Article(id=1240375273003216919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702915200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773658110142, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773658110142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773658110142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658110142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240375270163673092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='8', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773658109465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658579758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240377242795176418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240375270163673092, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1384, endPage=1389, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240375273686888478, articleId=1240375273003216919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal aggregation analyses of hepatitis B virus infection in China, 2011-2021, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hepatitis B virus (HBV)infection in China from 2011 to 2021, to provide a foundation for future HBV prevention and control initiatives.

Methods

Data on HBV incidence from 2011 to 2021 across different regions of China were gathered from the "China Health Statistical Yearbook" and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A descriptive analysis was performed to investigate the trends of HBV. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was utilized to explore both global and local spatial clustering of HBV incidence, while spatiotemporal scan analysis was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal clustering of HBV incidence.

Results

Between 2011 and 2021, a total of 10 838 518 cases of HBV were reported in China, with an annual average incidence rate of 71.78 per 100,000 population. There was no statistically significant difference in the decreasing trend of hepatitis B incidence during this period (Z=-1.557, P=0.120). Spatial autocorrelation results identified 7 high-high clustering areas of HBV incidence, primarily in Guangdong, and 3 low-low clustering areas, mainly in Shanghai and Jiangsu. Spatiotemporal scan results revealed 2 high-incidence clusters in the northwest region from 2011 to 2015, shifting to 6 clusters in the south and its northern areas from 2017 to 2021. There were 14 low-incidence clusters from 2016 to 2021, mainly in the east and northeast regions.

Conclusion

From 2011 to 2021, HBV incidence in China displays spatial and spatiotemporal clustering, with a nonsignificant decreasing trend. Future efforts should enhance HBV monitoring and resource allocation for prevention and control in high-prevalence areas.

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目的

分析2011—2021年我国乙型病毒性肝炎的流行特征及时空聚集情况,为乙肝防控工作提供依据。

方法

通过《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、中国疾病预防控制中心收集2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病情况数据,描述性分析乙肝流行趋势,通过空间自相关分析和时空扫描分析探究乙肝发病的全局与局部空间聚集性及时空聚集性。

结果

2011—2021年,我国累计报告乙肝病例10 838 518例,乙肝年均发病率71.78/10万,该时段内乙肝发病下降趋势差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.557,P=0.120)。空间自相关结果显示,乙肝发病高—高聚集区有7个,以广东为主;乙肝发病低—低聚集区有3个,以上海、江苏为主。时空扫描结果表明,乙肝高发病聚集区在2011—2015年有2个,为西北地区,在2017—2021年有6个,转变为华南及其北部地区。乙肝低发病聚集区在2016—2021年有14个,主要分布在华东及东北地区。

结论

2011—2021年,我国乙肝发病下降趋势不显著,乙肝发病存在空间及时空聚集性。未来,应加强高发地区的乙肝监测和防治资源配置。

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余擎,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=waLO4iMLoTdLXZpGPoEOOg==, magXml=GzlmfnuUFtVyj0YoigH6kw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Fk6o8Rbm05qf79jdQVEFWQ==, pdfFileSize=1198637, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bBz5hNlGcxclCvxCxXrBkQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=r4Q+uC/SOZVIct7wZuppnQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

苏晓洁(1993—),女,硕士,中级统计师,研究方向:医疗大数据

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Modern Preventive Medicine, 2022, 49(20): 3666-3672., articleTitle=Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in Ningxia from 2005 to 2021, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240748854065295812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748854073684422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, companyId=1240748854065295812, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Computer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240748854082073032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, companyId=1240748854065295812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=厦门大学附属第一医院计算机中心,福建 厦门 361003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240748855516525137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trend of hepatitis B incidence numbers and incidence rates in China from 2011 to 2021, figureFileSmall=xERhStulrptVTPZTWRiQIA==, figureFileBig=YzqbtfD059sah6ic0ZEh4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748855587828310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2011—2021年我国乙肝发病数和发病率趋势, figureFileSmall=xERhStulrptVTPZTWRiQIA==, figureFileBig=YzqbtfD059sah6ic0ZEh4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748855688491617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hepatitis B incidence rates in different regions of China from 2011 to 2021, figureFileSmall=uwZMNMpAiFsH2aSwdz2uxQ==, figureFileBig=wMayXkyl/rrc9F1+aqChWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748855768183401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率, figureFileSmall=uwZMNMpAiFsH2aSwdz2uxQ==, figureFileBig=wMayXkyl/rrc9F1+aqChWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240748855852069491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Global spatial autocorrelation analysis of hepatitis B incidence rates in China from 2011 to 2021

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年份Moran I标准差Z得分P是否聚集
20110.3380.1143.2680.003
20120.2680.1132.6610.009
20130.2020.1112.1300.026
20140.2840.1152.7320.007
20150.3140.1172.9660.004
20160.2790.1162.6820.007
20170.3190.1163.0390.004
20180.3360.1183.1350.002
20190.3370.1183.1200.003
20200.3600.1183.3300.003
20210.3580.1183.3280.003
2011—20210.3420.1153.2670.002
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856036618870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2011—2021年我国乙肝发病率的全局自相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Moran I标准差Z得分P是否聚集
20110.3380.1143.2680.003
20120.2680.1132.6610.009
20130.2020.1112.1300.026
20140.2840.1152.7320.007
20150.3140.1172.9660.004
20160.2790.1162.6820.007
20170.3190.1163.0390.004
20180.3360.1183.1350.002
20190.3370.1183.1200.003
20200.3600.1183.3300.003
20210.3580.1183.3280.003
2011—20210.3420.1153.2670.002
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856170836615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clustering and outlier analysis of hepatitis B incidence rates in different regions of China from 2011 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份高-高聚集区高-低聚集区低-高聚集区低-低聚集区
2011新疆、青海、甘肃西藏、陕西江苏
2012甘肃西藏上海、江苏
2013西藏、甘肃上海、江苏
2014广东上海、江苏
2015广东上海、江苏
2016广东上海
2017广东上海
2018广东上海
2019广东内蒙古上海
2020广东、海南上海、内蒙古
2021广东、广西、江西上海、内蒙古
2011—2021广东上海
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856246334096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率的聚类和异常值分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份高-高聚集区高-低聚集区低-高聚集区低-低聚集区
2011新疆、青海、甘肃西藏、陕西江苏
2012甘肃西藏上海、江苏
2013西藏、甘肃上海、江苏
2014广东上海、江苏
2015广东上海、江苏
2016广东上海
2017广东上海
2018广东上海
2019广东内蒙古上海
2020广东、海南上海、内蒙古
2021广东、广西、江西上海、内蒙古
2011—2021广东上海
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856317637274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Spatiotemporal scan analysis results of hepatitis B incidence rates in different regions of China from 2011 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚集类型聚集区半径(km)聚集年份病例数期望病例数RRLLRP
低发病聚集上海、江苏、浙江271.222017—2021191 067596 1900.31195 609.34<0.001
高发病聚集福建、江西、湖南、广东、广西、海南693.632017—20211 861 3801 183 4271.69189 452.43<0.001
低发病聚集北京、天津、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江617.752016—2020196 717517 0640.37135 160.30<0.001
高发病聚集青海、新疆1 434.802011—2015265 773100 9752.6793 680.34<0.001
低发病聚集重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃639.122017—2021580 446945 9460.5988 686.95<0.001
高发病聚集山西、河南359.852011—2012378 349186 5932.0677 430.98<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240748856384746150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240375273003216919, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率的时空扫描分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚集类型聚集区半径(km)聚集年份病例数期望病例数RRLLRP
低发病聚集上海、江苏、浙江271.222017—2021191 067596 1900.31195 609.34<0.001
高发病聚集福建、江西、湖南、广东、广西、海南693.632017—20211 861 3801 183 4271.69189 452.43<0.001
低发病聚集北京、天津、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江617.752016—2020196 717517 0640.37135 160.30<0.001
高发病聚集青海、新疆1 434.802011—2015265 773100 9752.6793 680.34<0.001
低发病聚集重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃639.122017—2021580 446945 9460.5988 686.95<0.001
高发病聚集山西、河南359.852011—2012378 349186 5932.0677 430.98<0.001
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2011—2021年我国乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征及时空聚集性分析
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苏晓洁 , 余擎
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(8): 1384-1389
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(8): 1384-1389
2011—2021年我国乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征及时空聚集性分析
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苏晓洁, 余擎
作者信息
  • 厦门大学附属第一医院计算机中心,福建 厦门 361003
  • 苏晓洁(1993—),女,硕士,中级统计师,研究方向:医疗大数据

通讯作者:

余擎,E-mail:
Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal aggregation analyses of hepatitis B virus infection in China, 2011-2021
Xiao-jie SU, Qing YU
Affiliations
  • Computer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312304
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目的

分析2011—2021年我国乙型病毒性肝炎的流行特征及时空聚集情况,为乙肝防控工作提供依据。

方法

通过《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、中国疾病预防控制中心收集2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病情况数据,描述性分析乙肝流行趋势,通过空间自相关分析和时空扫描分析探究乙肝发病的全局与局部空间聚集性及时空聚集性。

结果

2011—2021年,我国累计报告乙肝病例10 838 518例,乙肝年均发病率71.78/10万,该时段内乙肝发病下降趋势差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.557,P=0.120)。空间自相关结果显示,乙肝发病高—高聚集区有7个,以广东为主;乙肝发病低—低聚集区有3个,以上海、江苏为主。时空扫描结果表明,乙肝高发病聚集区在2011—2015年有2个,为西北地区,在2017—2021年有6个,转变为华南及其北部地区。乙肝低发病聚集区在2016—2021年有14个,主要分布在华东及东北地区。

结论

2011—2021年,我国乙肝发病下降趋势不显著,乙肝发病存在空间及时空聚集性。未来,应加强高发地区的乙肝监测和防治资源配置。

乙型病毒性肝炎  /  空间自相关  /  时空扫描
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hepatitis B virus (HBV)infection in China from 2011 to 2021, to provide a foundation for future HBV prevention and control initiatives.

Methods

Data on HBV incidence from 2011 to 2021 across different regions of China were gathered from the "China Health Statistical Yearbook" and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A descriptive analysis was performed to investigate the trends of HBV. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was utilized to explore both global and local spatial clustering of HBV incidence, while spatiotemporal scan analysis was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal clustering of HBV incidence.

Results

Between 2011 and 2021, a total of 10 838 518 cases of HBV were reported in China, with an annual average incidence rate of 71.78 per 100,000 population. There was no statistically significant difference in the decreasing trend of hepatitis B incidence during this period (Z=-1.557, P=0.120). Spatial autocorrelation results identified 7 high-high clustering areas of HBV incidence, primarily in Guangdong, and 3 low-low clustering areas, mainly in Shanghai and Jiangsu. Spatiotemporal scan results revealed 2 high-incidence clusters in the northwest region from 2011 to 2015, shifting to 6 clusters in the south and its northern areas from 2017 to 2021. There were 14 low-incidence clusters from 2016 to 2021, mainly in the east and northeast regions.

Conclusion

From 2011 to 2021, HBV incidence in China displays spatial and spatiotemporal clustering, with a nonsignificant decreasing trend. Future efforts should enhance HBV monitoring and resource allocation for prevention and control in high-prevalence areas.

Hepatitis B virus  /  Spatial autocorrelation  /  Spatiotemporal scan
苏晓洁, 余擎. 2011—2021年我国乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征及时空聚集性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1384 -1389 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312304
Xiao-jie SU, Qing YU. Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal aggregation analyses of hepatitis B virus infection in China, 2011-2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (8) : 1384 -1389 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312304
乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染引起的以肝脏损害为主的一类传染性疾病,可导致肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝功能衰竭甚至肝癌等严重后果,是我国以及全球面临的一项不可忽视的公共卫生问题[1-2]。为控制乙肝病毒传播,国家原卫生部于1991年发布《全国乙肝疫苗免疫接种实施方案》(卫防发〔1991〕22号),将乙肝疫苗接种纳入计划免疫管理。近三十年来,随着乙肝疫苗的推广普及,我国乙肝发病率下降,从高流行水平下降到中等流行水平[3]。然而,由于我国人口众多,目前仍有约9 000万人患有慢性HBV感染,是全球HBV感染率最高的国家,占世界HBV感染人口的三分之一[4-5]。目前国内对乙肝流行特征的研究主要局限于省级或地级行政区,鲜少有全国范围的研究,尤其是2016年以来尚无全国性的研究分析。因此,本研究旨在通过分析2011—2021年我国(不含香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾省,下同)乙肝的流行特征及时空聚集情况,为评估世界卫生组织“2030年消除病毒性肝炎作为公共卫生危害”目标的现实情况及制定乙肝防控规划提供科学依据。
从《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生科学数据中心收集2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病情况数据。从《中国统计年鉴》收集相应时期、地区的人口数据。我国省界矢量地图与省会经纬度数据等地图资料来源于国家基础地理信息中心。
采用发病数、发病率等为主要指标对乙肝的流行趋势进行描述性统计分析,通过趋势图、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、热力图等方式描述乙肝的流行趋势。
从全局空间自相关和局部空间自相关两个层面探究2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝年发病率的空间分布特征。由于本研究获取的是面状数据,因此建立Queen邻接空间权重矩阵,并将海南省设置为与广东、广西邻接。全局空间自相关从整体上判断乙肝发病率是否具有空间聚集性,以Moran I作为统计指标,并对其进行Z检验。Moran I的取值范围为[-1,1],Moran I>0表示乙肝发病率呈空间正相关,即空间上分布邻近的乙肝发病率具有相似趋势或取值,越接近1,乙肝发病率的空间正相关性越强,地域聚集性越高;Moran I<0表示乙肝发病率呈空间负相关,即空间上分布邻近的乙肝发病率具有相反趋势或取值,越接近-1,乙肝发病率的空间负相关性越强,地域分散性越高;Moran I越接近0,乙肝发病率则越可能是随机分布[6]。局部空间自相关反映乙肝发病率在局部区域的空间分布特征,通过计算Anselin Local Moran I进行聚类和异常值分析。其聚集类型可分为4种:低—低聚集(低值被低值包围)、低—高聚集(低值被高值包围)、高—低聚集(高值被低值包围)和高—高聚集(高值被高值包围)。
基于离散型泊松分布模型,通过建立动态可移动的圆柱体扫描窗口,其圆柱体底面表示地理区域,圆柱体高度表示相应时间区间,从时间和空间两个维度综合分析2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝年发病率聚集情况。其中,时间步长为1年,最大空间扫描窗口为总风险人口的50%,最大时间扫描窗口为总研究时间的50%。对每一个扫描窗口,根据实际发病数和实际人口数估算理论发病数,并根据扫描窗口内外的实际发病数和理论发病数计算对数似然比(Log-Likelihood Ratio,LLR)和相对危险度(Risk Ratio,RR),LLR值越大,可能的聚集性越强[7]。采用蒙特卡洛模拟进行统计学检验,从而判断不同时间和地理区域乙肝发病的聚集性。
采用Excel 2019软件构建乙肝发病情况数据库,R 4.3.1软件进行描述性统计分析。采用GeoDa 1.14软件进行全局、局部空间自相关分析,SaTScan 10.1.2软件进行时空扫描分析。检验水准α=0.05。
2011—2021年,我国累计报告乙肝病例10 838 518例,乙肝年均发病率为71.78/10万。2011—2021年乙肝发病率整体下降趋势差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.557,P=0.120),见图1
2011—2021年,乙肝年均发病率在青海、新疆、广东、海南最高,分别为178.00/10万、159.49/10万、131.68/10万、128.98/10万,在北京、天津、江苏、浙江最低,分别为9.37/10万、14.75/10万、16.16/10万、28.12/10万。2011—2021年期间,乙肝发病率在山西、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、浙江、福建、河南、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、新疆等地呈显著下降趋势,在安徽、山东、湖南、广西、海南、西藏等地呈显著上升趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见图2
2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率的全局自相关指数Moran I均大于0,其P值均小于0.05,说明2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率存在空间聚集性,见表1
2011—2021年,乙肝发病高—高聚集区有新疆、青海、甘肃、广东、海南、广西、江西,其中,广东是稳定的高—高聚集区;低—低聚集区主要有上海、江苏、内蒙古,其中,上海、江苏是稳定的低—低聚集区,见表2
2011—2021年我国各地区乙肝发病率共有3个高发病聚集区域和3个低发病聚集区域,见表3:(1)一级聚集区域为上海、江苏、浙江,聚集类别为低发病聚集,聚集时间为2017—2021年,LLR值为195 609.34,RR值为0.31,P<0.001;(2)二级聚集区域为福建、江西、湖南、广东、广西、海南,聚集类别为高发病聚集,聚集时间分别为2017—2021年,LLR值为189 452.43,RR值为1.69,P<0.001;(3)三级聚集区域为北京、天津、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江,聚集类别为低发病聚集,聚集时间为2016—2020年,LLR值为135 160.30,RR值为0.37,P<0.001;(4)四级聚集区域为青海、新疆,聚集时间为2011—2015年,聚集类别为高发病聚集,LLR值为93 680.34,RR值为2.67,P<0.001;(5)五级聚集区域为重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃,聚集类别为低发病聚集,聚集时间为2017—2021年,LLR值为88 686.95,RR值为0.59,P<0.001;(6)六级聚集区域为山西、河南,聚集类别为高发病聚集,聚集时间为2011—2012年,LLR值为77 430.98,RR值为2.06,P<0.001。
乙肝是世界范围内的传染性疾病,全球约有20亿人感染乙肝病毒,其中3.5亿人患有慢性感染,每年约有60万人死于乙肝病毒感染,对卫生保健系统造成了沉重负担[8-9]。我国自1991年将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理以来,乙肝感染率大幅下降,已从高度流行区转变为中度流行区,取得了显著成效。然而,由于我国人口众多,乙肝的发病数量仍然相对较高,疾病负担沉重。为实现“2030年消除乙肝病毒”的目标,有必要加深对我国乙肝流行病学分布特征的认识,进一步加强乙肝的防治。
本研究发现,2011—2021年我国整体乙肝发病率下降趋势不显著,但各地区乙肝发病率变化不一,这可能与地区经济水平、医疗资源、居民健康素养、疫苗接种策略、人口流动等因素有关。这提示有必要对发病率高的地区进行深入研究,探索病因线索,同时也提示有必要对全国乙肝发病率的空间分布特征和聚集情况进行更深入的探讨。
全局空间自相关分析结果显示,2011—2021年我国乙肝发病率存在明显的空间聚集性,与张利萍、宋全伟等人的研究结果一致[10-11]。进一步的局部空间自相关分析结果显示,2011—2021年乙肝高—高聚集区由新疆、青海、甘肃逐渐转变为广东、广西、海南、江西,与既往王祖煜等人[12]的研究结果一致。华南地区目前是我国乙肝发病的重灾区域,可能与人口流动、医疗卫生资源利用、地理环境因素等有关。华南地区的人口相对密集且流动性较大,流动人口的基础卫生知识掌握程度、医疗卫生资源利用水平、疫苗接种覆盖率等可能也存在差异,这可能促使乙肝病毒在该区域传播。且华南地区位于我国南方,气候湿热,这种气候条件可能与乙肝病毒的传播有关,因为乙肝在湿热条件下更容易传播。此外,目前乙肝流行有由华南向北蔓延的趋势,需要加强对华南地区及其北部区域乙肝的发病监测及病因研究,加强流动人口的健康宣教与健康管理,提高其对医疗卫生资源的利用水平,提高疫苗接种覆盖率,有效降低乙肝发病率。2011—2021年上海、江苏是稳定的乙肝发病低—低聚集区,与宋全伟、王祖煜等人的研究结果一致[11-12],这可能与华东地区地区经济发展水平、医疗卫生事业发展水平、人群的乙肝防控知识水平均较高有关,还可能与这两地的科学管理和预防控制措施有关,例如完善的流动人口管理制度、疫苗接种制度等,均能降低乙肝病毒的传播。
时空扫描分析结果显示,乙肝发病不呈随机分布,共发现3个高发病聚集区域和3个低发病聚集区域。2011—2012年,乙肝高发病聚集区域集中在山西、河南,2011—2015年,乙肝高发病聚集区域集中在西北地区青海、新疆,而后至2017—2021年,乙肝高发病聚集区域转变为华南地区及其北部福建、江西、湖南、广东、广西、海南等地。2016—2021年,乙肝低发病聚集区域分布在华东地区,包括上海、江苏、浙江,以及东北地区,同时也覆盖了部分华北、西北、西南地区,如北京、天津、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃等地。该结果提示乙肝发病的时空聚集性随时间发生改变,这种变化可能受到多种因素的影响,包括经济发展和社会变迁、卫生政策和健康服务的变化、人口迁徙和流动、乙肝防控措施以及疫苗接种策略的变动等。既往研究表明[13-14],经济发展水平与传染病的发病和流行呈正相关,外来人口流入所伴随的生活习惯和思想观念也可能影响传染病的流行,本研究结果也验证了这一观点。乙肝的高发病聚集区由经济水平较一般的山西、河南、青海、新疆逐渐转变到经济水平较高的华南地区及其周边。此外,流动人口的基本公共卫生服务利用率总体较低,因此需要加强对流动人口的健康管理。近年来,东北地区与部分西北、西南地区成为乙肝低发病聚集区,一方面可能是人口外流减少了感染风险,另一方面可能是乙肝的监测、预防和治疗等卫生服务提升,降低了乙肝的发病与传播。北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江等也是经济较发达及人口流入较多地区,但其一致处于乙肝低发病聚集区,可能是因为及时采取了有效的乙肝防控措施,如疾病监测、健康宣教、扩大疫苗接种对象等,控制了乙肝的传播与发病。未来需要深入研究乙肝高发病与低发病地区的发病人群特征、医疗卫生资源投入的差异,明确乙肝高发的因素,并制定更为有效防控措施,以进一步降低乙肝的发病率。
本研究存在一定的局限性,因数据来源于传染病监测系统,乙肝的报告受到患者就诊意识、医疗机构监测能力等多种因素影响,数据可能存在重报、漏报、迟报、误报等情况,故不能完全代表各地区的乙肝真实发病水平,可能对研究结果造成一定的偏倚[15]
总体而言,我国乙肝报告发病率在2011—2021年并未呈现显著的下降趋势。乙肝的发病表现出明显的空间及时空聚集性,近年来乙肝高发区域主要集中在华南地区,并逐渐向北扩散。为实现“2030消除乙肝”的目标,未来应根据乙肝发病的空间分布特征调整和定制区域化防控策略,特别是需要加强华南及其北部地区的乙肝监测和防治资源配置,同时加强乙肝防治知识科普工作,以降低乙肝发病率,减轻国家和社会负担。
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2024年第51卷第8期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312304
  • 接收时间:2023-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-19
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    厦门大学附属第一医院计算机中心,福建 厦门 361003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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