过程,与烟民的吸烟量和烟龄对健康的影响成正比,随着吸烟指数的增加,烟草对健康的影响就会越来越大。我国研究表明[18],开始吸烟时年龄≥25岁、20~24岁和<20岁的吸烟者患肺癌的风险分别是不吸烟者的1.90倍、2.64倍和3.17倍;每天吸烟量<15支、15~24支、≥25支的吸烟者患肺癌的风险分别是不吸烟者的1.90倍、2.68倍和3.59倍。戒烟可以降低吸烟者肺癌的发病风险,戒烟时间越长,肺癌的发病风险降低越多。实际上,在戒烟后发生肺癌的绝对危险性并不能立刻下降[19],但是因为继续吸烟而产生的危险却能够得以避免,如能及早对吸烟人群特别是男性吸烟人群实施健康干预,可在极大程度上降低烟草所产生的肺癌疾病负担。值得注意的是,女性人群归因于烟草的肺癌标化死亡率和标化DALY率平均每年上升速度均高于男性,可能原因是近年来女性吸烟人群占比逐渐增加,且与男性相比,在终生吸烟机会相同的情况下,女性患肺癌的易感性更高所致[20]
年龄效应结果显示,随着年龄增加,中国归因烟草的肺癌死亡率同步加大,尤其是60岁及以上人群这种现象最为明显,可能原因是老年人群相比于青少年人群自身免疫功能有所降低和累积效应的影响有关。时期效应结果显示,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,这可能和居民防癌健康意识的提升以及肺癌筛查的普及有关。近年来,肺癌筛查项目发展迅速,检出率不断提高,早期肺癌比例也逐渐升高,早诊率得到大幅度提升,相应死亡率逐渐下降[21]。队列效应结果显示,1990—2019年中国归因于烟草的肺癌死亡率队列效应呈现先上升后下降趋势,这可能是因为在新中国成立前,人群防癌意识较差、吸烟率逐步增加以及医疗卫生资源短缺等不利因素加重肺癌的发生发展,而随着国家经济快速发展、健康教育和健康知识的大力普及和肺癌早诊早治项目的逐步实施,肺癌早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗情况均得到有效改观,从而死亡率队列效应逐渐下降。预测模型显示,2020—2030年中国归因于烟草的肺癌造成的标化死亡率和标化DALY率仍呈缓慢上升趋势,而且受我国人口基数和人口构成的影响,其死亡病例数仍将持续上升。因此,目前中国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担形势依旧十分严峻,需要采取有效防治措施,积极落实《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》中的控烟行动,加大对高危人群肺癌筛查力度和健康知识普及等,以期尽早降低肺癌带来的疾病负担和经济负担[22]
本研究不足:(1)GBD 2019数据是通过系统动力学、贝叶斯偏回归以及DisMod-MR等统计模型综合建模得到,对疾病负担指标进行估计,并非真实观测数据,可能会导致结果有一定偏差;(2)受限于数据,本研究未能探讨中国归因于烟草的肺癌不同地区疾病负担变化情况。
综上所述,中国归因烟草的肺癌疾病负担仍呈现上升趋势,在老龄化等因素影响下归因烟草的肺癌疾病负担将进一步加重,同时也应认识到加强老年人群尤其是老年男性人群肺癌早筛早诊早治的重要性,以及开展防烟、控烟知识宣传和推广健康生活方式的必要性,以降低我国归因于烟草的肺癌疾病负担。
  • 国家重大公共卫生服务项目(农村癌症早诊早治)内部科研项目(GTCZ-2022-GS-62-0002)
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401015
  • 接收时间:2024-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-02
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国家重大公共卫生服务项目(农村癌症早诊早治)内部科研项目(GTCZ-2022-GS-62-0002)
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    信阳市疾病预防控制中心,河南 信阳 464000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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