Article(id=1240375274097922440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312428, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703520000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658110403, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658110403, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658110403, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658110403, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1467, endPage=1472, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375274345386392, articleId=1240375274097922440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Quantitative analyses of children’s health policies in China from the dual perspectives of policy tools and stakeholders, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the focuses and potential issues of the current children’s health policy system for informing policy decision-making.

Methods

This study constructed a two-dimensional analysis framework of policy tools-stakeholders, and the content analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze 36 children’s health policies in China.

Results

The study coded a total of 542 nodes for policy tools. The environment-based policy tools, supply-based policy tools, and demand-based policy tools accounted for 43.7%, 36.5%, and 19.7%, respectively. There were 464 nodes of stakeholders, and administrative agencies, hospitals, primary health care facilities, children and families, health care workers, and other agencies accounted for 61.4%, 13.6%, 3.7%, 8.0%, 3.2% and 10.1%, respectively.Two-dimensional analysis revealed that children and families focused on demand-based policy tools (16 out of 34 nodes), primary healthcare/hospitals/health care providers focused on supply-based policy tools (20 out of 26, 41 out of 85, and 10 out of 15 nodes), and administrative agencies focused on environmental policy tools (170 out of 351 nodes).

Conclusion

The continuous launch of children’s health policies indicates that the government ensures the principle of Children First. However, the current policies on the supply of children’s health services, the training of pediatric personnel, and PHC are inadequate. The government should focus on improving the supply of children’s healthcare services, expanding the pediatric workforce, and constructing an integrated service system for children.

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目的

探讨现有儿童健康政策体系的侧重点及潜在的问题,为完善我国儿童健康政策提供决策参考。

方法

本研究构建政策工具-利益相关者的二维分析框架,筛选纳入36份儿童健康政策,采用内容分析法进行政策文本量化分析。

结果

本研究共编码政策工具节点542个,其中环境型、供给型和需求型政策工具分别占比43.7%、36.5%、19.7%;利益相关者节点464个,其中行政机构、医院、基层医疗机构、儿童及家庭、医疗人员和其他机构分别占比61.4%、13.6%、3.7%、8.0%、3.2%和10.1%。二维分析结果表明与儿童及家庭相关政策侧重需求型政策工具(16/34个节点),与基层医疗机构、医院、医疗人员相关政策均侧重供给型政策工具(20/26、41/85、10/15个节点),与行政机构相关政策侧重环境型政策工具(170/351个节点)。

结论

儿童健康政策陆续出台体现了政府落实“儿童优先”原则,但当前在儿童健康服务供给、儿科人才培养、基层服务等方面政策尚显不足,建议政府对服务供给、人才激励以及整合型儿童健康服务体系建设等予以重点关注。

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尹德卢,E-mail:
祝贺,E-mail:
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孙文俊(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策、卫生服务利用

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孙文俊(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策、卫生服务利用

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Population and Development, 2023, 29(5): 145-160., articleTitle=Family health and chronic disease control:the mediating role of health literacy, health behavior and trust in primary care services, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240748857190052611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, awardId=BMU2020YJ001, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(BMU2020YJ001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748853188686225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748853197074835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, companyId=1240748853188686225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748853201269140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, companyId=1240748853188686225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748853276766616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748853285155225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, companyId=1240748853276766616, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.首都儿科研究所卫生发展研究室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240748853356458397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748853360652701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, companyId=1240748853356458397, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748856351191713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of the policy collection and screening, figureFileSmall=ql+UrC0mr9iO/d7ljdeMwg==, figureFileBig=ldiNwvf8pMaCb8SpfWvWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856430883499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=CN, label=图1, caption=政策文件筛选流程, figureFileSmall=ql+UrC0mr9iO/d7ljdeMwg==, figureFileBig=ldiNwvf8pMaCb8SpfWvWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856527352505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Two-dimensional analysis framework "policy tools-stakeholders" for children’s health policy in China, figureFileSmall=6rYrw9pBB7nIOwdGXgzqRQ==, figureFileBig=MeyXQa8sAo426KLjLhMe2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856619627204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=CN, label=图2, caption=我国儿童健康政策“政策工具-利益相关者”二维分析框架, figureFileSmall=6rYrw9pBB7nIOwdGXgzqRQ==, figureFileBig=MeyXQa8sAo426KLjLhMe2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856682541775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Selected children’s health policies in China, figureFileSmall=rjbYM7ciGVqlAU5+u+suQQ==, figureFileBig=pL5gXYuF4aYwqbkXq7p9yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856762233562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=CN, label=图3, caption=儿童健康代表性政策示例, figureFileSmall=rjbYM7ciGVqlAU5+u+suQQ==, figureFileBig=pL5gXYuF4aYwqbkXq7p9yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748856850313955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Groups with definitions and nodes for children’s health policies in China by using policy tools

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策工具类型子工具名称政策内容描述参考节点数/个(列%)
供给型供给合计198 (36.5%)
服务开展医疗机构开展相关儿童健康服务35 (6.5%)
教育培训对托育机构、学校、儿童看护人等开展健康教育培训和普及健康知识31 (5.7%)
资金投入政府给予财政支持24 (4.4%)
人才建设加强儿科人才培养力度,扩大儿科人才队伍,提高儿童健康服务能力20 (3.7%)
机构建设儿童友好医院和爱婴医院建设,医疗机构进行儿童相关专科建设18 (3.3%)
技术指导推动上级医疗机构对基层医疗机构、托育机构等开展业务指导和培训17 (3.1%)
研发创新鼓励开展儿童健康科学研究及研究结果应用推广17 (3.1%)
信息化建设建立健全妇幼健康服务信息化平台,加强信息化建设11 (2.0%)
物质保障加强儿童用药、检测仪器、医用耗材等基础设施保障9 (1.7%)
中医药应用推广儿童中医保健,鼓励中医药技术应用到儿童健康服务9 (1.7%)
资源整合政府对资源进行宏观调控,协调资源整合配置7 (1.3%)
环境型环境合计237 (43.7%)
组织管理政府对儿童健康服务有关机构加强组织领导与部门协调46 (8.5%)
体系机制建设建设和完善儿童健康服务网络和服务体系43 (7.9%)
宣传动员向全社会宣传普及儿童健康知识32 (5.9%)
制度建设医疗机构制定、完善和落实与儿童健康服务相关工作制度22 (4.1%)
督导考核政府对开展儿童健康服务的相关机构开展监督、督导和考核评价20 (3.7%)
目标规划对儿童健康服务提出总体要求和规划19 (3.5%)
社会社区支持依托社区开展儿童健康服务,营造关怀儿童的社会氛围16 (3.0%)
政策支持对儿童用药等给予政策扶持15 (2.8%)
策略措施政府为开展儿童健康服务采取相应策略措施13 (2.4%)
法规规范政府制定法律、标准、规范等,为开展儿童健康服务提出规范化标准11 (2.0%)
需求型需求合计107 (19.7%)
监测评估政府对儿童健康状况开展监测评估32 (5.9%)
医疗保障发挥医保制度的支撑保障作用,保障儿童健康服务合理利用20 (3.7%)
合作交流政府鼓励医疗机构、高校等开展学术交流合作12 (2.2%)
示范推广政府开展儿童健康服务试点工作,总结和推广试点经验11 (2.0%)
重点疾病管理政府加强对儿童重点疾病的防控、监测和救治工作11 (2.0%)
重点人群管理政府加强对留守儿童、孤儿等弱势人群保障工作9 (1.7%)
激励措施通过经济激励等方式调动利益相关方提供、利用健康服务的积极性6 (1.1%)
政府购买服务政府通过集中采购等方式购买公共服务,降低儿童医疗负担6 (1.1%)
合计542 (100.0%)
政策工具类型文件数量/篇利益相关者
儿童及家庭医疗人员基层医疗机构医院行政机构其他机构
供给型341210204110922
176035201
195346146
140000240
13044664
11132833
140021112
120001115
8000490
8001360
8003511
4001240
环境型346363617022
270001430
1201413244
245004263
150021192
150002160
120000190
12100178
120000121
10020281
9000263
需求型32162087211
202002280
103002141
9000066
7200260
8200043
8500251
4220030
6000060
合计363415268535155
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856967754479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375274097922440, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

儿童健康相关政策工具类别、具体含义及编码情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策工具类型子工具名称政策内容描述参考节点数/个(列%)
供给型供给合计198 (36.5%)
服务开展医疗机构开展相关儿童健康服务35 (6.5%)
教育培训对托育机构、学校、儿童看护人等开展健康教育培训和普及健康知识31 (5.7%)
资金投入政府给予财政支持24 (4.4%)
人才建设加强儿科人才培养力度,扩大儿科人才队伍,提高儿童健康服务能力20 (3.7%)
机构建设儿童友好医院和爱婴医院建设,医疗机构进行儿童相关专科建设18 (3.3%)
技术指导推动上级医疗机构对基层医疗机构、托育机构等开展业务指导和培训17 (3.1%)
研发创新鼓励开展儿童健康科学研究及研究结果应用推广17 (3.1%)
信息化建设建立健全妇幼健康服务信息化平台,加强信息化建设11 (2.0%)
物质保障加强儿童用药、检测仪器、医用耗材等基础设施保障9 (1.7%)
中医药应用推广儿童中医保健,鼓励中医药技术应用到儿童健康服务9 (1.7%)
资源整合政府对资源进行宏观调控,协调资源整合配置7 (1.3%)
环境型环境合计237 (43.7%)
组织管理政府对儿童健康服务有关机构加强组织领导与部门协调46 (8.5%)
体系机制建设建设和完善儿童健康服务网络和服务体系43 (7.9%)
宣传动员向全社会宣传普及儿童健康知识32 (5.9%)
制度建设医疗机构制定、完善和落实与儿童健康服务相关工作制度22 (4.1%)
督导考核政府对开展儿童健康服务的相关机构开展监督、督导和考核评价20 (3.7%)
目标规划对儿童健康服务提出总体要求和规划19 (3.5%)
社会社区支持依托社区开展儿童健康服务,营造关怀儿童的社会氛围16 (3.0%)
政策支持对儿童用药等给予政策扶持15 (2.8%)
策略措施政府为开展儿童健康服务采取相应策略措施13 (2.4%)
法规规范政府制定法律、标准、规范等,为开展儿童健康服务提出规范化标准11 (2.0%)
需求型需求合计107 (19.7%)
监测评估政府对儿童健康状况开展监测评估32 (5.9%)
医疗保障发挥医保制度的支撑保障作用,保障儿童健康服务合理利用20 (3.7%)
合作交流政府鼓励医疗机构、高校等开展学术交流合作12 (2.2%)
示范推广政府开展儿童健康服务试点工作,总结和推广试点经验11 (2.0%)
重点疾病管理政府加强对儿童重点疾病的防控、监测和救治工作11 (2.0%)
重点人群管理政府加强对留守儿童、孤儿等弱势人群保障工作9 (1.7%)
激励措施通过经济激励等方式调动利益相关方提供、利用健康服务的积极性6 (1.1%)
政府购买服务政府通过集中采购等方式购买公共服务,降低儿童医疗负担6 (1.1%)
合计542 (100.0%)
政策工具类型文件数量/篇利益相关者
儿童及家庭医疗人员基层医疗机构医院行政机构其他机构
供给型341210204110922
176035201
195346146
140000240
13044664
11132833
140021112
120001115
8000490
8001360
8003511
4001240
环境型346363617022
270001430
1201413244
245004263
150021192
150002160
120000190
12100178
120000121
10020281
9000263
需求型32162087211
202002280
103002141
9000066
7200260
8200043
8500251
4220030
6000060
合计363415268535155
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政策工具和利益相关者双重视角下我国儿童健康政策文本量化分析
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孙文俊 1 , 李慧宁 1 , 邢星 1 , 赵子寅 1 , 尹德卢 2 , 祝贺 3
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024,51(8): 1467-1472
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2024, 51(8): 1467-1472
政策工具和利益相关者双重视角下我国儿童健康政策文本量化分析
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孙文俊1, 李慧宁1, 邢星1, 赵子寅1, 尹德卢2 , 祝贺3
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
  • 2.首都儿科研究所卫生发展研究室
  • 3.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心
  • 孙文俊(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策、卫生服务利用

通讯作者:

尹德卢,E-mail:
祝贺,E-mail:
Quantitative analyses of children’s health policies in China from the dual perspectives of policy tools and stakeholders
Wen-jun SUN1, Hui-ning LI1, Xing XIN1, Zi-yin ZHAO1, De-lu YIN2 , He ZHU3
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312428
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目的

探讨现有儿童健康政策体系的侧重点及潜在的问题,为完善我国儿童健康政策提供决策参考。

方法

本研究构建政策工具-利益相关者的二维分析框架,筛选纳入36份儿童健康政策,采用内容分析法进行政策文本量化分析。

结果

本研究共编码政策工具节点542个,其中环境型、供给型和需求型政策工具分别占比43.7%、36.5%、19.7%;利益相关者节点464个,其中行政机构、医院、基层医疗机构、儿童及家庭、医疗人员和其他机构分别占比61.4%、13.6%、3.7%、8.0%、3.2%和10.1%。二维分析结果表明与儿童及家庭相关政策侧重需求型政策工具(16/34个节点),与基层医疗机构、医院、医疗人员相关政策均侧重供给型政策工具(20/26、41/85、10/15个节点),与行政机构相关政策侧重环境型政策工具(170/351个节点)。

结论

儿童健康政策陆续出台体现了政府落实“儿童优先”原则,但当前在儿童健康服务供给、儿科人才培养、基层服务等方面政策尚显不足,建议政府对服务供给、人才激励以及整合型儿童健康服务体系建设等予以重点关注。

儿童健康  /  政策分析  /  政策工具  /  内容分析法
Objective

To explore the focuses and potential issues of the current children’s health policy system for informing policy decision-making.

Methods

This study constructed a two-dimensional analysis framework of policy tools-stakeholders, and the content analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze 36 children’s health policies in China.

Results

The study coded a total of 542 nodes for policy tools. The environment-based policy tools, supply-based policy tools, and demand-based policy tools accounted for 43.7%, 36.5%, and 19.7%, respectively. There were 464 nodes of stakeholders, and administrative agencies, hospitals, primary health care facilities, children and families, health care workers, and other agencies accounted for 61.4%, 13.6%, 3.7%, 8.0%, 3.2% and 10.1%, respectively.Two-dimensional analysis revealed that children and families focused on demand-based policy tools (16 out of 34 nodes), primary healthcare/hospitals/health care providers focused on supply-based policy tools (20 out of 26, 41 out of 85, and 10 out of 15 nodes), and administrative agencies focused on environmental policy tools (170 out of 351 nodes).

Conclusion

The continuous launch of children’s health policies indicates that the government ensures the principle of Children First. However, the current policies on the supply of children’s health services, the training of pediatric personnel, and PHC are inadequate. The government should focus on improving the supply of children’s healthcare services, expanding the pediatric workforce, and constructing an integrated service system for children.

Children health  /  Policy analysis  /  Policy tool  /  Content analysis method
孙文俊, 李慧宁, 邢星, 赵子寅, 尹德卢, 祝贺. 政策工具和利益相关者双重视角下我国儿童健康政策文本量化分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1467 -1472 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312428
Wen-jun SUN, Hui-ning LI, Xing XIN, Zi-yin ZHAO, De-lu YIN, He ZHU. Quantitative analyses of children’s health policies in China from the dual perspectives of policy tools and stakeholders[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1467 -1472 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312428
儿童健康是反映国民健康水平的重要指标之一,是全民健康的基础,对维护全生命周期健康具有重要意义[1-2]。我国始终高度重视儿童健康事业发展,1992年颁布了我国第一个儿童发展纲要,之后陆续颁布了多项针对儿童青少年群体的卫生健康政策,以促进我国儿童健康水平的提高,截至2022年我国婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率远低于中高收入国家平均水平[3]。然而,当前我国儿童健康仍然存在一些突出问题,包括资源投入和整合不足[4]、服务资源空间分布不均衡[5]、儿童基本医疗保险保障水平相对较低[6]、基层医疗机构儿童服务能力普遍不足[7],人力资源匮乏和激励机制不足[8-9]、家庭养育素养不够高[10]等。
虽然我国儿童健康相关政策不断发展,但是与其他健康政策相比存在发展缓慢或重视不足的问题[11],缺乏对儿童健康相关政策系统性的梳理和分析[12]。因此,本研究拟通过政策工具和利益相关者双重视角,对2000年以来我国儿童健康政策予以梳理和量化分析,探讨现有政策体系的侧重点及潜在的问题,为进一步落实“儿童优先”原则和完善儿童健康政策提供决策参考。
本研究政策来源于北大法宝网站、CNKI政策文件库、国务院和国家卫生健康委员会网站,检索政策发布时间为2000年1月1日至2023年10月1日,检索关键词为儿童、婴幼儿、母婴。具体儿童健康相关政策纳入标准为:(1)发文机构为国务院或包含国家卫生健康委员会(原卫计委,原卫生部);(2)政策现行有效;(3)政策类型为规划、意见、通知等政策性文件。本研究排除了批示、报告、公示、指南、技术方案等文件。共检索出614篇政策文件,经筛选后纳入36篇,见图1
本研究采用内容分析法对政策文本进行量化分析。内容分析法是对文献内容进行系统、客观、定量分析的研究方法,适用于对政策文本进行定量分析[13]。研究者将纳入的政策文件导入Nvivo12 Plus软件,以每篇政策文件中与儿童健康相关的最小段落标号为分析单元,采用“政策文件编号-章节号-段落号”的规则进行逐一编码,并根据分类定义进行节点标记,若同一段落中内容可归入不同子节点时,则进行多次编码。由两位研究者分别独立进行编码和节点标记以提高信度,编码完成后对两次编码结果进行比对,编码一致性为81.2%。
本研究构建了“政策工具-利益相关者”的二维分析框架(见图2)。本研究采用Rothwell和Zegveld提出的政策工具分类方法,将政策工具划分为供给型、环境型和需求型,该分类方法已得到国内外学者广泛认可[14]。供给型政策工具是指政府通过资金投入、人才培养、资源整合等方式加大儿童健康服务供给和提升服务能力;环境型政策工具是指政府通过法规规范、目标规划、策略措施等方式为儿童健康服务发展营造良好外部环境;需求型政策工具是指通过政府购买服务、示范推广等方式释放儿童健康服务利用需求。在反复研读政策文件,对政策文件进行词频分析和参考既往卫生领域政策分析文献后,本研究使用的三种政策工具及含义如表1。合理的政策结构应将政策手段与利益相关者进行有机结合,在儿童健康相关政策中,利益相关者主要包括:儿童及家庭、医务人员、行政部门、基层医疗机构、医院(二、三级医院)和其他机构。
本研究共纳入政策文件36篇,2009年医改后儿童健康政策文件数量显著上升。从政策主题来看,宏观层面总体规划9篇,儿童重点疾病救助政策7篇,儿童用药保障政策4篇,关怀留守儿童和艾滋病儿童的政策各有3篇,儿童营养改善和近视防控政策各有2篇,心理健康和照护养育等其他方面政策6篇(代表性政策见图3)。
2.2.1 政策工具维度政策工具共编码出542个政策工具参考节点,其中环境型政策工具237个(43.7%),供给型政策工具198个(36.5%),需求型政策工具107个(19.7%)。其中,供给型政策工具中使用最多的子工具为服务开展、教育培训和资金投入,环境型政策工具中使用最多的子工具为组织管理、体系机制建设和宣传动员,需求型政策工具中使用最多的子工具为监测评估、医疗保障和合作交流。
2.2.2 利益相关者维度利益相关者共编码出464个参考节点,其中行政机构285个(61.4%),基层医疗机构17个(3.7%),医院63个(13.6%),其他机构(主要包括学校、托育机构等)、儿童及家庭和医疗人员分别为47(10.1%)、37(8.0%)和15个(3.2%)(见表1)。
从二维角度来看,各利益主体在儿童健康方面的侧重点有所不同,供给、需求和环境在各利益主体中侧重点不同,存在一定的偏好(表1)。
与儿童及家庭相关的政策工具近半集中在需求型(16/ 34个节点),主要措施包括重点人群管理以及提高医疗保障水平;对供给型政策工具的使用相对较少(12/34个节点),政策子工具主要涉及在医疗机构开展服务和开展家庭健康教育和知识普及。
医疗人员是与政策工具交互最少的利益相关者(15/464个节点),其中大部分为供给型政策工具,相关子工具包括人才建设、教育培训与机构建设;针对医疗人员的需求型政策工具仅有激励措施一种。
与基层医疗机构和医院交互最多的均为供给型政策工具(基层医疗机构:20/26个节点;医院41/85个节点),对基层医疗机构最常用的子工具为教育培训和人才建设,对医院为机构建设和教育培训。与基层医疗机构和医院相关的环境型政策工具分别有6/26个节点和36/85个节点,最常用的子工具均为体系机制建设和制度建设,但作用于基层医疗机构的政策子工具数量远少于医院。
行政机构是儿童健康政策最常见的利益相关方,在三种政策工具中均有深度参与,其中最多的是与环境型政策工具的交互(170/351个节点),多使用组织管理、目标规划等宏观政策以及宣传动员等改善社会氛围的子工具。
本研究发现,2009年医改以来,儿童健康相关政策发文量显著上升,体现了政府对儿童健康问题的重视,进一步落实“儿童优先”原则。现有政策既包括从宏观角度对儿童健康发展规划和目标做出指导的政策(例如,儿童发展纲要),也包括与当下儿童健康问题相匹配的针对性的政策(例如,早期的流动儿童健康问题和重大疾病医疗救助,以及近期儿童心理健康、近视和肥胖等相关政策)。此外,近年来儿童健康相关政策发文政府部门也呈现多元化的态势,卫生部门与教育部、科技部、民政部等开始越来越多共同参与儿童健康政策中,体现了政府各部门共同对儿童健康和发展的高度关注和 “儿童优先”原则的落实。
本研究二维分析中发现针对儿童及看护人起保障作用的供给型政策工具相对较少,这与既往研究结果相似[15-16]。儿童是弱势群体,需要为其保健和医疗服务提供足够保障,我国现有政策在基本公共卫生服务框架下已开展了疫苗接种、生长发育监测等儿童保健服务,并通过医保政策逐步完善了对弱势儿童的兜底医疗保障[17],但对于直接面向促进儿童保健和医疗服务服务供给的政策相对较少,与日益增长的儿童健康需求仍然存在较大差距。例如,孙婷等研究发现农村儿童期望获得与实际获得的心理健康服务间存在较大差距[18];梁明钰等发现县级综合医院儿科工作负荷大,对疑难重症救治能力较差[19]。因此,建议政策制定者考虑适当增加儿童健康服务供给相关政策,积极开展儿童保健和医疗服务利用监测,全方面的促进儿童保健和医疗服务的供给,最终提高儿童保健和医疗服务可及性和服务质量,降低城乡和地域之间的不平等。
本研究发现医疗机构和医疗人员作为儿童健康服务的直接提供方,与儿科人才供给相关的人才建设子工具较少,低于既往在儿童心理健康[15]和健康保障领域[16]的政策分析结果。2021年我国每千名儿科执业(助理)医师数仅0.78人[20],并且呈“倒三角形”分布,即大城市、大医院的儿科医生水平高、数量多,基层儿科医生数量和水平都不足[6]。有研究指出儿科医生执业环境吸引力差,人才流失量大等与缺乏有效激励机制也有一定关联[9]。因此,建议政府进一步健全儿科人才供给政策,继续加大儿科人才培养力度,在供给侧推进医学院校儿科医学人才培养、扩大儿科专业住院医师规范化培训规模,加强非儿科专业医护人员儿科专项培训[21];同时鼓励医疗机构完善绩效制度和薪酬制度改革,完善内部分配机制,充分调动儿科医生工作积极性[9]
本研究发现,作用于基层医疗机构的政策工具种类和数目均相对较少,这与既往研究发现结果较为一致[22]。基层医疗机构目前以基本公共卫生服务为基础承担着儿童预防接种和健康管理的主要职责[23],特别是农村地区乡镇卫生院是农村儿童健康服务的主要场所[24],但是目前无论是城市还是农村基层医疗机构的儿童服务能力普遍较弱,这严重影响我国儿童健康服务的可及性、质量以及分级诊疗制度落实。因此,建议政府加大对资源整合、体系机制建设等政策工具的使用力度,推进整合型儿童健康服务体系建设,通过整合区(县)医院、妇幼保健机构、基层医疗机构等儿童健康相关资源,共同形成目标统一、功能互补、利益共同的紧密型儿童健康联合体,聚焦儿童常见病的诊疗和疾病预防,实现辖区儿童少生病、生小病的目标。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(BMU2020YJ001)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312428
  • 接收时间:2023-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-26
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(BMU2020YJ001)
作者信息
    1.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
    2.首都儿科研究所卫生发展研究室
    3.北京大学中国卫生发展研究中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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