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Article(id=1240375274316026262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202305259, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658110455, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658110455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658110455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658110455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1512, endPage=1517, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375274563490217, articleId=1240375274316026262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Parents’ cognition and behaviors of antibacterial drug use and analyses of influencing factors in an urban area of Shenzhen City, columnId=1228016573156360233, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Disease Control and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand children’s parents’ cognition and behavior of antibacterial drugs, so as to provide reference for promoting rational use of antibacterial drugs in children, reducing bacterial drug resistance and adverse drug reactions.

Methods

From April 2022 to April 2023, 517 parents of pediatric inpatients at Pingshan District People’s Hospital in Shenzhen were surveyed on the cognition and behavior of antibacterial drug use. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to explore the possible factors affecting parents’ cognition and behavior of rational use of antibiotics.

Results

A total of 517 questionnaires were collected, of which 482 were valid, with an effective recovery rate of 93.23%. The scores of parents’ knowledge and practice on antibacterial drugs were (7.06±3.91) and (28.02±4.32), and the scoring rates were (44.11±24.46)% and (80.06±12.34)%, respectively. The cognitive score was positively correlated with senior high school or technical secondary school (β=0.180, 95% CI: 0.677-2.569), junior college (β=0.244,95% CI: 1.177-3.125), undergraduate degree or above (β=0.353, 95% CI: 2.035-4.333), and was negatively correlated with parents’ with medical background (β=-0.109, 95% CI: -2.800--0.371). The behavioral score was positively correlated with the mother (β=0.123, 95% CI: 0.358-2.198) and parents’ with medical background (β=0.090, 95% CI: -0.006-2.874).

Conclusion

The overall awareness of antimicrobial drugs among parents of children in this urban area is relatively low, and the score rate for rational use of antibiotics is relatively high. However, there are still some misconceptions. It is recommended that relevant departments should strengthen the education of antimicrobial knowledge to the public, strengthen the management of grassroots medical institutions and retail pharmacies, strictly regulate access channels, standardize medication behavior, and try to eliminate the hidden dangers of unreasonable use of antibiotics.

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目的

了解儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知及使用行为，为促进抗菌药物在儿童中的合理使用、减少细菌耐药、降低药物不良反应提供参考。

方法

2022年4月至2023年4月在深圳市坪山区人民医院儿科住院病区对517名患儿家长进行抗菌药物使用认知与行为调查，采用描述性分析、单因素分析及多重线性回归分析探讨影响家长对抗菌药物合理使用认知与行为的可能因素。

结果

共回收有效问卷482份，家长对抗菌药物的认知及行为得分分别为（7.06±3.91）、（28.02±4.32），得分率分别为（44.11±24.46）%、（80.06±12.34）%。家长对抗菌药物使用的认知得分与高中或中专(β=0.180,95% CI：0.677～2.569)、大专(β=0.244,95% CI：1.177～3.125)、本科以上(β=0.353,95% CI：2.035～4.333)呈正相关，与家长是否有医学背景(β=-0.109,95% CI：-2.800～-0.371)呈负向关系；家长对抗菌药物使用的行为得分与母亲(β=0.123,95% CI：0.358～2.198)、家长是否有医学背景(β=0.090,95% CI：-0.006～2.874)呈正向关系。

结论

该城区儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知情况整体偏低，对合理使用抗菌药物的行为得分率较高，但仍然存在一定误区，建议相关部门加强对公众的抗菌药物知识宣教，加强对基层医疗机构以 及零售药店的管理，严格监管获取途径，规范用药行为，尽量消除不合理使用抗菌药物的隐患。

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吴丽莎，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CteCRSVV9sM6rah0VFFLHQ==, magXml=mah9IrVbFUMBiSFAFmNvfQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=a2KA5BhrRwQhaza3MdjuHg==, pdfFileSize=786455, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DQMB6Jkn2btt/xu8oH/Opg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴丽莎（1985—），女，硕士，主管药师，研究方向：临床药学

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The Lancet, 2020, 395(10239): 1802-1812., articleTitle=Quality of primary health care in China: challenges and recommendations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240748864328749184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Yang Y, Geng X, Liu XJ, journalName=Frontiers in Pharmacology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y, Geng X, Liu XJ, et al. Antibiotic use in China’s public healthcare institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of nationwide procurement data, 2018-2020[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13: 813213., articleTitle=Antibiotic use in China’s public healthcare institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of nationwide procurement data, 2018-2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240748864408440968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=120, pageEnd=123, 127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=22, authorNames=王畅, 李嘉慧, 黎金荣, journalName=华南预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王畅，李嘉慧，黎金荣，等．广州市越秀区社区卫生服务中心就诊及陪护居民接受健康教育现状及其影响因素研究[J]．华南预防医学，2023，49（1）：120-123, 127．, articleTitle=广州市越秀区社区卫生服务中心就诊及陪护居民接受健康教育现状及其影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240748864492327051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=120, pageEnd=123, 127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Wang C, Li JH, Li JR, journalName=South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Li JH, Li JR, et al. 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Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 2021, 19(9): 1157-1164., articleTitle=Prevalence of antibiotic self-medication behavior and related factors among children aged 0 to 5 years, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748861715698613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, awardId=202152, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市坪山区卫生健康系统科研项目(202152), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748857563337336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748857571725945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, companyId=1240748857563337336, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pharmacy, Pingshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748857580114554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, companyId=1240748857563337336, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.深圳市坪山区人民医院药学部，广东 深圳 518118)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748857655612029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748857659806334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, companyId=1240748857655612029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.深圳市坪山区人民医院儿科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748860583236405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics and univariate analysis of their cognition and behavior towards antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目人数构成比(%)知识得分t/F值P值行为得分t/F值P值
家长身份1.260.210-2.900.004
母亲37577.806.94±3.8728.32±4.11
父亲10722.207.48±4.0626.96±4.85
家长年龄（岁）5.050.0070.500.605
≤3013127.186.24±3.8128.27±4.44
31～4028158.307.51±3.8628.00±4.03
≥417014.526.77±4.0927.63±5.16
子女个数-0.390.6940.230.822
117836.936.97±4.0528.08±4.23
≥230463.077.11±3.8427.99±4.38
家长文化程度31.23<0.0012.030.109
初中及以下11022.824.65±3.3728.87±4.86
高中或中专12125.106.64±3.7827.99±4.41
大专13026.977.55±3.7027.71±3.88
本科及以上学历12125.109.13±3.4727.61±4.09
家长职业11.16<0.0011.140.333
劳务人员或工人12626.146.19±3.8827.70±4.69
企事业机关单位职工/医药卫生技术人员7615.779.22±3.4427.48±4.13
退休/待业人员/自由职业者14129.256.58±3.8928.35±4.46
其他13928.847.14±3.8128.02±4.32
家长是否有医学教育背景3.94<0.001-2.350.019
是387.899.42±3.8426.45±3.83
否44492.116.86±3.8628.16±4.34
家庭平均月收入（元）10.83<0.0010.700.626
<5 0008617.844.94±3.5728.64±5.21
5 001～10 00020843.156.80±3.9228.06±4.32
10 001～20 00010822.417.93±3.6527.56±3.95
20 001～25 000234.779.13±4.0727.56±3.94
25 001～30 000204.159.50±2.8628.35±3.38
>30 000377.688.27±3.3927.81±3.70
居住环境6.61<0.0011.340.262
小区26254.367.65±3.8327.86±4.21
城中村14530.086.70±3.8127.86±4.67
职工宿舍347.056.64±3.9628.56±3.99
其他418.515.02±3.9628.02±4.32
), ArticleFig(id=1240748860696482626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象人口学特征及其对抗生素的认知及行为情况单因素分析（）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目人数构成比(%)知识得分t/F值P值行为得分t/F值P值
家长身份1.260.210-2.900.004
母亲37577.806.94±3.8728.32±4.11
父亲10722.207.48±4.0626.96±4.85
家长年龄（岁）5.050.0070.500.605
≤3013127.186.24±3.8128.27±4.44
31～4028158.307.51±3.8628.00±4.03
≥417014.526.77±4.0927.63±5.16
子女个数-0.390.6940.230.822
117836.936.97±4.0528.08±4.23
≥230463.077.11±3.8427.99±4.38
家长文化程度31.23<0.0012.030.109
初中及以下11022.824.65±3.3728.87±4.86
高中或中专12125.106.64±3.7827.99±4.41
大专13026.977.55±3.7027.71±3.88
本科及以上学历12125.109.13±3.4727.61±4.09
家长职业11.16<0.0011.140.333
劳务人员或工人12626.146.19±3.8827.70±4.69
企事业机关单位职工/医药卫生技术人员7615.779.22±3.4427.48±4.13
退休/待业人员/自由职业者14129.256.58±3.8928.35±4.46
其他13928.847.14±3.8128.02±4.32
家长是否有医学教育背景3.94<0.001-2.350.019
是387.899.42±3.8426.45±3.83
否44492.116.86±3.8628.16±4.34
家庭平均月收入（元）10.83<0.0010.700.626
<5 0008617.844.94±3.5728.64±5.21
5 001～10 00020843.156.80±3.9228.06±4.32
10 001～20 00010822.417.93±3.6527.56±3.95
20 001～25 000234.779.13±4.0727.56±3.94
25 001～30 000204.159.50±2.8628.35±3.38
>30 000377.688.27±3.3927.81±3.70
居住环境6.61<0.0011.340.262
小区26254.367.65±3.8327.86±4.21
城中村14530.086.70±3.8127.86±4.67
职工宿舍347.056.64±3.9628.56±3.99
其他418.515.02±3.9628.02±4.32
), ArticleFig(id=1240748860784563019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The scores of 482 children’s parents on various dimensions of the questionnaire on antimicrobial use

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目最低分
(分）		最高分
（分）		得分
（分，）		得分率
（%，）
认知0167.06±3.9144.11±24.46
行为103528.02±4.3280.06±12.34
总分144735.08±5.5768.78%±10.92
), ArticleFig(id=1240748860893614936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

482名儿童家长对抗菌药物使用调查问卷各维度得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目最低分
(分）		最高分
（分）		得分
（分，）		得分率
（%，）
认知0167.06±3.9144.11±24.46
行为103528.02±4.3280.06±12.34
总分144735.08±5.5768.78%±10.92
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861011055463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cognition of 482 children’s parents on the use of antibacterial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题(正确答案)是n(%)否n(%)不知道n(%)
1. 抗菌药物对细菌感染有效?(是)315(65.35)33(6.85)134(27.80)
2. 抗菌药物对病毒感染有效?(否)191(39.63)131(27.18)160(33.20)
3. 抗菌药物就是一种消炎药？(否)208(43.15)115(23.86)159(32.99)
4. 当孩子出现以下症状或疾病时，您认为是否需要使用抗生素？
1)感冒(咳嗽、流清鼻涕)(否)93(19.29)312(64.73)77(15.98)
2)发烧(否)203(42.12)195(40.45)84(17.43)
3)腹泻(否)109(22.61)271(56.22)102(21.16)
4)喉咙痛(否)143(29.67)245(50.83)94(19.50)
5)耳道发炎(是)224(46.47)146(30.29)112(23.24)
6)扁桃体发炎(否)267(55.39)128(26.56)87(18.05)
5. 患流感时，使用抗菌药物会好的更快？(否)206(42.74)129(26.82)147(30.50)
6. 抗菌药物越贵越好？(否)18(3.73)301(62.45)163(33.82)
7. 抗菌药物新药比老药好？(否)43(8.92)227(47.10)212(43.98)
8. 静脉输液比口服效果好？(否)247(51.24)125(25.93)110(22.82)
9. 同时使用两种或两种以上抗菌药物比使用一种抗菌药物效果更好？(否)62(12.86)225(46.68)195(40.46)
10. 孩子使用抗菌药物的次数越多，以后细菌感染就越难治好？(是)206(42.74)103(21.37)173(35.89)
11. 孩子经常使用抗菌药物，细菌会对抗菌药物产生耐药性，即出现抗菌药物杀不死细菌的情况？(是)253(52.49)65(13.49)164(34.02)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861090747246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

482名儿童家长对抗菌药物使用的认知情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题(正确答案)是n(%)否n(%)不知道n(%)
1. 抗菌药物对细菌感染有效?(是)315(65.35)33(6.85)134(27.80)
2. 抗菌药物对病毒感染有效?(否)191(39.63)131(27.18)160(33.20)
3. 抗菌药物就是一种消炎药？(否)208(43.15)115(23.86)159(32.99)
4. 当孩子出现以下症状或疾病时，您认为是否需要使用抗生素？
1)感冒(咳嗽、流清鼻涕)(否)93(19.29)312(64.73)77(15.98)
2)发烧(否)203(42.12)195(40.45)84(17.43)
3)腹泻(否)109(22.61)271(56.22)102(21.16)
4)喉咙痛(否)143(29.67)245(50.83)94(19.50)
5)耳道发炎(是)224(46.47)146(30.29)112(23.24)
6)扁桃体发炎(否)267(55.39)128(26.56)87(18.05)
5. 患流感时，使用抗菌药物会好的更快？(否)206(42.74)129(26.82)147(30.50)
6. 抗菌药物越贵越好？(否)18(3.73)301(62.45)163(33.82)
7. 抗菌药物新药比老药好？(否)43(8.92)227(47.10)212(43.98)
8. 静脉输液比口服效果好？(否)247(51.24)125(25.93)110(22.82)
9. 同时使用两种或两种以上抗菌药物比使用一种抗菌药物效果更好？(否)62(12.86)225(46.68)195(40.46)
10. 孩子使用抗菌药物的次数越多，以后细菌感染就越难治好？(是)206(42.74)103(21.37)173(35.89)
11. 孩子经常使用抗菌药物，细菌会对抗菌药物产生耐药性，即出现抗菌药物杀不死细菌的情况？(是)253(52.49)65(13.49)164(34.02)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861195604854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Behavior of 482 children’s parents on the use of antibacterial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
题目一直是
n(%)		经常
n(%)		偶尔
n(%)		很少
n(%)		从不
n(%)
1.您家中备有抗菌药，以备生病时使用？38(7.88)31(6.43)120(24.90)161(33.40)132(27.39)
2.看到周围有孩子感冒、发烧时，您是否会提前给孩子服用抗菌药物来预防感冒？14(2.90)7(1.45)57(11.83)107(22.20)297(61.62)
3.您给孩子服药时，为了让孩子更能接受，是否会用糖水、牛奶、饮料等甜品送服？5(1.04)12(2.49)42(8.71)97(20.12)326(67.63)
4.带孩子就诊时，您会主动要求医生开具抗菌药物？5(1.04)2(0.41)42(8.73)128(26.56)305(63.28)
5.在没有处方的情况下，您在药店给孩子买过抗菌药？7(1.45)7(1.45)85(17.63)138(28.63)245(50.83)
6.您会根据孩子的病情适当调整抗菌药物的剂量？91(18.88)33(6.85)64(13.28)101(20.95)193(40.04)
7.孩子一旦病情好转，您会立即停止使用抗菌药物？118(24.48)46(9.54)85(17.63)116(24.07)117(24.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861363377029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

482名儿童家长对抗菌药物使用的行为情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
题目一直是
n(%)		经常
n(%)		偶尔
n(%)		很少
n(%)		从不
n(%)
1.您家中备有抗菌药，以备生病时使用？38(7.88)31(6.43)120(24.90)161(33.40)132(27.39)
2.看到周围有孩子感冒、发烧时，您是否会提前给孩子服用抗菌药物来预防感冒？14(2.90)7(1.45)57(11.83)107(22.20)297(61.62)
3.您给孩子服药时，为了让孩子更能接受，是否会用糖水、牛奶、饮料等甜品送服？5(1.04)12(2.49)42(8.71)97(20.12)326(67.63)
4.带孩子就诊时，您会主动要求医生开具抗菌药物？5(1.04)2(0.41)42(8.73)128(26.56)305(63.28)
5.在没有处方的情况下，您在药店给孩子买过抗菌药？7(1.45)7(1.45)85(17.63)138(28.63)245(50.83)
6.您会根据孩子的病情适当调整抗菌药物的剂量？91(18.88)33(6.85)64(13.28)101(20.95)193(40.04)
7.孩子一旦病情好转，您会立即停止使用抗菌药物？118(24.48)46(9.54)85(17.63)116(24.07)117(24.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861468234643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Multiple linear regression analysis of parents’ cognitive and behavior scores on children’s use of antibacterial drugs（n=482）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量BSEβt95% CIPVIF
认知a
(常量)7.0401.4434.8804.205～9.875<0.001
家长年龄（以“≥41”为参照）1.075
≤30-0.5160.541-0.059-0.953-1.579～0.5470.341
31～400.0950.4850.0120.195-0.859～1.0480.845
学历（以“初中及以下学历”为参照）
高中或中专1.6230.4810.1803.3710.677～2.5690.0011.661
大专2.1510.4960.2444.3401.177～3.125<0.0011.833
本科及以上3.1840.5850.3535.4462.035～4.333<0.0012.441
职业（以“其他”为参照）
劳务人员或工人-0.7040.450-0.079-1.564-1.588～0.1800.1181.494
企事业机关单位职工/医药卫生技术人员0.4340.5510.0400.789-0.648～1.5160.4311.541
退休/待业人员/自由职业者-0.3410.431-0.040-0.793-1.188～0.5050.4281.470
被调查家长无医学背景-1.5860.618-0.109-2.565-2.800～-0.3710.0111.056
居住环境（以“其他”为参照）
小区1.0360.6290.1321.648-0.199～2.2710.1003.730
城中村1.1250.6440.1321.746-0.141～2.3920.0813.340
职工宿舍0.9960.8380.0651.189-0.650～2.6420.2351.763
家庭每月平均收入0.2360.1400.0821.680-0.040～0.5110.0941.392
R20.199
adjusted R20.179
FF=9.733,P<0.001
行为a
常量26.2020.91228.73524.411～27.994<0.001
身份（以“父亲”为参照）1.2780.4680.1232.7280.358～2.1980.0071.005
被调查家长无医学背景1.4340.7330.0901.957-0.006～2.8740.0501.034
认知得分-0.0700.051-0.064-1.393-0.170～0.0290.1641.035
R20.031
adjusted R20.025
FF=5.134,P=0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1240748861552120733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274316026262, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

家长对儿童使用抗菌药物认知及行为得分的多重线性回归分析（n=482）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量BSEβt95% CIPVIF
认知a
(常量)7.0401.4434.8804.205～9.875<0.001
家长年龄（以“≥41”为参照）1.075
≤30-0.5160.541-0.059-0.953-1.579～0.5470.341
31～400.0950.4850.0120.195-0.859～1.0480.845
学历（以“初中及以下学历”为参照）
高中或中专1.6230.4810.1803.3710.677～2.5690.0011.661
大专2.1510.4960.2444.3401.177～3.125<0.0011.833
本科及以上3.1840.5850.3535.4462.035～4.333<0.0012.441
职业（以“其他”为参照）
劳务人员或工人-0.7040.450-0.079-1.564-1.588～0.1800.1181.494
企事业机关单位职工/医药卫生技术人员0.4340.5510.0400.789-0.648～1.5160.4311.541
退休/待业人员/自由职业者-0.3410.431-0.040-0.793-1.188～0.5050.4281.470
被调查家长无医学背景-1.5860.618-0.109-2.565-2.800～-0.3710.0111.056
居住环境（以“其他”为参照）
小区1.0360.6290.1321.648-0.199～2.2710.1003.730
城中村1.1250.6440.1321.746-0.141～2.3920.0813.340
职工宿舍0.9960.8380.0651.189-0.650～2.6420.2351.763
家庭每月平均收入0.2360.1400.0821.680-0.040～0.5110.0941.392
R20.199
adjusted R20.179
FF=9.733,P<0.001
行为a
常量26.2020.91228.73524.411～27.994<0.001
身份（以“父亲”为参照）1.2780.4680.1232.7280.358～2.1980.0071.005
被调查家长无医学背景1.4340.7330.0901.957-0.006～2.8740.0501.034
认知得分-0.0700.051-0.064-1.393-0.170～0.0290.1641.035
R20.031
adjusted R20.025
FF=5.134,P=0.002
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深圳市某城区儿童家长对抗菌药物使用的认知与行为调查及影响因素分析
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吴丽莎 1 , 颜国良 2 , 吴碧海 2 , 冯国祝 2
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024,51(8): 1512-1517
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024, 51(8): 1512-1517
深圳市某城区儿童家长对抗菌药物使用的认知与行为调查及影响因素分析
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吴丽莎1 , 颜国良2, 吴碧海2, 冯国祝2
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市坪山区人民医院药学部，广东 深圳 518118
  • 2.深圳市坪山区人民医院儿科

    • 吴丽莎（1985—），女，硕士，主管药师，研究方向：临床药学

通讯作者:

吴丽莎，E-mail：
Parents’ cognition and behaviors of antibacterial drug use and analyses of influencing factors in an urban area of Shenzhen City
Li-sha WU1 , Guo-liang YAN2, Bi-hai WU2, Guo-zhu FENG2
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Pingshan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202305259
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摘要
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目的

了解儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知及使用行为，为促进抗菌药物在儿童中的合理使用、减少细菌耐药、降低药物不良反应提供参考。

方法

2022年4月至2023年4月在深圳市坪山区人民医院儿科住院病区对517名患儿家长进行抗菌药物使用认知与行为调查，采用描述性分析、单因素分析及多重线性回归分析探讨影响家长对抗菌药物合理使用认知与行为的可能因素。

结果

共回收有效问卷482份，家长对抗菌药物的认知及行为得分分别为（7.06±3.91）、（28.02±4.32），得分率分别为（44.11±24.46）%、（80.06±12.34）%。家长对抗菌药物使用的认知得分与高中或中专(β=0.180,95% CI：0.677～2.569)、大专(β=0.244,95% CI：1.177～3.125)、本科以上(β=0.353,95% CI：2.035～4.333)呈正相关，与家长是否有医学背景(β=-0.109,95% CI：-2.800～-0.371)呈负向关系；家长对抗菌药物使用的行为得分与母亲(β=0.123,95% CI：0.358～2.198)、家长是否有医学背景(β=0.090,95% CI：-0.006～2.874)呈正向关系。

结论

该城区儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知情况整体偏低，对合理使用抗菌药物的行为得分率较高，但仍然存在一定误区，建议相关部门加强对公众的抗菌药物知识宣教，加强对基层医疗机构以 及零售药店的管理，严格监管获取途径，规范用药行为，尽量消除不合理使用抗菌药物的隐患。

抗菌药物  /  儿童家长  /  认知  /  行为  /  影响因素
Objective

To understand children’s parents’ cognition and behavior of antibacterial drugs, so as to provide reference for promoting rational use of antibacterial drugs in children, reducing bacterial drug resistance and adverse drug reactions.

Methods

From April 2022 to April 2023, 517 parents of pediatric inpatients at Pingshan District People’s Hospital in Shenzhen were surveyed on the cognition and behavior of antibacterial drug use. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to explore the possible factors affecting parents’ cognition and behavior of rational use of antibiotics.

Results

A total of 517 questionnaires were collected, of which 482 were valid, with an effective recovery rate of 93.23%. The scores of parents’ knowledge and practice on antibacterial drugs were (7.06±3.91) and (28.02±4.32), and the scoring rates were (44.11±24.46)% and (80.06±12.34)%, respectively. The cognitive score was positively correlated with senior high school or technical secondary school (β=0.180, 95% CI: 0.677-2.569), junior college (β=0.244,95% CI: 1.177-3.125), undergraduate degree or above (β=0.353, 95% CI: 2.035-4.333), and was negatively correlated with parents’ with medical background (β=-0.109, 95% CI: -2.800--0.371). The behavioral score was positively correlated with the mother (β=0.123, 95% CI: 0.358-2.198) and parents’ with medical background (β=0.090, 95% CI: -0.006-2.874).

Conclusion

The overall awareness of antimicrobial drugs among parents of children in this urban area is relatively low, and the score rate for rational use of antibiotics is relatively high. However, there are still some misconceptions. It is recommended that relevant departments should strengthen the education of antimicrobial knowledge to the public, strengthen the management of grassroots medical institutions and retail pharmacies, strictly regulate access channels, standardize medication behavior, and try to eliminate the hidden dangers of unreasonable use of antibiotics.

Antibacterial drugs  /  Parents  /  Cognition  /  Behavior  /  Influencing factors
吴丽莎, 颜国良, 吴碧海, 冯国祝. 深圳市某城区儿童家长对抗菌药物使用的认知与行为调查及影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1512 -1517 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202305259
Li-sha WU, Guo-liang YAN, Bi-hai WU, Guo-zhu FENG. Parents’ cognition and behaviors of antibacterial drug use and analyses of influencing factors in an urban area of Shenzhen City[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1512 -1517 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202305259
正文
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抗微生物药物耐药性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)已经成为21世纪全球十大健康威胁之一[1]。一项基于204个国家和地区的系统分析显示，2019年估计有495万例死亡与细菌耐药性有关，其中约127万例死亡直接归因于细菌耐药性[2]。如果不采取行动遏制细菌抗微生物药物耐药，到2050年死亡人数可能达到1 000万人，同时导致全球经济损失100 万亿美元[3]。中国是世界上抗菌药物消费最多的国家之一，也是抗微生物药物耐药性发生率最高的国家之一，2013年中国抗生素人均消费量是美国和欧洲的近6倍[4]。抗菌药物处方不当在全国范围内非常普遍(51.4%)，超过一半的抗菌药物处方在二级和三级医院是使用不恰当的[5]。抗微生物药物的过度使用、误用以及自我药疗是导致人类抗微生物药物耐药性增长的最重要原因之一[6]，由于儿童免疫力差，更容易生病，抗菌药物不合理使用情况尤为突出[7]。儿童抗菌药物不合理使用不仅会导致细菌耐药性的产生，研究表明，1～2岁内使用抗菌药物是日后发生肠道慢性炎症 性疾病、过敏性疾病、超重/肥胖和孤独症系谱障碍等的重要高危因素[8] 。家长作为监护人，其自我药疗是儿童不合理使用抗菌药物的主要形式之一，对于抗菌药物的认知、态度及行为对儿童抗菌药物的合理使用起决定性作用。本调查研究旨在了解该区儿童家长的抗菌药物认知水平及使用行为，探索其主要影响因素，为提高儿童家长对抗菌药物认知，规范使用行为制定针对性的干预措施和管理方案提供参考。
1 对象与方法
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1.1 研究对象
调查对象为2022年4月至2023年4月坪山区人民医院儿科住院部0～14岁患儿的陪护家长，每个家庭选择一位家长进行问卷调查。纳入标准：家长身份是儿童的父亲或母亲；在坪山区居住满6个月及以上的常住人口；具有良好的沟通及阅读能力；知情同意且自愿参与本调查。排除标准：留守儿童；儿童患有免疫系统疾病。本研究已经通过深圳市坪山区人民医院医学伦理委员会伦理审查（KY-2021-019-01）。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 研究内容
采用调查问卷方式评估儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知与行为情况。通过参考查阅文献[9-10]及分析预调查自行设计调查问卷，邀请3名主任医师、2名副主任医师（涵盖儿科、呼吸、感染、ICU，擅长抗感染治疗）、1名副主任药师（擅长抗感染），通过2轮函询，结合临床专家意见进行修改，最终确定33个条目。问卷主要由4部分组成。（1）调查对象的人口学基本信息：包括家长的性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭月收入、是否有医学背景、是否是独生子女、居住环境等10 个条目。（2）家长对抗菌药物的认知部分，包括抗菌药物基本概念、使用指征、治疗效果、耐药性等方面，包括16个条目，答案均为“是”、“否”、“不知道”，答对记1分，答错或不知道记为0分，评分范围为0～16分。得分越高说明家长对抗生素的认知情况越好。（3）家长对抗菌药物的行为部分，包括获取途径、自我药疗给药方法，共7个条目，按照Likert 5级评分法，一直是～从不，分别赋值1～5分，评分范围为7～35分。得分越高，说明家长使用抗菌药物行为越规范。各部分得分率=被调查者各部分的得分/各部分的总分×100%，得分率≥60%判定为及格。（4）抗菌药物知识获取方式、抗菌药物购买途径。量表内容效度指数为0.957，KMO 0.801，巴特利特球形度检验χ2为2 807.25（P<0.001），提取2个公因子，累积方差解释率59.94%；量表Cronbach α系数为0.836，认知及行为维度的Cronbach α系数分别为0.813、0.606。
1.2.2 调查方法及质量控制
借助电子问卷平台“问卷星”发放调查问卷，由经过培训的2名调查人员到病房面对面发放问卷二维码，向调查对象说明调查目的和意义，并获得知情同意，通过手机扫码答题并提交问卷。所有调查对象采用匿名方式作答，自愿参与，系统设置填完所有题项才能提交问卷。本次共回收517份问卷，其中有效问卷 482份，有效回收率为93.23%。
1.3 统计分析
从“问卷星”平台导出原始数据到Excel 2019表格，采用SPSS 26.0 软件进行统计分析。通过直方图、P-P图等图示法进行正态性检验，认知及行为得分基本符合正态性，计量资料以表示，计数资料以频数n或构成比(%)表示。两组间比较采用t检验，多组间比较采用单因素方差分析；认知得分及行为得分影响因素采用进入法，进行多重线性回归模型进行分析。双侧检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2 结果
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2.1 调查对象基本情况
482名被调查家长女性居多（375名，77.80%），年龄集中在40岁以下（412名，85.48%），大部分家长生育≥2个小孩（304名，占63.07%），大专以下学历的家长约占半数（361名，74.90%），多数家长的月收入在5 000 元及以上（396名，82.16％），见表1。
2.2 儿童家长抗菌药物认知及行为情况
儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知得分为（7.06±3.91）分，认知得分率为（44.11±24.46）%，认知整体水平较低，与及格线相比有差距较大；儿童家长对抗菌药物使用行为得分（28.02±4.32）分，行为得分率为（80.06±12.34）%，抗菌药物合理使用整体水平较高（见表2-4）。
2.3 儿童家长对抗菌药物使用认知及行为得分的单因素分析
家长年龄（P=0.007）、文化程度（P<0.001）、职业（P<0.001)、被调查家长是否有医学背景（P<0.001)、家庭平均月收入（P<0.001)、居住环境（P<0.001)6个因素对儿童家长认知得分的影响差异具有统计学意义，家长身份（P=0.004）、被调查家长是否有医学背景（P=0.019)对儿童家长行为得分的影响差异具有统计学意义，详见表1。
2.4 儿童家长对抗菌药物使用认知及行为得分的多因素分析
以认知总分为因变量，以单因素分析(P<0.1)的变量作为自变量，包括家长年龄、文化程度、职业、居住环境、家庭每月收入、被调查家长是否具有医学背景，构建多重线性回归模型。结果显示文化程度、小区、城中村均能正向预测认知得分，家长是否有医学背景负向预测认知得分，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05），自变量容忍度均>0.1，方差膨胀因子<10.0，自变量间不具有多重共线的问题，模型拟合有意义（F=9.733，P<0.001）。以行为总分为因变量，以认知总分以及单因素分析(P<0.1)的变量作为自变量，包括家长身份、家长是否有医学背景，构建多重线性回归模型，结果显示家长身份、被调查家长是否具有医学背景能正向预测行为得分，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05），模型拟合有意义（F=5.134，P<0.01），详见表5。
2.5 家长获得抗菌药物的来源
79.46%的家长通过医院或社康就诊获得抗菌药物，5.39%家长凭处方从药店购买，6.43%家长自行从药店购买，2.9%家长使用以前剩余的抗菌药物，0.6%家长使用他人给予的抗菌药物。
2.6 家长获取抗菌药物知识的途径
儿童家长获取抗菌药物知识的途径多样，其中医师药师等专业途径最多，占64.73%(317/482)，其次是药品说明书途径，占48.96%(236/482)；医院橱窗宣传栏/宣传册、电视/报纸/网络、亲戚/朋友经验途径分别占28.00%(135/482)、27.18%(131/482）、24.48%（118/482）；社康或村委会宣传、微博/微信/QQ等途径比较低，分别占19.92%(96/482)、13.90%(67/482）。
3 讨论
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3.1 儿童家长对抗菌药物的认知水平亟待提高
通过调查分析发现，家长在儿童抗菌药物使用的诸多方面存在困惑和认知误区，如把抗菌药物当作退烧药、感冒药，不了解抗菌药物的作用等，由此带来诸多潜在的不合理用药的风险。43.15%家长认为抗菌药物就是一种消炎药，只有27.18%家长知道抗菌药物对病毒感染无效，跟Wang等[11]研究基本一致。仅26.56%家长知道扁桃体发炎不需要常规使用抗菌药物，《英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所（NICE）咽喉痛（急性）抗菌药物处方指南》[12]指出，AST（包括咽炎和扁桃体炎）通常是由病毒引起的，是自限性的，病程持续大约1周，大多数患者不需要使用抗菌药物便会自愈。本次调查中，51.24%家长认为静脉输液比口服效果好，认为“打点滴”好得快。但静脉输液并不优于口服等其他用药方式，应严格掌握输液指征。并且静脉注射给药导致的不良反应发生率极高，根据《国家药品不良反应监测年度报告(2022年)》，约占所有给药途径的50%，远超口服给药 。世界卫生组织提倡“能口服就不注射，能肌肉注射就不静脉注射”的用药原则。此外，不到半数的受访家长认识到过度使用抗菌药物导致细菌耐药的危害，仅46.68%家长不认为同时使用两种或两种以上抗菌药物比用一种效果好，提示存在不合理用药认知。以上结果表明，家长对抗菌药物的作用机制、抗菌药物的适应证、抗菌药物耐药性、滥用抗菌药物的危害等方面认知不足，应针对性的围绕这些方面进行知识宣教工作，提高广大家长对儿童不合理使用抗菌药物的危害的认识，并进一步严格规范儿童抗菌药物使用指征。多重线性回归分析结果表明，学历、被调查家长具有医学背景是认知的独立影响因素，受教育程度越高的儿童家长的认知得分越高，有医学背景的家长对抗菌药物的掌握情况越好，更关注药物知识，提示应重视对低学历、无医学背景的居民进行抗菌药物合理使用相关知识的健康教育，尤其是文化水平较低的人群。
3.2 儿童家长对抗菌药物的使用行为有待规范
本次调查结果显示，患儿家长对抗菌药物行为得分率为80.06%，与及格线相比处于中等水平。虽然家长对抗菌药物认知水平低，但是使用药物行为较为规范，可能是人们整体对于自身健康及医疗保健的意识较强，就医依从性好，不会盲目的自我药疗，尤其是对于自己孩子的用药会更加慎重。有研究显示[13]，在经济发达地区，父母不太可能给孩子使用非处方抗生素，中国父母给孩子服用抗生素时会更加谨慎，因为他们主要担心对孩子的副作用，本次调查结果与其相符。影响因素分析结果显示，抗菌药物认知与行为水平负相关，认知水平较高者，行为得分较低，提示认知得分较高者可能更倾向于自我药疗，原因可能是对于自行用药更加自信，该研究结果与文献报道一致[14]。知识的提高与抗生素合理使用的关系并不简单，仅仅提高公众对抗生素的知识甚至可能适得其反[15]。此外，本次调查结果显示，家长获取抗微生物药物知识的途径主要从医师药师（64.73%）、药品说明书（48.96%）以及医院橱窗宣传栏/宣传册（28%），获取抗菌药物主要途径是通过医院或社康就诊（79.46%），提示医师、药师是抗菌药物合理使用以及居民健康知识宣教的主力军，对居民抗菌药物滥用承担主要责任。在中国，抗生素的过度使用在初级保健机构（包括基层医疗机构、零售药店）中很常见[16]，半数以上的抗生素是在初级保健机构消耗的[17]。医生对抗菌药物的合理处方，包括用药指征、剂量、疗程等的合理把控，将减少公众获得抗菌药物的不必要机会。同时发现，从社康或村委会获得知识途径比例很低（19.92%），而社康是我国实施健康教育服务的主要机构，应充分发挥其作用[18]。
3.3 对策
综上所述，本次被调查家长对抗菌药物的认知水平很低，抗菌药物合理使用行为水平处于中等水平，建议针对抗菌药物作用机制、抗菌药物的适应证、抗菌药物耐药性、滥用抗菌药物的危害等方面，重点对低学历、无医学背景的居民进行抗菌药物合理使用相关知识的健康教育，同时应规范基层医疗机构抗菌药物用药行为。建议措施：（1）加强对医务人员抗微生物药物合理应用与耐药防控的日常培训，提升医务人员对微生物耐药防控相关的理论知识和实践技能；（2）加强对基层医疗机构抗生素管理，尽早施行抗菌药物管理项目(antimicrobial stewardship program, ASP)[19]。（3）加强公众健康教育宣教力度，加大儿童健康知识和合理用药知识宣传普及力度。政府、医疗机构、社康中心充分利用广播电视、网络、报刊杂志、手机短信、微博微信等多种形式，长期坚持向居民普及合理使用抗菌药物知识，提高感染预防和抗微生物药物合理应用的知识水平[20]。（4）加大药品零售药店监管力度，加强药剂师队伍服务能力的提升。药剂师通常是患者寻求帮助的第一个医疗保健专业人员，在提供用药指导、规范用药、减少自我用药等方面发挥着重要作用，加强对药剂师的培训，提高其抗菌药物知识水平，可以促进公众合理使用抗菌药物[21]。
3.4 研究价值与局限性
本研究的优势是面对面对患儿家长进行问卷调查，精准定位调查对象，提高数据的回收率。本研究也存在一定局限性。首先，对抗微生物药物使用的认知和行为由家长自我报告，可能存在一定回忆偏倚。其次，这是一项现状调查研究，很难对因果关系作出可靠的推论。第三，本研究以方便抽样的方法开展调查, 可能存在一定的选择偏倚；第四，调查家长在儿童自我药疗方面，没有询问使用的药物名称以及如何使用，无法确定报告了未自我药疗的家长是否使用了抗微生物药物。第五，获取的样本量较少，且仅在1家医院进行调查，结果有一定所偏倚，有待今后进一步扩大样本量、多中心进行探讨。
基金
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  • 深圳市坪山区卫生健康系统科研项目(202152)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202305259
  • 接收时间：2024-05-17
  • 首发时间：2026-03-16
  • 出版时间：2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-17
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深圳市坪山区卫生健康系统科研项目(202152)
作者信息
    1.深圳市坪山区人民医院药学部，广东 深圳 518118
    2.深圳市坪山区人民医院儿科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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